The word "culture" is in the list of the most used in the modern language. But this fact does not indicate the knowledge this concept, but about the ambiguity of the meanings hidden behind it, used both in Everyday life as well as scientific definitions.

Most of all, we are used to talking about spiritual and material culture. At the same time, it becomes clear to everyone that we are talking about theater, religion, music, gardening, agriculture and much more. However, the concept of culture is by no means limited to these areas. The versatility of this word will be discussed in this article.

Definition of the term

The concept of culture includes a certain historical level in the development of society, as well as the abilities and forces of a person, which find their expression in the forms and types of life organization. By this term, we also understand the spiritual and material values ​​created by people.

The world of culture, any of its phenomena and objects are not the result of natural forces. It is the result of human effort. That is why culture and society should be considered inextricably linked. Only this will allow us to understand the essence of this phenomenon.

Main components

All types of culture that exist in society include three main components. Namely:

1. Concepts. These elements are usually contained in the language, helping a person to streamline and organize their own experience. Each of us perceives the world around us through the taste, color and shape of objects. However, it is known that reality is organized differently in different cultures. And in this regard, language and culture become inseparable concepts. A person learns the words that he needs for orientation in the world around him through the assimilation, accumulation and organization of his experience. The extent to which language and culture are closely related can be judged by the fact that some peoples believe that “who” is only a person, and “what” is not only inanimate objects of the surrounding world, but also animals. And here it is worth considering. After all, people who evaluate dogs and cats as a thing will not be able to treat them in the same way as those who see their smaller brothers in animals.
2. Relations. The formation of culture occurs not only through the description of those concepts that indicate to a person what the world consists of. This process also involves certain ideas about how all objects are interconnected in time, in space, according to their purpose. Thus, the culture of the people of a particular country is distinguished by its own views on the concepts of not only the real, but also the supernatural world.
3. Values. This element is also inherent in culture and represents the beliefs existing in society regarding the goals that a person needs to strive for. Values ​​are different in different cultures. And it depends social structure. Society itself makes a choice of what is considered a value for it and what is not.

material culture

Modern culture is a rather complex phenomenon, which, for the sake of completeness, is considered in two aspects - static and dynamic. Only in this case, a synchronous approach is achieved, which makes it possible to study this concept as accurately as possible.

Statics leads the structure of culture, dividing it into material, spiritual, artistic and physical. Let's look at each of these categories in more detail.

Let's start with material culture. This definition refers to the environment that surrounds a person. Every day, thanks to the hard work of each of us, material culture is being improved and renewed. All this leads to the emergence of a new standard of living that changes the demands of society.

Features of culture of a material nature are concluded in the fact that its objects are the means and tools of labor, life and housing, that is, everything that is the result of human production activity. At the same time, several of the most important areas are distinguished. The first of these is agriculture. This area includes animal breeds and plant varieties bred as a result of selection work. This also applies to soil cultivation. From these links material culture The survival of a person directly depends, since from them he receives not only food, but also raw materials used in industrial production.

The structure of material culture also includes buildings. These are places intended for the life of people, in which various forms life and various occupations of man. The area of ​​material culture also includes structures designed to improve living conditions.

To ensure the whole variety of types of mental and physical labor, a person uses various tools. They are also one of the elements of material culture. With the help of tools, people directly affect the processed materials in all sectors of their activity - in communications, transport, industry, agriculture, etc.

Part of material culture is transport and all available means of communication. This includes:

• bridges, roads, runway airports, embankments;
• all transport - pipeline, water, air, rail, automobile horse-drawn;
• railway stations, ports, airports, harbors, etc., built to ensure the operation of the vehicle.

With the participation of this area of ​​material culture, the exchange of goods and people between settlements and regions. This, in turn, contributes to the development of society.

Another area of ​​material culture is communication. It includes post and telegraph, radio and telephone, computer networks. Communication, like transport, links people together, giving them the opportunity to exchange information.

Another obligatory component of material culture is skills and knowledge. They are technologies that find application in each of the above areas.

spiritual culture

This area is based on a creative and rational type of activity. Spiritual culture, unlike material culture, finds its expression in a subjective form. At the same time, it satisfies the secondary needs of people. The elements of spiritual culture are morality, spiritual communication, art (artistic creativity). Religion is one of its important components.

Spiritual culture is nothing but the ideal side of human material labor. After all, any thing created by people was originally designed and subsequently embodied certain knowledge. And being designed to satisfy certain human needs, any product becomes a value for us. Thus, the material and spiritual forms of culture become inseparable from each other. This is especially evident in the example of any of the works of art.

Due to the fact that material and spiritual views cultures have such subtle differences, there are criteria for accurately attributing one or another result of activity to one or another area. For this purpose, the evaluation of objects according to their direct purpose is used. A thing or phenomenon designed to satisfy the secondary needs of people is referred to as spiritual culture. And vice versa. If objects are necessary to satisfy the primary or biological needs of a person, then they are classified as material culture.

The spiritual realm is complex. It includes the following types of culture:

Moral, including ethics, morality and morality;

Religious, which includes modern teachings and cults, ethnographic religiosity, traditional denominations and confessions;

Political, representing traditional political regimes, ideology and norms of interaction between political subjects;

Legal, which includes legislation, legal proceedings, law-abiding and executive system;

Pedagogical, considered as the practice and ideals of upbringing and education;

Intellectual in the form of science, history and philosophy.

It should be borne in mind that cultural institutions such as museums and libraries, concert halls and courts, cinemas, and educational institutions also belong to the spiritual world.

This area has one more gradation. It includes the following areas:

1. Projective activity. It offers drawings and ideal models of machines, structures, technical structures, as well as projects for social transformations and new forms of the political system. Everything that was created at the same time has the greatest cultural value. Today, projective activity is classified according to the objects it creates into engineering, social and pedagogical.
2. The totality of knowledge about society, nature, man and his inner world. Knowledge is the most important element of spiritual culture. Moreover, they are most fully represented by the scientific sphere.
3. Value-oriented activity. This is the third area of ​​spiritual culture, which is in direct connection with knowledge. It serves to evaluate objects and phenomena, filling the human world with meanings and meanings. This sphere is divided into such types of culture: moral, artistic and religious.
4. Spiritual communication of people. It occurs in all forms determined by the objects of communication. The spiritual contact that exists between partners, during which information is exchanged, is the greatest cultural value. However, this communication does not only take place on a personal level. The results of the spiritual activity of society, which constitute its cultural fund accumulated over many years, find their expression in books, speeches and works of art.

Communication of people with each other is extremely important for the development of culture and society. That is why it is worth considering a little more.

Human communication

The concept of speech culture determines the level of a person's spiritual development. In addition, she speaks about the value of the spiritual wealth of society. The culture of speech is an expression of respect and love for one's native language, which is directly related to the traditions and history of the country. The main elements of this sphere are not only literacy, but also the observance of generally recognized norms of the literary word.

The culture of speech includes the correct use of many other means of language. Among them: stylistics and phonetics, vocabulary, etc. Thus, truly cultural speech is not only correct, but also rich. And it depends on the lexical knowledge of a person. In order to improve the culture of speech, it is important to constantly replenish your vocabulary, as well as read works of various thematic and stylistic directions. Such work will allow you to change the direction of thoughts from which words are formed.

The modern culture of speech is a very broad concept. It includes not only the linguistic abilities of a person. This area cannot be considered without common culture a person who has his own psychological and aesthetic perception of people and the world around him.

Communication is one of the highlights his life. And in order to create a normal communication channel, each of us needs to constantly maintain the culture of our speech. In this case, it will consist in politeness and attentiveness, as well as in the ability to support the interlocutor and any conversation. The culture of speech will make communication free and easy. After all, she will allow you to express your opinion without offending or hurting anyone. In well-chosen beautiful words contains stronger power physical strength. Speech culture and society are closely interconnected with each other. After all, the way of life of the entire people is reflected in the level of the linguistic spiritual sphere.

Art culture

As mentioned above, in each of the specific objects of the surrounding world, there are two spheres at the same time - material and spiritual. This can be said about the artistic culture, which is based on the creative, irrational type of human activity and satisfies his secondary needs. What gave rise to this phenomenon? The ability of a person to creativity and emotional-sensual perception of the surrounding world.

Art culture is an integral part of the spiritual realm. Its main essence is to display society and nature. For this, images are used.

This type of culture includes:

• art (group and individual);
• artistic values ​​and works;
• cultural institutions that ensure its dissemination, development and preservation (demonstration sites, creative organizations, educational institutions, etc.);
• spiritual atmosphere, that is, society's perception of art, public policy in this area, etc.

In a narrow sense, artistic culture is expressed in graphics and painting, literature and music, architecture and dance, circus, photography and theater. All these are objects of professional and household art. Within each of them, works are created artistic nature- performances and films, books and paintings, sculptures, etc.

