Nature and man in modern Russian prose. "Nature and man in modern Russian prose (based on Prishvin's Facelia)

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In the 70s and 80s. of our century, the lyre of poets and prose writers sounded powerfully in defense of the surrounding nature. Writers went to the microphone, wrote articles in newspapers, postponing work on works of art. They defended our lakes and rivers, forests and fields. It was a reaction to the rapid urbanization of our lives. Villages were ruined, cities grew. As always in our country, all this was done on a grand scale, and chips flew in full. The gloomy results of the harm done to our nature by those hotheads have now been summed up.

Writers - fighters for the environment were all born near nature, they know and love it. These are such well-known prose writers here and abroad as Viktor Astafiev and Valentin Rasputin.

Astafiev calls the hero of the story "Tsar-Fish" the "master". Indeed, Ignatich knows how to do everything better and faster than anyone. He is distinguished by frugality and accuracy. “Of course, Ignatich fished better than anyone and more than anyone, and this was not disputed by anyone, it was considered legal, and no one envied him, except for the younger brother of the Commander.” The relationship between the brothers was complicated. The commander not only did not hide his dislike for his brother, but even showed it at the first opportunity. Ignatich tried not to pay attention to it. Actually, he treated all the inhabitants of the village with some superiority and even condescension. Of course, the protagonist of the story is far from ideal: he is dominated by greed and a consumerist attitude towards nature. The author brings the main character one on one with nature. For all his sins before her, nature presents Ignatich with a severe test. It happened like this: Ignatich goes fishing on the Yenisei and, not content with small fish, is waiting for the sturgeon. “And at that moment the fish declared itself, went to the side, the hooks clicked on the iron, blue sparks were carved from the side of the boat. Behind the stern, the heavy body of a fish boiled up, turned, rebelled, scattering water like rags of burnt, black rags. At that moment, Ignatich saw a fish at the very side of the boat. “I saw it and was taken aback: there was something rare, primitive not only in the size of the fish, but also in the shape of its body - it looked like a prehistoric lizard ...” The fish immediately seemed ominous to Ignatich. His soul, as it were, split in two: one half prompted to release the fish and thereby save himself, but the other did not want to release such a sturgeon in any way, because the king-fish comes across only once in a lifetime. The passion of the fisherman takes over prudence. Ignatich decides to catch the sturgeon at all costs. But through negligence, he finds himself in the water, on the hook of his own tackle. Ignatich feels that he is drowning, that the fish is pulling him to the bottom, but he cannot do anything to save himself. In the face of death, the fish becomes for him a kind of creature. The hero, who never believes in God, at this moment turns to him for help. Ignatich recalls what he tried to forget throughout his life: a disgraced girl, whom he doomed to eternal suffering. It turned out that nature, also in a sense a “woman”, took revenge on him for the harm done. Nature took revenge on man cruelly. Ignatich, “not owning his mouth, but still hoping that at least someone would hear him, intermittently and raggedly began to hoarse: ..” And when the fish releases Ignatich, he feels that his soul is freed from the sin that has weighed on him throughout his life. It turned out that nature fulfilled the divine task: it called the sinner to repentance and for this she absolved him of sin. The author leaves hope for a life without sin not only to his hero, but to all of us, because no one on earth is immune from conflicts with nature, and therefore with his own soul.

In his own way, the writer Valentin Rasputin reveals the same theme in the story "Fire". The heroes of the story are engaged in logging. They "as if wandered from place to place, stopped to wait out the bad weather, and got stuck." The epigraph of the story: "The village is on fire, the native is on fire" - sets the reader in advance for the events of the story. Rasputin revealed the soul of each hero of his work through a fire: “In everything how people behaved - how they ran around the yard, how they lined up chains to pass packages and bundles from hand to hand, how they teased the fire, risking themselves to the last, - in all this was something unreal, foolish, done in excitement and disorderly passion. In the confusion at the fire, people were divided into two camps: those who do good and those who do evil. The protagonist of the story, Ivan Petrovich Egorov, is a legal citizen, as the Arkharovites call him. The author christened careless, hard-working people Arkharovtsy. During a fire, these Arkharovtsy behave in accordance with their usual everyday behavior: “Everyone is dragging! Klavka Strigunova stuffed her full pockets with small boxes. And in them, go, not irons, in them, go, something like that! ... They push in the shank, in the bosom! And these bottles, bottles!” It is unbearable for Ivan Petrovich to feel his helplessness in front of these people. But disorder reigns not only around, but also in his soul. The hero realizes that “a person has four props in life: a house with a family, work, people and the land on which your house stands. Some one limps - the whole world is tilted. In this case, the earth "limped". After all, the inhabitants of the village had no roots anywhere, they “wandered”. And the earth silently suffered from this. But the moment of punishment has come. In this case, the role of retribution was played by fire, which is also a force of nature, a force of destruction. It seems to me that it was no coincidence that the author ended the story almost according to Gogol: “What are you, our silent land, how long are you silent? And are you silent? Perhaps these words will serve our country in good stead even now.