Culture and art, which is her integral part, contribute to the transfer by people of their subjective vision of the world, and also help a person to assimilate the experience accumulated by society, and to correctly perceive collective installations and moral values.

Spiritual culture and art, in which all its functions are represented, are an important part of the life of society. So, in artistic creativity there is a transformative activity of man. The transmission of information is reflected in culture in the form of human consumption of works of art. Value-oriented activity serves to evaluate creations. Art is also open to cognitive activity. The latter manifests itself in the form of a specific interest in works.

Such forms of culture as mass, elite, folk are also referred to as artistic. This also includes the aesthetic side of legal, economic, political activities and much more.

World and national culture

The level of material and spiritual development of society has one more gradation. It is distinguished by its carrier. In this regard, there are such basic types of culture as world and national. The first of them is a synthesis of the best achievements of the peoples living on our planet.

World culture is diverse in space and time. It is practically inexhaustible in its directions, each of which impresses with its richness of forms. Today, this concept includes such types of cultures as bourgeois and socialist, developing countries, etc.

The pinnacle of the level of world civilization is the success in the field of science, developed the latest technology, accomplishments in art.

But the national culture is the highest form of development of ethnic culture, which is appreciated by the world civilization. This includes the totality of the spiritual and material values ​​of a particular people, as well as the methods of interaction practiced by them with the social environment and nature. Manifestations of national culture can be clearly seen in the activities of society, its spiritual values, moral norms, features of the way of life and language, as well as in the work of state and social institutions.

Types of crops according to the principle of distribution

There is another gradation of material and spiritual values. According to the principle of their distribution, they are distinguished: the dominant culture, subculture and counterculture. The first of these includes the totality of customs, beliefs, traditions and values ​​that guide the bulk of the members of society. But at the same time, any nation includes many groups of national, demographic, professional, social and other nature. Each of them forms own system rules of conduct and values. Such small worlds are referred to as subcultures. This form can be youth and urban, rural, professional, etc.

A subculture may differ from the dominant one in demeanor, language, or outlook on life. But these two categories are never opposed to each other.

If any of the small cultural strata is in conflict with the values ​​that dominate society, then it is called a counterculture.

Gradation of material and spiritual values ​​by level and origins

In addition to those listed above, there are such forms of culture as elite, folk and mass. Such a gradation characterizes the level of values ​​and their creator.

For example, elite culture(high) is the fruit of the activities of the privileged part of society or professional creators who worked on its order. This so-called pure art, which is ahead in its perception of all artistic products existing in society.

Folk culture, unlike elite culture, is created by anonymous creators who have no professional training. That is why this type of culture is sometimes called amateur or collective. In this case, such a term as folklore is also applicable.

Unlike the two previous types, Mass culture is not the bearer of either the spirituality of the people or the frills of the aristocracy. Greatest development This direction began in the middle of the 20th century. It was during this period that the penetration of the media into most countries began.

Mass culture is inextricably linked with the market. This is art for everyone. That is why it takes into account the needs and tastes of the whole society. The value of mass culture is incomparably lower than that of elite and popular culture. She satisfies the momentary needs of members of society, quickly responding to every event in the life of the people and reflecting it in her works.

Physical Culture

This is a creative, rational type of human activity, expressed in a bodily (subjective) form. Its main focus is to improve health with the simultaneous development of physical abilities. These activities include:

• culture of physical development from general health-improving exercises to occupation sports;
• recreational culture that maintains and restores health, which includes tourism and medicine.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3

What is culture? ................................................. ....................................four

Artistic culture………………………………………………….7

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….11

List of used literature………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Introduction

Culture is a spiritual component of human activity as an integral part and condition of the entire system of activity that provides various aspects of human life. This means that culture is "ubiquitous", but at the same time, in each specific type of activity, it represents only its own spiritual side - in all the variety of socially significant manifestations.

At the same time, culture is also a process and result of spiritual production, which makes it an essential part of total production and social regulation along with the economy, politics and social structure. Spiritual production also ensures the formation, maintenance, distribution and implementation of cultural norms, values, meanings and knowledge embodied in various components of culture (myths, religion, artistic culture, ideology, science, etc.). As an important component of total production, culture is not limited to non-productive consumption or service. It is an indispensable prerequisite for any efficient production.

What is culture?

Culture (lat. cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education) - in the original sense - the processing and care of the land in order to make it suitable for meeting human needs. In a figurative sense, culture is care, improvement, ennoblement of the bodily, spiritual and personal inclinations and abilities of a person: accordingly, there is a culture of the body, a culture of the soul and a spiritual culture of the individual.

In a broad sense, this concept means a set of manifestations of social life, in contrast to the manifestation of life in its biological understanding. Therefore, culture is a way of social life that unites all types of human activity. With all the diversity of definitions of culture, one can single out what unites most of them: an understanding of culture as a system outside of biological mechanisms (norms, techniques, etc.) that program and regulate people's activities in any of its forms.

The phenomena of culture are studied by many specific sciences, and each of them creates a certain idea of ​​culture as the subject of its study. Western researchers count in the world literature at least three hundred definitions of culture. The reason is that there are a lot of worldview positions (and even different approaches within the same worldview) from which culture is considered.

Culture, like any process that takes place in human society, can only exist in continuous development, which is determined by the presence of two polar sides: traditional and creative. The traditional side lies in the already accumulated by the previous generations of mankind and the established rules, canons, spiritual values ​​that underlie culture and ensure the continuity of generations of people. Along with this, there is also a creative side of culture, which is necessary condition for its development.

A person, using already accumulated cultural values, can analyze them, highlight their essential aspects, generalizing the knowledge and experience gained, can create new values ​​that contain old ones and are filled with new content. On the basis of this process, a person not only develops culture, but together with culture he himself develops, passing through his consciousness the spiritual values ​​of previous generations. It can be seen that in the collision of traditions and creativity, new features of culture are born, and the accumulation of sufficiently large changes leads to the emergence of a new culture and a new ideal of man.

The subject of culture is a person who preserves, creates and distributes cultural values. Creativity as a creative process is possible only in a culture that represents tradition and innovation, the repetition of the old “on a new basis” and the destruction of the obsolete.

Culture, in the broad sense of the word, characterizes the level of development of society, its humanity, the formation of man as a social being. The spiritual and material values ​​accumulated by society represent the richest cultural heritage of mankind. This concept includes all values ​​created by man, in contrast to natural things and phenomena. cultural heritage is the main basis stable life and development of society. Its value determines the degree of development of society: a person, knowing and skillfully using the accumulated experience, spiritual and material values ​​of previous generations, is able to develop himself and his culture better, and thereby strengthen the stability of society, increasing its culture. A society that does not have or has lost its culture is doomed to a hopeless, regressing existence. The accumulated values ​​contribute to a deeper and wider penetration of culture into society, its spread and firm fixation in the human mind. A person must know about the culture of his people, about his traditions, understand them, take from them all the most important things and turn them into his inner consciousness.

At the same time, one should distinguish between material and spiritual culture without opposing them to each other. This separation seems obvious, but at the same time, both are cultures that carry the material and the spiritual in their unity. In material culture, there is a spiritual principle that forms it, since it is always the embodiment of ideas, knowledge, human goals, which alone makes it culture; the products of spiritual culture are always clothed in a material form, because only in this way can they be objectified and can become a fact of social life. Therefore, there are grounds to talk about culture as such, regardless of its division into material and spiritual.

Art culture.

It is with artistic culture that the idea of ​​the actual cultural sphere activities. And although such an understanding is still unacceptable, since it greatly narrows this area, there are serious reasons that contribute to this idea. As a result of lengthy discussions about what exactly is artistic culture, also denoted by the category "art", it turned out that it is impossible to reduce it to any one function. It is clearly wider than “expression of the beautiful”, than “knowledge of the real world”, than “reflection of the ideal world”, than “expression of the inner world of the artist”, than “means of communication between people” or than “manifestation of creativity and playfulness”. All these functions are indeed inherent in artistic culture, which means that it is also distinguished by the quality that we have designated as polyfunctionality applied to culture in general.

We do not go into this case genre diversity, which is inherent in each type of art (types of literature, music, choreography, painting, architecture, etc.), into the structural construction of a particular art (source of formation, principles of selection and fixation, training of performers, institutional support and etc.). All these aspects of art are subject to consideration in the humanitarian theory of art or its varieties. The task of social culturology in this topic is to reveal the functions of art or its varieties in social regulation.

As the well-known Russian culturologist M.S. Kagan, to whom we owe fundamental works on the theory of artistic culture, this form of activity combines cognitive, evaluative, denoting, and communicative functions. It reflects reality and at the same time creates a special artificial reality, doubles lifeworld, serves as an imaginary addition, continuation, and sometimes a replacement real life 1 .

The achievement of such goals is possible due to the fact that art uses a huge complex of figurative means of expression, i.e. signs. In the world artistic means a person also "as if lives", but an additional, artificially - and skillfully - created life. Unlike religion, this creation does not belong to God or cosmic Law, but to the artist, craftsman, cultural worker, who are otherwise also members of society and with whom other people can have one or another contact.

By creating a world of "secondary reality", art becomes a source of life experience, specially organized, thought out and evaluated in terms of true meanings and values. Therefore, in the structure of spiritual relations, it performs important functions of character formation, the introduction of norms and values, meanings and knowledge necessary for the full life of society. As an influential means of spiritual influence, other means of social regulation also turn to art - mythology, religion, politics, and ideology cannot do without those means of expression and persuasion that art has at its disposal. And even in military affairs, as you know, artistic means are needed - symbols, music and military literature - to maintain the "spirit of the army."

Topic "Art and Society" or, otherwise, "Artist and generalstvo" for centuries has been the subject of the most bitter ideological disputes. Can society, through some of its institutions, determine the content of art and the principles of its institutional structure? Does the artist depend on society? Which system is more favorable for the flourishing of culture and for the great masters to have the opportunity to live and create?

A comparison is often made between the artistic culture of democratic England of the 17th-18th centuries. and the artistic achievements of the absolutist monarchies of the rest of Europe - papal Rome or the petty despotic principalities in Germany of the same period. And the comparison is not in favor of the first. The art of the great Eastern civilizations for the most part manifested itself to the full extent during the periods of rule of authoritarian rulers who sought to create strong states. One cannot but see in this fact evidence of a significant independence of art from the political sphere, its conditionality by the general spiritual dynamics.

The artists themselves, as is known, often proclaimed their unconditional independence from society in any of its manifestations. This can be seen, for example, from the memoirs of the famous Italian master B. Cellini, who insisted that not only creativity, but the artist's life itself is not subject to any law. We find a more proportionate formula in Pushkin, who constantly emphasized the difference between the everyday life of an artist, in which he can be immersed, like the rest of the "insignificant children of the world," and the states of creative inspiration in which he is subject to the call of the "divine nogo verb "and is not subject to the court" mob.

Obeying an inner call, and not a social order, the poet experiences a sense of satisfaction from his work, or he will condemn himself and reject the results of his work. Obeying such an inner impulse, N. Gogol burns the manuscript of the second volume of "Dead Souls" and creates a penitential confession " Featured places from correspondence with friends. We will find a vivid confirmation of this idea in the work and fate of a large number of prominent cultural figures. Soviet period. Their personal disorder, difficult living conditions, repressions and the threat of death did not stop the creative impulse that made its way "from under the rocks."

AT artistic life Western Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. the emergence of new styles in art and literature was often accompanied by public scandals, violent indignation on the part of part of the public and influential criticism, rejection by already recognized art academies. The "refuseniks" were forced to look for other ways to demonstrate their works. Barriers to new art and new literature were only gradually removed. Only the market opened up complete freedom for creativity, but at the cost of strict subordination of the entire complex of spiritual production to commercial principles. The place of art academies and curies was taken by dealers and patrons.

Nevertheless, in recent decades, radical shifts have taken place in the structure of the art of other life in the developed countries of the West. Already at the beginning of the century, an “avant-garde” appeared, fundamentally opposed to the very idea of ​​recognition by society, insisting on its challenge to everything socially sanctioned. Many manifestos of this heterogeneous trend openly proclaimed the idea of ​​confronting society. The short-lived resistance was broken by new criticism, which was in the nature of an apology for anti-social art. In the future, especially after the Second World War, the avant-garde becomes an officially recognized direction in art, zealously encouraged by modern big business structures and even conservative governments. Publishers, art exhibitions and museums are changing their positions dramatically.

Conclusion

The 19th century is a special period in the development of Russia. Progress was observed in all spheres of society. Russia has created a new policy, diplomacy, army, industry, trade, architecture, science, art. In the 19th century there was a new upsurge of Russian national culture. Outstanding discoveries and inventions were made in the country, works in the field of literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music and theater were created, which became the property of all mankind. It was in the 19th century that Russia made almost its most significant contribution to world culture in the field of literature. The artistic culture of the turn of the century is an important page in the cultural heritage of Russia. Ideological inconsistency and ambiguity were inherent not only in artistic trends and trends, but also in the work of individual writers, artists, and composers. It was a period of renewal of various types and genres of artistic creativity, rethinking, “general reassessment of values”, in the words of M. V. Nesterov.

Plan.

Artistic culture and art.

Functions and types of art.

Directions, trends and styles of art.

Topic 4.1. Artistic culture and art.

Art culture- these are perfect, corresponding to the standards accepted in society, art classes and contributing to its functioning and development.

Artistic culture is the occupation of society, group, individual art, about it and in connection with him. The first activity is subdivided into the creation of art, which together with the performing arts is often called artistic creation, and the consumption of it. The second activity consists of the creation, knowledge and dissemination of information about art. The third is mainly in the functional use of art, for example, in the artistic arrangement of everyday life and the provision of artistic influence on different areas of life. Consequently, artistic culture is not limited to the pursuit of art, is not limited to artistic activity. Art is just its core, central part. An important activity is the assimilation of various information about art, which enlightens people about it, makes them artistically erudite, seriously helps them in the perception of art.

Usually people who only know about art are not considered artistically cultured. But can they refuse it? What’s more, there are actually quite a few of them. I think not. But as far as the fullness of their artistic culture is concerned, it certainly turns out to be limited. This follows from the difference between doing art, including its consumption, and activity about art, which consists in obtaining information about art and exchanging it with other people. The first is carried out in order to experience a special experience - aesthetic pleasure, and the second - in order to replenish knowledge about art and better comprehend it.

The peculiarity of artistic culture, its difference from other cultures, is determined by the specifics of art. The latter is a great simulacrum - an imitation of reality. However, unlike other simulacra, art appears not as an imitation of false models, ersatz, but as the result of such a doubling of reality, which carries about it artistic truth. Therefore, the standards of artistic activity are special, they prescribe for people to stay not in a really existing, but in an artistically depicted world, in which simulative thinking and appropriate actions are necessary.

Artistic culture is not only a professional, but also an amateur artistic activity of people, which they indulge in in their free time. Therefore, the subjects of artistic culture are not only those who are professionally engaged in art, but also all people who amateurly produce and consume it.

The artistic culture of individual people does not happen to be their own, but is the result of their familiarization with some of the artistic cultures existing in society. This is expressed in the presence of public, group artistic views in a person. A person's choice of artistic culture is rarely associated with his social affiliation, it is determined more by the characteristics of his artistic taste. His acceptance of artistic culture leaves room for its individual development. Great importance individual vision of art, often with a claim to its artistic culture, has to create and perform works of art. To a certain extent, this also applies to all consumption of art.

It is important to emphasize that in all its manifestations, artistic culture appears as an activity carried out according to the standards existing in society and groups. This primarily applies to artistic creativity. The criterion for the cultural consumption of art is the comprehension of art criticism by people, the degree of familiarization with it.

Since artistic culture includes in studies about art and in connection with it, its standards are those that prescribe their exemplary implementation.

Art is one of the most important areas of culture, and unlike other areas of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.), it is universally significant, without it it is impossible to imagine people's lives. rudiments artistic activity noted even in primitive society long before the advent of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give a strictly scientific definition of it? The thing is, first of all, that art is not amenable to logical formalization, attempts to reveal its abstract essence have always ended either in approximation or in failure.

Three different meanings of this word can be distinguished, closely related to each other, but differing in their scope and content. In the broadest sense, the concept of “art” (and this, apparently, is its most ancient application) means any skill, skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with natural, natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word "techne" - art, skill.

The second, narrower meaning of the word "art" is creativity according to the laws of beauty. This kind of creativity is a wide range activities: the creation of useful things, machines, this should also include the design and organization of public and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, communication between people, etc. Nowadays, creativity is successfully functioning according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design. A special kind of social activity is actually artistic creativity, the products of which are special spiritual aesthetic values ​​- this is the third and narrowest sense of the word "art". It will be the subject of further consideration.

Art- a form of culture associated with the ability of the subject to aesthetic, practical-spiritual exploration of the world; a special side of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of reality in artistic images; one of the most important ways of aesthetic understanding of objective reality, its reproduction in a figurative and symbolic way, relying on the resources of creative imagination; a specific means of holistic self-affirmation by a person of his essence, a way of forming the “human” in a person.