I. Man is the master and protector of nature.

II. The problem of the relationship between man and nature in the works of Russian writers.

1. Man and nature in the works of V. Astafiev and Ch. Aitmatov.

2. Attitude to the land and father's house in the works of V. Rasputin.

III. The harmony of man and nature is a prerequisite for life.

All of us, now living, are responsible for nature before our descendants, before history. As early as the beginning of the twentieth century, our compatriot V. I. Vernadsky argued that humanity was becoming a geological and, possibly, cosmic force. These prophetic words were not immediately understood and appreciated. But now each of us can be convinced of their fidelity: humanity is “shaking” the Earth, like geological cataclysms. The scale of human influence on nature is constantly growing. The consequences of his actions are also growing.

Nuclear war, ecological catastrophe, spiritual unconsciousness - these are three sides of the same process of self-destruction of mankind, a process that can still be stopped. Therefore, it is no coincidence that many modern prose writers and poets are sounding the alarm, trying to warn people that man is a part of nature and, destroying it, he destroys himself.

Back in the last century, Russian publicists for the first time spoke about the symptoms of that phenomenon, which today has been called the "ecological crisis" and which now poses a serious danger to human existence. So, for example, it is known that now on the planet up to a dozen animal species and one plant species per week are disappearing irrevocably. There is no doubt that the material losses resulting from the barbaric treatment of nature can be calculated. It is much more difficult to calculate the spiritual losses that affect the character of people, their thinking, attitude towards the world around them and towards their own kind. Only art can speak of this.

The problems of the relationship between man and nature, the role of man on Earth constantly worried famous writers. In many works by V. Rasputin and V. Astafiev, V. Belov and Ch. Aitmatov, F. Abramov and D. Granin, the idea that our nature is a house that a person destroys with his own hands is heard. So, in his work “Tsar-Fish”, V. Astafiev painfully asks the question: “Who and how will eradicate this long-standing terrible habit of managing in the forest, as if in his own yard? Why do people like Goga Gortsev appear?” Goga Gortsev, a “tourist”, never considered people to be friends or comrades, he was, by his own admission, a “free person”. People like Goga seem to be strong personalities. They are characterized by a thirst for something new, the desire to see the world and people. "Tourists" like Goga Gortsev at first glance can even cause sympathy. But for them the main thing is to snatch their piece, for the sake of which they are ready to sacrifice someone else's life. An unspiritual attitude to life (“even a flood after us”), selfishness, self-conceit leads such heroes to a sense of the absurdity of existence, to spiritual degradation and physical death.

Having accidentally slipped, the “strong personality” Goga Gortsev dies in the taiga, thereby confirming the idea that chance is a manifestation of a pattern. Vanity and pride make Astafiev's hero related to Orozkul from Ch. Aitmatov's story "The White Steamboat". It is always sweet for Orozkul to hear how they call him "the big master of the big forest." He brutally deals not only with this forest, but also with the Horned Mother Deer, whose children considered themselves the old man Momun and his grandson.

What happens to a person? This question worries many people. The inner essence of a person is revealed not only in the relationship with each other. Each of us has what we call shrines: the father's house, mother ...

If a person does not feel sorry for his own home, where is the guarantee that he can ever feel sorry for his own mother? V. Rasputin thought about this in the stories "Deadline", "Farewell to Matera". And in the story with the symbolic title "Fire", the writer tells about the fire that engulfed the trading warehouses of the timber industry village. Instead of jointly fighting misfortune, people one by one, competing with each other, take away the good snatched from the fire. Fire in the village, fire in the souls of people ...

The idea that man should not be at war with nature, that she is not his enemy, for he himself is a part of it, has now become obvious. The harmony of man and nature is a prerequisite for the continuation of life on Earth.

RESPONSE PLAN

1. Love for a small homeland. "Farewell to Matyora" by V. Rasputin.

2. Parting of the old people with Matera; their pain and suffering.

3. Young heroes of the story. Their position.

4. What will be left for posterity?

5. Cost of transformations.

1. Each person has his own small homeland, that land, which is the Universe and all that Matera has become for the heroes of the story by Valentin Rasputin. All the books of V. Rasputin originate from love for a small homeland. It is no coincidence that in the story "Farewell to Matyora" one can easily read the fate of the writer's native village - Atalanka, which fell into the flood zone during the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station.