Characteristic features of art:

serves as a strong means of communication between people;

associated with experiences and emotions; presupposes predominantly sensory perception and certainly subjective perception-vision of reality;

it is imaginative and creative.

Modern science has established that art originated in the era of the Upper Paleolithic, i.e. about 30-40 millennium BC The polyphony of art also implies a variety of points of view on the reasons for its origin.

Religious theory. In accordance with it, beauty is one of the names of God, and art is a concrete-sensual expression of the divine idea. The origin of art is associated with the manifestation of the divine principle.

Game theory (G. Spencer, K. Bucher, W. Fritsche, F. Schiller). It lies in the fact that art is considered a game in itself, devoid of any content. Due to the fact that the game is a biological phenomenon inherent in all animals, then art is declared one of the natural phenomena. Since play is older than labor, art is older than the production of useful objects. Its main purpose is pleasure, enjoyment.

Erotic (N. Nardau, K. Lange, 3. Freud, etc.). Supporters of this point of view believed that art arises as a means of luring individuals of the other sex by representatives of one sex. For example, one of the most ancient forms of art - decoration - was created in order to produce the greatest sexual attraction.

Theory of imitation (Democritus, Aristotle, etc.). Here an attempt is expressed to connect the cause of the emergence of art with the social purpose of man. Aristotle saw in art "imitation" of mother nature and one of the means of "cleansing" the feelings of a person, educating him beautiful, noble, courageous ("Poetics"). He considered the natural inclinations of man to imitate, imitate nature to be the reasons for the birth of art.

Functions and types of art

Social functions of art.

Cognitive (epistemological) function. Reflecting reality, art is one of the ways of understanding the spiritual world of people, the psychology of classes, nations, individuals and social relations. The specificity of this function of art lies in the desire to penetrate into the sphere of innermost spirituality and moral motives of the individual.

The axiological function of art is to assess its impact on a person in the context of defining ideals (or denying certain paradigms), i.e. generalized ideas about the perfection of spiritual development, about that normative model, the orientation towards which and the desire for which is set by the artist as a representative of society.

communicative function. Summarizing and concentrating in itself the diverse experience of the life of people from different eras, countries and generations, expressing their feelings, taste, ideal, views of the world, their worldview and worldview, art is one of the universal means of communication, communication between people, enriching the spiritual world of an individual the experience of all mankind. Classical works unite cultures and eras, pushing the horizons of the human worldview. “Art, all art,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy, - in itself has the ability to connect people. Any art does what people who perceive the feeling conveyed by the artist, unite in soul, firstly, with the artist and, secondly, with all people who have received the same impression.

The hedonistic function lies in the fact that genuine art brings people pleasure (and rejection of evil), spiritualizes them.

aesthetic function. By its nature, art is the highest form of mastering the world "according to the laws of beauty." It, in fact, arose as a reflection of reality in its aesthetic originality, expressing aesthetic consciousness and influence on people, forming an aesthetic worldview, and through it the entire spiritual world of the individual.

heuristic function. The creation of a work of art is an experience of creativity - the concentration of the creative forces of a person, his fantasy and imagination, the culture of feelings and the height of ideals, the depth of thought and skill. The development of artistic values ​​is also a creative activity. Art itself carries an amazing ability to awaken the thoughts and feelings inherent in a work of art, and the very ability to create in its universal manifestation. The impact of art does not disappear with the cessation of direct contact with a work of art: productive emotional and mental energy is protected, as it were, “in reserve”, enters into a stable basis of personality.

educational function. The whole system of human relations to the world is expressed in art - the norms and ideals of freedom, truths, goodness, justice and beauty. A holistic, active perception of a work of art by the viewer is co-creation, it acts as a way of the intellectual and emotional spheres of consciousness in their harmonious interaction. This is the purpose of the educational and praxeological (activity) role of art.

Patterns of functioning of art:

the development of art is not of a progressive nature, it goes on, as it were, in jolts;

works of art always express the subjective vision of the world by the artist and have a subjective assessment on the part of the reader, viewer, listener;

artistic masterpieces are timeless and relatively independent of changing group and national tastes;

art is democratic (it affects people regardless of their education and intellect, does not recognize any social barriers);

genuine art, as a rule, is humanistically oriented; interplay of tradition and innovation.

Thus, art is a specific kind of spiritual activity of people, which is characterized by a creative, sensual perception of the surrounding world in artistic and figurative forms.

Art, as the most important part of culture, finds its expression in a limitless variety of specific types. artistic creativity, the number and complexity of which - from a rock drawing or a primitive dance to a grandiose "show" or film series of our time - is steadily increasing as the aesthetic consciousness of mankind grows.

Principles of classification of art forms.

First of all, among the types of art there are:

fine arts (painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography) and

non-visual (music, architecture, arts and crafts, choreography).

The difference between them lies in the fact that the fine arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-pictorial ones convey directly the inner state of the spirit of people, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is "dissimilar" directly to the object of display.

Fine arts turn to reality as a source of the formation of the human world, non-pictorial arts - to the results of the impact of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (people's worldview, their feelings, experiences, etc.).

The division of the arts into:

static (spatial) and

dynamic (temporary).

The former include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, artistic photography; to the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with great power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, are able to draw attention to certain aspects of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education, teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. This is successfully done by temporary arts that can recreate both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography).

Not all types of art can be "ranked" to one or another clearly delimited type. On the basis of the synthesis of simple arts, synthetic arts arise. These include theatre, cinema and television. They, as a rule, combine the features of the fine and non-pictorial, spatial and temporal arts, so that they are sometimes even referred to as a special group of spatio-temporal arts.

According to the method of practical artistic development of the material, art can be divided into types that use natural material - marble, granite, wood, metal, paint, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts), sound (music), the word (primarily fiction), as well as the arts in which the person himself acts as the “material” (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used by various types of art.

We also note the division of the arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (elegant; sometimes they are also called pure). In the works of utilitarian arts (architecture, decorative arts), in recent decades, there has been an increasing utilitarian use of some types of fine arts(music in production and in medicine, painting in medicine), their intended purpose for practical material purposes and their own aesthetic purposefulness are organically intertwined.

Traditional aesthetics divides works of art, primarily on the basis of their relationship to the categories of space and time, into two large groups: spatial and temporal. In accordance with this criterion, the first group includes such types of artistic creativity in which movement is not detected: architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, etc. To the second - music, ballet, theater, other types of "spectacular" art. However, it is easy to see that far from all types of art are subject to such a “rigid” classification, many of which, if not all, could be called spatio-temporal.

The classification itself distinguishes the types of art - visual, musical, "synthetic", "technical", arts and crafts, etc.

Fine art affects a person visually, i.e. through visual perception. Works of fine arts, as a rule, have an objective (material) form and do not change in time and space (with the exception of cases of damage and destruction). Painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art, and to a large extent arts and crafts belong to the spatial art.

Synthetic arts are types of artistic creativity, which are an organic fusion or a relatively free combination of different types of arts, forming a qualitatively new and unified aesthetic whole.

The "technical arts" in developed forms arose comparatively recently; it is a kind of symbiosis of art and technology. Typical example- the creation of "light music", the essence of which is the desire to merge into a kind of organic synthesis the "melody" of changing light and color effects, on the one hand, and the actual melody, on the other.

Decorative and applied art is perhaps one of the most ancient. Its name comes from lat. “desogo” - I decorate, and the definition of “applied” contains the idea that it serves the practical needs of a person, while simultaneously satisfying his individual aesthetic needs.

A special area of ​​decorative and applied art is all its manifestations, using nature itself as a source material, as if “connected” to the process of aestheticization of the human environment. “It is necessary to take under protection not only architectural monuments, but also entire landscapes, as is done, for example, in Scotland, where the entire “view” to the horizon is preserved,” wrote D.S. Likhachev. “Outstanding landscapes should be taken into account and preserved as monuments of culture (human and natural).”

Kinds of art- these are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the ways of its material embodiment. Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, displayed in the process of artistic creation.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual and expressive means and techniques.

Qualitative characteristics of art forms.

Architecture- the formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve human needs in housing and public spaces. Architecture is a kind of art, the purpose of which is the creation of structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of people. It performs in people's lives not only an aesthetic function, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static, spatial. The artistic image here is created in a non-pictorial way. It reflects certain ideas, moods and desires with the help of the ratio of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connection with the surrounding landscape, that is, with the help of specifically expressive means.

applied arts- these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having style and artistic image, which expresses their purpose and carries generalized information about the type of life, about the era, about the worldview of the people. The aesthetic impact of applied art is daily, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.

decorative arts- aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, artistic design of a “second nature” created by a person: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and comfort in and around residential and public spaces. Works of decorative art can be a doorknob and a fence, a stained-glass window and a lamp that enter into a synthesis with architecture.

Painting- an image on the plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist; the allocation of the elementary and most popular aesthetic sense - the sense of color in a special sphere and its transformation into one of the means of artistic exploration of the world.

Graphic arts is based on a single-color drawing and uses a contour line as the main visual means: a dot, a stroke, a spot. Depending on the purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc.

Sculpture- spatial and visual art, mastering the world in plastic, images that are imprinted in materials that can convey the life image of phenomena. Sculpture reproduces reality in volume-spatial forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, sculpture of small forms. According to the shape of the image, they distinguish: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on the plane. The relief, in turn, is subdivided into bas-relief, high relief, counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed in the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: works of steel, concrete, and plastic have arisen.

Literature is a written form of the art of the word. It creates a real living being with the help of the word. Literary works are divided into three types: epic, lyric, drama. The epic literature includes the genres of the novel, story, short story, essay. Lyrical works include poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. Drama is meant to be staged. Dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and visual means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its figurativeness. Imagery is at the very foundation of the language that is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.

Theatre- an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by actors in front of the audience. Theater is a special kind of collective creativity that unites the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, and actors. Through the actor, the idea of ​​the performance is embodied. The actor turns on the action and gives theatricality to everything that is on the stage. The scenery creates on the stage the interior of the room, the landscape, the view of the city street, but all this will remain a dead props if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior.

Music- an art that consolidates and develops the possibilities of non-verbal sound communication associated with human speech. Music, based on the generalization and processing of the intonations of human speech, develops its own language. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which in their combination give a melody. Loudness, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, meaning-forming role in music.

Choreography- the art of dance, the echo of music.

Dance- a melodic and rhythmic sound that has become a melodic and rhythmic movement human body revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. The emotional state of a person is expressed not only in the voice, but also in gestures, the nature of movements. Even a person's gait can be swift, joyful, sad.

The circus- the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training. The circus is not a record holder, but an image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with his super-task, according to the laws of eccentricity.

Photo art- the creation by chemical-technical and optical means of a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image. Documentary is the “golden backing” of a photo that captures forever the fact of life.

Movie- the art of visual moving images created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, art that has acquired its own language, widely embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other art forms.

TV- a means of mass video information capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of being at a distance; the new kind art, providing intimacy, domesticity of perception, the effect of the presence of the viewer (the effect of "momentary"), the chronicle and documentary nature of artistic information.

Art forms are closely related to each other, mutually influence each other. Even such seemingly distant art forms as cinema and architecture, music and painting are interconnected. Art forms have a direct influence on each other. Even in ancient times, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons.

Interacting with each other, various types of art solve a common problem - the task of aesthetic education of people, the formation and development of their spiritual world.

Lecture 1. Artistic culture and art. Functions of art

1. The specifics of artistic culture, its features. Art as a phenomenon of culture.

2. Nature and essence of art.

3.Functions of art. The role of art in human life, development human society and transformation surrounding reality.

Literature:

Borzova, E.P. History of world culture / E.P. Borzov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Lan", M .: Publishing house "Omega - L", 2005. - S. 28 - 55.

Gubareva, M.V. 100 great masterpieces of fine art / M.V. Gubareva, A.Yu. Nizovsky. – M.: Veche, 2006. – 480 p.

Dmitrieva, N.A. A Brief History of Art / N.A. Dmitriev. - M., 1986. - S. 5 - 118.

Jelinek, J. Large Illustrated Atlas of Primitive Man. - Prague: Artia, 1983. - 559 p.

Culturology: the history of world culture / Ed. T.F. Kuznetsova. - M .: "Academy", 2003. - S. 33 - 79.

World art culture: in 2 volumes / Ed. B.A. Erengross. - M .: Higher. school, 2005. - T. 1. - S. 85 - 153.

Tylor, E.B. Primitive culture / E. B. Tylor. - M.: Politizdat, 1989. - 572 p.

Artistic culture occupies a special place both in the system of culture as a whole and in spiritual culture. According to the level of its development, according to the nature of the created works, the era is judged. Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and other historical periods are recognized mainly by the artistic culture created at that time. Often the names of the creators designate the time in which they lived: “the era of Shakespeare”, “the age of Pushkin”, although each of them lived historically short term- one human life.

This happens because the most essential features of the spiritual life of society are manifested in artistic culture, because it actively influences all other forms of social and spiritual life - morality, religion, science, politics, etc., experiencing, in turn, their influence by interacting with them. In various historical eras the leading, defining the face of the era, turned out to be one or another form of social consciousness. Yes, dominant. medieval culture Europe was Christianity, which largely determined the originality of the art of this time. Features of the culture of the XX century were formed under the influence of a new vision of the world, discovered by science. Philosophy turned out to be very important for the development of all culture, including art.

In the closest way, artistic culture is connected with morality, absorbing certain moral values and asserting them with only her inherent activity. Artistic culture directly affects a person, is constantly in contact with him, regardless of whether he realizes it or not, joins it consciously or, as it seems to him, is indifferent to it.

Artistic culture is actively involved in the formation of the spiritual world of the individual. That is why it is so important to understand the originality of artistic culture, the features of its manifestation, its role in the development of society and its place in modern life.

Features of artistic culture

Usually the concept of "artistic culture" is identified with art. And this is not accidental: art is the central and backbone element of artistic culture. It has a huge cultural ability, creating a number of forms of activity associated with it - artistic creativity, artistic perception, art criticism, etc., forming a "cultural field" around itself.

AT scientific literature there is no consensus in defining the elements that make up artistic culture. But for all the differences of opinion, all authors include three main elements in artistic culture that ensure its functioning: production, distribution and consumption (perception, development) of artistic values ​​- works of art.

From ratio and interaction constituent elements artistic culture depends on the possibility of forming a creative personality, the demand (or lack of demand) for a work created by the creator, the correspondence of the system of artistic production, distribution, consumption of artistic values ​​to the purpose of art.

Artistic culture takes shape historically as society develops and the scope of artistic activity expands, and, remaining open system, incorporates new forms and types of creativity.

Artistic and creative activity, as a result of which works of art are created, appeared in ancient times. All other elements of artistic culture arose gradually, on different stages development of mankind. Their appearance was due to many reasons: the development of society and its needs, the development of art itself, the emergence of new types and forms in it, the need to create conditions for creative activity, the collection and storage of works of art, the expansion of opportunities for the consumption of artistic values, the need to comprehend and study art, etc.

In this way, artistic culture began to represent a set of processes and phenomena of spiritual and practical activities for the creation, distribution, development of works of art or material objects that have aesthetic value.

Each of its constituent elements is associated with art.

So, to create works of art - artistic values, only the artist's talent is not enough; conditions are also needed under which his talent and need for creativity can be realized. This is the professional training of the master, which involves a certain organization of special art education; creation of conditions under which a person with the ability for artistic creativity could ensure his existence with his creativity, that is, a system of acquiring works of art, wages of the artist, etc.

Art is created for people readers, listeners, viewers.

This means that it is necessary to publish, reproduce, perform, exhibit works of art. And this, in turn, leads to the development different forms cultural activities: printing, publishing, organizing exhibitions and salons, staging performances and concerts, etc. At first, this activity was quite chaotic, but over time it took on certain forms. There are special exhibition spaces and museums, concert halls and theatres, libraries and other cultural and educational institutions. The totality of such institutions forms the foundation of artistic culture.

Art museums are educational, research institutions where works of art are stored, studied, exhibited and promoted. Libraries - collect, store, study, distribute, promote books. Written culture since the advent of printing has become the focus of information accumulated by mankind.

Artistic culture is largely determined by the cultural policy of the state.

An important element of artistic culture is consumption, perception of artistic values. This is a special kind of creative activity, consisting in the perception of a work of art as an artistic value, accompanied by an aesthetic experience. Attitude towards art does not arise spontaneously. It develops depending on the environment in which a person is formed, on education, aesthetic taste, life experience, value orientations. The first information that a person receives about art is especially important. Depending on what attitude to art he meets at the beginning of his life path - respect and love or neglect, as something trifling and optional for life - the future attitude to art largely depends: there will be a steady need for it or there will be an interest only for its entertainment function. The first information always creates a certain setting, on which, as a background, all subsequent representations are superimposed. This circumstance determines the great importance of organizing a system of artistic and aesthetic education, which should become one of the directions of the state's cultural policy.

Initiation to art forms a respectful attitude towards it, an understanding of its enduring value, an awareness of its features, the uniqueness of each of its types.

In the process of development of art, there is a need for a deep understanding of this unique phenomenon, which leads to the emergence of a science of art - art history.

art history - a set of sciences that study art. It studies the origin of art, its social and aesthetic essence, the laws of its development, the nature of artistic creativity, the functions of art, its place and role in spiritual and social life.