Matera is both an island and a village of the same name. Russian peasants settled in this place for three hundred years. Slowly, without haste, life goes on on this island, and for more than three hundred years, Matera has made many people happy. She accepted everyone, became a mother to everyone and carefully nursed her children, and the children answered her with love. And the inhabitants of Matera did not need either comfortable houses with heating, or a kitchen with a gas stove. They did not see happiness in this. There would only be an opportunity to touch the native land, to heat the stove, to drink tea from a samovar, to live all my life next to the graves of my parents, and when the time comes, to lie down next to them. But Matyora leaves, the soul of this world leaves.

2. They decided to build a powerful power plant on the river. The island is in the flood zone. The whole village must be relocated to a new settlement on the banks of the Angara. But this prospect did not please the old people. Grandmother Daria's soul bled, because not only she grew up in Matera. This is the home of her ancestors. And Daria herself considered herself the keeper of the traditions of her people. She sincerely believes that “we were only given Matyora for support ... so that we would take care of her with benefit and feed ourselves.”

And the mothers stand up to defend their homeland, they try to save their village, their history. But what can the old men and women do against the almighty chief, who gave the order to flood Matera, wipe it off the face of the earth. For strangers, this island is just a territory, a flood zone. First of all, the newly-minted builders tried to demolish the cemetery on the island. Reflecting on the causes of vandalism, Daria comes to the conclusion that a sense of conscience has begun to be lost in people and society. “There are a lot more people,” she reflects, “but the conscience, I suppose, is the same ... And our conscience has grown old, the old woman has become, no one looks at her ... What about the conscience, if such a thing is happening!” The heroes of Rasputin connect the loss of conscience directly with the separation of man from the earth, from his roots, from centuries-old traditions. Unfortunately, only old men and women remained faithful to Matyora. Young people live in the future and calmly part with their small homeland.

3. But the writer makes one think whether a person who has left his native land, broken with his roots, will be happy, and, burning bridges, leaving Matera, will he not lose his soul, his moral support? Pavel, the eldest son of Daria, is the hardest of all. It is torn into two houses: it is necessary to equip life in a new village, but the mother has not yet been taken out of Matera. Soul Paul on the island. It is difficult for him to part with his mother's hut, with the land of his ancestors: “It does not hurt to lose this only for those who did not live here, did not work, did not water every furrow with their sweat,” he believes. But Paul is not able to rebel against the resettlement. Andrey, Daria's grandson, is feeling better. He's already tasted something new. He is drawn to change: “Now time is so alive ... everything, as they say, is in motion. I want my work to be visible, so that it remains forever ... ”In his view, the hydroelectric power station is eternity, and Matera is already something outdated. Andrei is betrayed by historical memory. Leaving to build a hydroelectric power station, he voluntarily or involuntarily makes room for his other like-minded people, "newcomers", who do what it is still inconvenient for a native of Matera to do - to force people to leave the cultivated land.

4. The result is deplorable... A whole village disappeared from the map of Siberia, and with it - unique traditions and customs that for centuries formed the soul of a person, his unique character. What will happen to Andrei now, who dreamed of building a power plant and sacrificed the happiness of his small homeland? What will happen to Petrukha, who is ready to sell his house, his village, to renounce his mother for money? What will happen to Pavel, who rushes about between the village and the town, between the island and the mainland, between moral duty and petty fuss, and remains at the end of the story in a boat in the middle of the Angara, without landing on any of the shores? What will happen to that harmonious world, which for every person becomes a holy place on earth, like on Matyora, where the royal foliage has survived, where the inhabitants - the old women of the righteous welcome Bogodum, a wanderer, holy fool, "God's man" unrecognizable anywhere, persecuted by the world? What will happen to Russia? Rasputin connects the hope that Russia will not lose its roots with his grandmother Daria. It carries those spiritual values that are lost with the impending urban civilization: memory, loyalty to the family, devotion to one's land. She took care of Matera, inherited from her ancestors, and wanted to pass it into the hands of her descendants. But the last spring for Matera comes and there is no one to transfer the native land to. And the earth itself will soon cease to exist, turning into the bottom of an artificial sea.

5. Rasputin is not against changes, he does not try in his story to protest against everything new, progressive, but makes you think about such transformations in life that would not destroy the human in a person. It is in the power of people to save their native land, not to let it disappear without a trace, to be on it not a temporary resident, but its eternal keeper, so that later you do not experience bitterness and shame before your descendants for the loss of something dear, close to your heart.

Writers - fighters for the environment were all born near nature, they know and love it. These are such well-known prose writers here and abroad as Viktor Astafiev and Valentin Rasputin.