Art history is a general theory of art as a special form of artistic and creative activity. But along with it, there are theories that study specific types of art: literary criticism, art criticism, musicology, theater studies, film studies, etc. Each of these particular sciences has its own object of study, has independence, but is included in common system art sciences.

Obviously, with all the differences between specific types of art, they have a common nature and each specific art can represent the entire sphere of artistic creativity, since each type of art is not only specific, but also carries the universal characteristics of all art as a whole.

Artistic and creative activity takes place in society. The creative process is realized in two forms - individual and collective. On the creative process influence, and in many ways determine it, those views, views, ideas that have developed in society. It is impossible to live in society and be free from society. But society, and even more so the state, is trying to direct creativity, to influence the creative process. In many states, this task is carried out by ministries or committees of culture that exist under the government. They determine the cultural policy, make government orders and thus direct the work of artists in the right direction for this state. They also organize systems of special educational institutions that train artists, musicians, artists.

Often artists themselves form associations for the purpose of creative communication and solving some of the important issues for this art tasks: popularization of creativity, organization of exhibitions, orders, publication of works, etc. As a rule, association occurs on the basis of common creative principles.

So, in the XIX century. in Russia, composers were part of the creative community "Mighty Handful", artists formed the "Association of Traveling Exhibitions", which continued its activities in the 20th century. The artists created the "Russian Theater Society" in order to promote the development of theatrical business.

After the revolution of 1917, there were many different creative associations of writers, artists, and others in our country.

In the 1930s, all of them were liquidated and creative unions were created that united artists by type of art: unions of writers, composers, artists, etc. Their goal was the organizational and ideological leadership of culture.

With the collapse of the USSR creative unions not only lost their ideological content, but also lost state support. Now they are carrying out the task of organizational and creative unity of artists, which is especially important for artists, writers, composers, etc., whose work is of an individual nature.

As we can see, the structure of artistic culture is complex and includes many heterogeneous elements. But they all exist in close relationship with each other and together form a certain integrity.

So, artistic culture includes the production of artistic values, the artistic values ​​themselves - works of art, their distribution, reproduction, reproduction, consumption, art history and the sciences of specific types of art, art criticism, art education, institutions and organizations that ensure the existence and storage of artistic valuables - museums, exhibition halls, art galleries theaters, cinemas, libraries, etc., creative associations and organizations.

The nature and essence of art

Art is one of the most amazing creatures humanity. Depicting one person on the canvas, creating a landscape, a still life, describing in a novel a certain period of life, the fate of people, and in a story - only a case or an episode, composing a piece of music, erecting a building, the creator speaks about his time, about the era and about himself – the artist who created it all.

Only philosophy possesses such ability to generalize. But if philosophy expresses the essence of phenomena revealed to it in a generalized abstract form, devoid of vital colors, then art, giving a generalized reflection of reality, retains a sense of the fullness of life. Art reflects reality as a kind of vital integrity. It also has a holistic effect on a person, capturing both his mind and his heart at the same time. No other creation possesses such ability of integral reflection of the world and integral influence on a person.

The depth of comprehension of reality in a work of art depends on the artist - his talent, professional skill, his views, in a word, on the originality of the creator's personality.

Art reflects reality. And since reality is complex and constantly evolving, the art that reflects it is also complex. The complexity of the object of reflection determines the complexity of the art. It manifests itself in the fact that art exists in many forms: fiction, architecture, music, fine arts and synthetic: theater, cinema. Each type of art includes several genres. While remaining the same, it changes over time.

So, for example, the ancient Greek theater rather resembled the current stadium, where hundreds of spectators gathered. The performance began at dawn and continued until late in the evening. The sound of the trumpet heralded the beginning of each new play. If she did not like it, the violent reaction of the audience could interrupt her action and force the actors to move on to another one. Actors played in masks, without which they would be hard to see far away. Masks covered not only the face, but also the head. Big sizes(more than a head) masks made it possible to create enlarged, generalized images - tragic, expressing suffering, or comic, caricatured. The actor did not need facial expressions. But there were special requirements for voice and diction. After all, the same actors played from morning to evening a lot of very different roles, including male actors played and female roles. The actors had to not only pronounce the text, but also sing and dance, and achieved great perfection in all these types of theatrical art. This was the ancient theatre.

The theater of the Classical era is completely different. The refusal to reproduce real life, the desire to idealize reality and ennoble it gave rise to the originality of the form. The heroes of Corneille and Racine - the greatest playwrights of this period - experienced special lofty feelings, performed significant deeds, spoke elegantly and solemnly. And this is theater too. And at the same time in France there is another, very special theater. it theatre high comedy , theater Molière. Here life is shown in its natural course, the dramaturgy does not deviate one inch from reality. On the stage of the theater of Molière, people who find themselves in a variety of recognizable life situations will pass in a row. There will be deceived husbands and faithful wives, true nobility and selfishness; there will be malicious mockery of family despotism and hypocrisy, of the emptiness of aristocrats and their ostentatious nobility, of artificial speech and pretentious manners.

The speech of Moliere's heroes will be natural, their characters will be vital, and the situations in which they find themselves will be authentic. And this is theater too.

In each country, theatrical art has its own characteristics. And at the same time, the French, English, Russian, etc. theater will have all the signs of this type of art, they will be original, unlike each other.

Imagine traditional Japanese Kabuki theater or Noh theater (Chinese theatre). They are so unlike the theatrical forms familiar to Europeans that without some preparation it is simply incomprehensible what is happening on the stage, even if you know what the play is about.

Kabuki theater has a complex original dramaturgy. The play includes a dramatic basis, music, dances, pantomime (play without words), ballet. In every play there are necessarily two types of characters: one represents power, strength, greatness, regardless of whether it manifests itself in good or evil. Such a character is called "aragoto". Another type - "vagoto" - softness, complaisance. The action takes place on three stages: stage, proscenium and flower path: a low platform passing through auditorium(hanamichi).

The game of actors also has its own characteristics. Speech, action, movement on the stage are different than in life. The main thing in the game of the actor is the utmost expressiveness. To do this, several actors can say the same line, it can be divided into its component parts, and each part is said various artists, but they all end together, etc. The actor's game is on the verge of "just like in life" and "it doesn't happen in life".

But in the same country, at the same time, there are many different theaters. Each of them has its own characteristics, its own style, its own manner of performance, and although they sometimes put on the same plays, they create completely different performances.

The same can be seen in every art form. Painting is both rock paintings of 20-25 centuries ago, and icon painting. Renaissance painting, Dutch painting of the 17th century, painting by the Wanderers and avant-garde artists - all this is painting, one of the types of fine art, but how different are the paintings of different eras!

And in our time there are many different painters, and each of them is interesting in its own way.

“Each of them is an integral world, an integral perception of the world,” M.S. Saryan is color, light, shadow, perspective, music through which the artist sees the world. But what would the world be like if the globe there was only one type of civilization and one type of painting. Art loves diversity, both historically and nationally."

Art is very difficult. It is complex in its structure, in its diversity, it changes from species to species, from genre to genre, from one artist to another. And although people who create works of art do everything so that their idea reaches the audience, readers, listeners, it is extremely difficult to understand it, to reveal it for yourself. This must be learned. And you can learn this only by turning to art.

When we talk about the complexity of art, it is important to take into account one more feature: the perception of a work of art depends not only on him, but also on us. A lot depends on whether we have learned to perceive art, to understand its language, its peculiarity, nature, inherent conventionality: whether we will understand, whether we will discover its content for ourselves, whether we will receive all the unique wealth that is contained in it, or not. . The rejection of a work of art is due to many reasons: unpreparedness for a meeting with art, the desire to see something specific that does not coincide with what is presented in the work, the habit of perceiving something new, by analogy with what was seen and heard before, etc. d.

Paintings by the great Dutch painter of the 19th century. Vincent van Gogh is often puzzled. The landscape and people on his canvases are depicted in an unusual way. The color does not match the color of the depicted object, the pattern is peculiar. Everything shown appears brighter. Here is how the artist explains the changes that he makes in his paintings:

“Let's say I want to paint a portrait of my friend - an artist who has big ideas and who works as naturally as a nightingale sings, such is his nature. This man is blond. And I would like to put into the picture all my admiration, all my love for him. Therefore, at first I write it as accurately as I can. But the canvas after that is not yet finished. To complete it, I become an unbridled colorist. I exaggerate the light tones of his blond hair to orange, chrome, pale lemon. Behind his head, I paint not the banal wall of a shabby little room, but infinity - I create a simple, but as intense and rich blue background as I can, and this simple combination of glowing blond hair and a rich blue background gives the same effect of mystery that the star on dark azure sky. Exactly the same way I went in the portrait of a peasant"

Functions of art

Art performs many functions, its role and significance in human life and society are not limited to utilitarian tasks. It is valuable in itself.

In the scientific literature there is no consensus in determining the number of functions of art and their hierarchy.

Let's name the most significant of them:

1. cognitive,

2. value-oriented (axiological),

3. communicative,

4. educational,

5. sign (semiotic),

6. creative (heuristic),

7. aesthetic,

8. ideological.

Art also has the ability to foresee ( predictive, or futuristic, function), its perception gives people joy, pleasure ( hedonic function). There are others, up to psychotherapeutic.

It is difficult to single out the function that can be defined as the most significant. As a rule, almost everything is present in a work of art. The prevalence of any one at the expense of others affects the quality of the work, making it either didactically instructive or superficially entertaining, and no more.

Very important cognitive function art. Historical events are erased in the memory of people. They are remembered when studying history or when modernity reminds of them.

History knows many battles not only on land, but also at sea. Many of them lost ships, people died. Sometimes the sailors who lost the battle were offered to surrender, guaranteeing life under this condition. And often the ship's crew refused this favor, preferring death to captivity. Only military historians remember the names of the lost ships. But the whole of Russia knows about the death of the cruiser "Varyag" thanks to the song. The name of the author is forgotten, but the song lives on, resurrecting in the memory of people the tragic and wonderful fact of the history of the Russian fleet.

Often, especially at the level everyday consciousness, the cognitive possibilities of art are denied, since they believe that this function is completely performed by science.

Science and arts are different facets of creative human activity, they reflect reality in different ways and provide knowledge about it. Science provides knowledge about certain aspects and properties of reality. Art is the knowledge of life. Science discovers new facts and laws. Art reflects natural phenomena. In the familiar and the known, it reveals the unfamiliar and the unknown: the beauty of nature, unrevealed by science and empirical knowledge, the inner world of man, the unique complexity of human relationships. Art has the ability to discover beauty in the most ordinary. Seemingly unattractive human faces, gray landscapes, seen through the eyes of poets and artists, turned out to be beautiful, and, thanks to their creativity, our ideas about beauty have changed and expanded. Remember the poems of N. Zabolotsky "Ugly girl", "Beauty human faces, landscapes middle lane Russia, written by I. Levitan and I. Shishkin, “The Rooks Have Arrived” by A. Savrasov and others.

“A work of art ... can only be recognized as one in which the disclosure of something new, hitherto unknown to people", - considered L.N. Tolstoy. He also speaks in his works about the ability of art to reveal to people what they had not noticed before, but very important, constituting the essence of man.

Everything in art is personal. The personality of the artist is manifested in the process of artistic creation and in its result. The same phenomena of reality various artists see, perceive and reproduce differently. As well as readers, viewers, listeners who see their own in a work of art.

Moreover, the perception of a work of art and its assessment in the same person can change. A true work of art is so multifaceted that what has not been seen before can be revealed later.

“Reread Goethe's Faust every five years. If every time you are not amazed at how much new things are revealed to you, you will not wonder how you did not notice this before, you have stopped in your development,” V.V. Veresaev. The same can be said about War and Peace, The Brothers Karamazov and other great works.

But in this ability to discover something new in an already known work, not only the ambiguity of the artistic creation itself is revealed, but also another feature of art: his perception is creative. Perceiving works, we ourselves become creators. What the artist created for each person is the way he discovers it for himself. What we have discovered in art begins to live a new life already in our minds, having entered our spiritual world. This is how it manifests itself creative – heuristic – function of art.

Its significance is not only that the perception of art requires co-creation, but also that constant communication with art develops this ability and makes it an integral part of any activity. Recognized and discovered through art helps a person to better understand himself, other people and thus helps in establishing contacts between people, facilitates mutual understanding and communication between them.

Communicative function art manifests itself by what is shown in a work of art, and by the way it is shown, people not only learn something new, but acquire a certain view of the world, the one that the artist has opened to them. Reproducing certain phenomena of reality, the author inevitably gives them some kind of assessment: affirms or denies, says “yes” or “no” to the depicted or described. And such is the power of the influence of art that, following the author, we also perceive this assessment.

The real power of art is such that it is often under the influence of art that people begin to look at life differently, evaluate what is happening differently, and even change their beliefs. This is not always a rethinking for a better, deeper and more subtle worldview. It all depends on what kind of art it is. That's why it's so important ideological content art, so that it makes one admire that which is worthy of it, and arouses anger and hatred towards everything vile, vile, misanthropic.

The effective power of art is boundless, and it must serve humanistic purposes.

Art has the ability not only to give people the strength to live and survive, which in itself is invaluable. It can see into the future futuristic feature): he reveals what others do not see.

Whatever a work of art says, no matter what type or genre it belongs to, it always gives us pleasure, delight. Reading a book, watching a picture, play or movie, listening to music is always a joy. And this is another purpose of art, its hedonistic function. Associated with it is the ability to switch, to be distracted, to move away from everyday affairs and worries, to enjoy beauty.

Art has many other functions. But all named and unnamed are collected into a single whole, accumulated by the ability of art not only to entertain, distract, please, but also to give a special experience, to evoke a special feeling - an aesthetic, direct emotional experience arising from the perception of perfect phenomena. This feeling can be evoked not only by beautiful works of art, but also by the phenomena of reality itself: a noble deed, selflessness, the beauty of nature, a person, or the result of labor.

Art, by its very nature, evokes an aesthetic feeling - surprise and admiration for it, art, the ability to deeply comprehend life, which makes it possible to understand and see the environment in a new way, as well as the way it is done in a work of art, that is, the perfection of the artistic form, the ability to live and experience what is shown, and thereby experience moral purification. Art provides an opportunity to experience different in nature and direction states of mind. Aesthetic pleasure is a complex spiritual process that manifests itself in various kinds of aesthetic states: the joy of communicating with the beautiful, admiration for the perfection of what was created by the artist, shock at the previously unseen world, etc.

Art always reflects reality and the artist's attitude towards it. . But with the ability to give an understanding of reality, to make people see what people passed by, to present a new view of the world, to discover its beauty, to develop an aesthetic sense and form an aesthetic ideal, art also forms a person himself - the creator and creator of culture. Thus, art not only reflects reality, but also creates it.

Aesthetic function of art very important. It is she who forms the aesthetic views of a person, his ideas about beauty and beauty, ugly and ugly, etc. These ideas determine not only what external manifestations of beauty attract people, their selectivity in clothes, household items, etc. And not even only what their preferences in art are, although this is one of the manifestations of artistic taste based on aesthetic views. What a person considers beautiful or ugly, beautiful or ugly, to a large extent determines his ideas about the beauty of life, his way of life, his aesthetic ideal.

Constant communication with art develops an aesthetic principle in a person - an aesthetic feeling, aesthetic taste, forms an aesthetic ideal. That is why art is the most important medium aesthetic education- purposeful activity to form a person's ability to perceive and appreciate the beautiful in life and art, to live, create and interact with the world according to the laws of beauty.

Culturology: Textbook for universities Apresyan Ruben Grantovich

11.1. Features of artistic culture

Usually the concept of "artistic culture" is identified with art. And this is not accidental: art is the central and backbone element of artistic culture. Art has a great cultural ability, creating a whole range of forms of activity associated with it - artistic creativity, artistic perception, artistic criticism, etc., forming a "cultural field" around itself.

In the scientific literature there is no consensus on the definition of the elements that make up artistic culture. But with all the differences in views, all authors include three main elements in artistic culture that ensure its functioning: production, distribution and consumption (perception, development) of artistic values ​​- works of art.

The interaction of these elements of artistic culture is of a concrete historical nature, determined by the peculiarities of the development of society and many other reasons. The possibility of forming creative personality; demand (or lack of demand) of the work created by the creator; compliance of the system of artistic production, distribution, consumption of artistic values ​​with the purpose of art.

Artistic culture takes shape historically with the development of society and the expansion of the scope of artistic activity and, remaining an open system, absorbs new forms and types of creativity.

Artistic and creative activity, as a result of which works of art are created, appeared in ancient times. All other elements of artistic culture arose gradually at different stages of human development. Their appearance was due to many reasons: the development of society and its needs, the development of art itself, the emergence of new types and forms in it, the need to create conditions for creative activity, the collection and storage of works of art, the expansion of opportunities for the consumption of artistic values, the need to comprehend and study art. etc.

Thus, artistic culture began to represent a set of processes and phenomena of spiritual and practical activities for the creation, distribution, development of works of art or material objects that have aesthetic value. Each of its constituent elements is associated with art.

So, to create works of art - artistic values, only the talent of the artist is not enough, there are also conditions under which talent and the ability to create can be realized: this is the professional training of the master, which involves a certain organization of special art education; creation of conditions under which a person with the ability for artistic creativity could ensure his existence by his activity, i.e., the creation of a system for acquiring works of art, remunerating an artist, etc.

Art is created for people – readers, listeners, spectators. This means that it is necessary to publish, reproduce, perform, exhibit works of art. And this, in turn, leads to the emergence of various forms of cultural activity: printing, publishing, organizing exhibitions, salons, concerts, staging performances etc. At first, this activity was quite chaotic, but over time it took on certain forms. There are special exhibition spaces and museums, concert halls and theatres, libraries and other cultural and educational institutions. The totality of such institutions forms the foundation of artistic culture. Art museums - these are educational, research institutions where works of art are stored, studied, exhibited and promoted. Libraries - collect, store, study, distribute, promote books. Written culture since the advent of printing has become the focus of information accumulated by mankind. That is why libraries are the most important factor of culture, and their state, according to the definition of D.S. Likhachev, is a symbol of the state of the nation.

It is quite natural that both the organization and the functioning of all these institutions depend on the political structure of society, the socio-economic relations that have developed and dominate in it. Artistic culture largely depends on the cultural policy of the state, on personal culture those in power.

The history of the development of artistic culture is replete with collisions, when creators trying to preserve their creative individuality, create works that correspond to their worldview, come into conflict with the requirements imposed by the state. Customers who have the opportunity to purchase works of art, whether it be a state or an individual, consider themselves entitled to determine the artistic value of art, and the artist is often forced to reckon with their views and tastes, since he has no other ways to sell his works. According to history, there are few patrons of art who trust the intuition and talent of the creator and appreciate his work at its true worth. The use of art as a propaganda tool to assert and strengthen certain ideological views prevailing in society leads to a distortion of the humanistic essence of art, a narrowing of its general cultural significance. As a result, humanity loses a lot due to the impossibility of the artist to fully realize his creative potential, to express his vision of the world.

An important element of artistic culture is consumption, perception of artistic values. This is a special kind of creative activity, consisting in the perception of a work of art as an artistic value, accompanied by an aesthetic experience. Attitude towards art does not arise spontaneously. It develops depending on the environment in which a person is formed, on education, aesthetic taste, life experience, value orientations.

The first information that a person receives about art is especially important. Depending on what attitude to art he meets at the beginning of his life path - respect and love or neglect, the future attitude to art largely depends: there will be a steady need for it or there will be an interest only in its entertainment function. The first information always creates a certain setting, on which, as a background, all subsequent representations are superimposed. This circumstance determines the great importance of organizing a system of artistic and aesthetic education, which should become one of the directions of the state's cultural policy.

Initiation to art forms a respectful attitude towards it, an understanding of its enduring value, an awareness of its features, the uniqueness of each of its types.

In the process of development of art, there is a need for a deep understanding of this unique phenomenon, which leads to the emergence sciences about art - art history.

Art history - a set of sciences that study art. It studies the origin of art, its social and aesthetic essence, the laws of its development, the nature of artistic creativity, the functions of art, its place and role in spiritual and social life.

Art history is a general theory of art as a special form of artistic and creative activity. But along with it, there are sciences that study specific types of art: literary criticism, art criticism, musicology, theater criticism, film criticism and others. Each of these sciences has its own subject of study, has independence, but is included in the general system of sciences about art as an object.

Both art history in general and particular art sciences include three disciplines: art theory, art history and art criticism.

The art sciences influence each other. Each of them is based on the experience of other arts and various areas of art history.

So, exploring the work of F.M. Dostoevsky, the largest literary critic and culturologist M.M. Bakhtin uses the categories and concepts of musicology. In the analysis of Dostoevsky's poetics, he uses the terms "polyphony", "polyphony", etc.

And the outstanding film director and cinema theorist SM. Eisenstein for the study of A.S. Pushkina refers to the concept of "film montage", and to characterize the work of a film director, she resorts to the musical concept of "counterpoint".

Obviously, with all the differences between specific types of art, they have a common nature and each specific art can represent the entire sphere of artistic creativity, since each type of art is not only specific, but also carries the universal characteristics of all art as a whole.

Accordingly, the sciences that study them reveal not only the features of this type of art, but also art in general. The theory of one kind of art explores at the same time more general patterns of art. However, they do not replace one another, but complement, studying not only the “special”, but also the “general” in art.

At the same time, it should be noted that art history as a general theory of art cannot be reduced to the sum of sciences about specific types of art. Its content is much deeper and wider.

At present time runs deep study of art history as a general theory of art. Despite the fact that the study of art began a very long time ago, some scientists quite reasonably believe that the theory of art has not yet been formed and science is only on the outskirts of its creation.

Art criticism occupies a special place in the structure of art history. Criticism(from the Greek kritike - to disassemble, judge) - this is a view literary creativity, consisting in the interpretation, explanation and evaluation of works of art. The definition of art criticism was given by A.S. Pushkin. “Criticism is the science of discovering the beauties and flaws in works of art and literature. It is based: 1) on perfect knowledge of the rules by which an artist or writer is guided in his works, 2) on a deep study of samples and on active observation of modern remarkable phenomena.

Investigating and evaluating works of art, criticism is an integral part of art history and the field of sciences about specific types of art. At the same time, she herself is part of the artistic process.

Art criticism actively influences both creators and consumers of art. Those and others, although in different ways, she orients in artistic process helping to determine the place of each new work of art in it, trends in the development of art, value orientations. Based on the theoretical foundations of philosophy and aesthetics, art criticism has the ability to deeply comprehend not only art, but also life itself and the processes taking place in it.

The role of art criticism in different societies, in different historical periods is not the same. In our country, where art turned out to be almost the only form of social consciousness in which independent thought could manifest itself to some extent, unofficial views that differed from established and imposed views, art criticism became a public tribune.

In the middle of the 19th century, literary criticism became the main exponent of the democratic ideas of society. Articles V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, D.I. Pisarev not only the work of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Ostrovsky, IA. Goncharov and other writers, but also comprehended social processes. Through a look at literature literary critics assessed and considered life itself and suggested possible ways of solving social conflicts from their point of view.

The same was literary and artistic criticism in Soviet times. Its best representatives, such as I.A. Dedkov, V.Ya. Lakshin and some others became spokesmen for the progressive ideas of their time.

Now, when you can write about everything and evaluate works of art from different points of view, when the voices of critics who pose problems public interest, are almost inaudible, they started talking about the absence of art criticism and even about its uselessness. One cannot agree with this.

Literary and artistic criticism exists. There are bright, thoughtful critics who assess art impartially and give an objective analysis of the literary and artistic process. In conditions when the flow of low-grade works is growing, when the Internet is choking on the writings of graphomaniacs and all this together reduces the artistic and moral level of culture and accustoms people to such art, the task of art criticism is to preserve the criteria for evaluating works of art, formed and tested by the entire history of world artistic culture. , and thus stop the process of devaluation of art, regain public resonance.

The process of artistic creativity takes place in society, and it is influenced, and in many respects determined by those views, views, ideas that have developed in a given society. It is impossible to live in society and be free from society. But society, and even more so the state, is trying to direct creativity, to influence the creative process. In many states, this task is carried out by ministries or committees of culture that exist under the government. They determine the cultural policy, make government orders and thus direct the work of artists in the right direction for this state. They also organize systems of special educational institutions, preparing artists, musicians, artists.

Often, artists themselves form associations for the purpose of creative communication and solving some important tasks for this art: popularizing creativity, organizing exhibitions, commissions, publishing works, etc. As a rule, the association occurs on the basis of common creative principles.

So, in the 19th century in Russia, composers were part of the creative community "Mighty Bunch" artists formed Association of Traveling Exhibitions which continued to operate well into the 20th century. Artists created "Russian Theater Society" to promote the development of theatrical art.

After the revolution of 1917 in our country there were many different creative associations of writers, artists, etc.

In the 1930s they were all liquidated and created creative unions, uniting artists by type of art: unions of writers, composers, artists, etc. Their goal was the organizational and ideological leadership of art.

With the collapse of the USSR, creative unions lost their ideological content, but they also lost state support. Now they are carrying out the task of organizational and creative unity of artists, which is especially important for artists, writers, composers, etc., whose work is of an individual nature.

As you can see, the structure of artistic culture is complex and includes many heterogeneous elements. But they all exist in close relationship with each other and together form a certain integrity.

So, artistic culture includes: the production of artistic values; the artistic values ​​themselves are works of art; their distribution, reproduction, reproduction; consumption; art history and sciences about specific types of art; art criticism; art education; institutions and organizations that ensure the existence and storage of artistic values ​​- museums, exhibition halls, art galleries, theaters, cinemas, libraries, etc.; creative associations and organizations.

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