To whom in Rus' to live well is a social problem. Theme and problems of the poem “Who in Rus' should live well

The problem of happiness is indeed stated in the poem. But there, after all, they also expand it, asking about fun and about freedom. Yes, these are important parts of happiness.

It is difficult for all the characters in the poem. Especially hard with the will. For example, a priest (he is in abundance and respected), but in a distant village someone dies - you need to go there off-road. What is the will?

And for a woman, even if she rejoices for all her children, it is always one thing - the second. One child needs food, another needs new bast shoes. In general, there is no rest for a woman.

It is clear that the poet suggests that happiness is not in the usual peace and will, but in peace, that you are doing a true and good deed, for which you are even ready to give up your freedom. Do not be selfish ... Work for the benefit of the people, that same people's happiness.

Just what is it? Before the abolition of serfdom, everyone said that this was the problem. They called for the abolition of slavery. And here's what happened after the cancellation! Everyone is unhappy: both men and gentlemen.

Perhaps the misfortune lies in coercion. Now, if the peasants served the masters only because they love and respect them, they want to help, and not because they do not have a passport. And gentlemen should take care of their subordinates sincerely and with love. Then there will be harmony! But this, probably, teachers and priests could only explain to everyone.

And the “happy” hero is a revolutionary, what will he achieve in the end? We went through history. And about the revolution, and about civil war... How many misfortunes there were! Where is the happiness of the people? Again, not that.

And still happy in the poem, in my opinion, are the walkers themselves. They obviously don't think so. They generally associate happiness with prosperity. And they themselves are fire victims and tramps from villages with "speaking" names. And then they had a goal! And there was also a magic tablecloth from a bird. No life - no cooking, no washing ... And they get acquainted with different people see different landscapes. And they themselves became friends with each other, although at first they were ready to fight! This is also happiness, although they did not understand it yet. But to return to their poor villages, they will tell everyone, they will remember this big Adventure… And they will understand how happy they were!

It would also be interesting for me to walk around Russia with friends, to conduct such a “poll”. And not to take care of everyday life, but to seek the truth for the benefit of everyone. Class!

By the way, happiness is such a complex concept. Here we wrote an essay on it. And everyone has their own happiness. And here we are talking about the whole people's happiness. It's very difficult to put everything together. There, for a peasant, there is one happiness (harvest), and for a priest, another (parish). And if the happiness of one and the other contradicts? A peasant - more freedom, and a master - more servants. And how do you put it all together?

The search for happiness, I believe, is also happiness. How preparation for a holiday is sometimes more pleasant than a holiday.

The problem of people's happiness in Nekrasov's poem To whom in Rus' it is good to live essay Grade 10

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, one of the most talented writers of the nineteenth century, began the poem in 1863 and composed it until the end of his life, until 1877. The writer devoted his life to poems about the arbitrariness of the Russian people. Even in his deep childhood, he was not indifferent to the topic abuse his father with the peasants. The poem was a continuation of the poem "Elegy", where the question was posed:

"The people are liberated,
But are the people happy?

The poem was the result of Nekrasov's reflection on the topic of poverty, the tyranny of peasants by landowners, drunkenness in Rus', and the inability of peasants to stand up for themselves. After the abolition of serfdom, much in the life of the peasants had to change, because, it would seem, here it is freedom, but the peasants are so accustomed to their lives that they do not even know the meaning of the word "freedom". And for them, little has changed in life: “Now, instead of the master, the volost will fight,” the author writes.

The composition of the poem consists of separate chapters connected by the motives of the roads of the main characters. It also contains fairy-tale elements and songs. Seven wanderers with names already telling us from the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryaevo, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neyolovo and Neurozhayko - become truth-seekers, the world of a happy person. One claims that the priest is the happiest, the other says that the boyar, the third, that the king.

In order to dispel their argument, the wanderers decide to conduct: a survey of residents. They offer vodka for free in exchange for a story about their happiness. There were many who wanted to. By this, the author also shows the problem of drunkenness in Rus'. And this is not surprising, because from such difficult life hard not to sleep. However, they claim to be happy. The deacon put it this way, that for him happiness is drunkenness, for which he is simply expelled. The next soldier comes up, he says that he is happy as he served, but did not die. Then the grandmother is satisfied with the harvest. The queue continues to grow, but the wanderers realize that they have wasted their time.

Soon, researchers of human happiness go to Kochergina Matryona, she says that for her happiness is her children. With this, the writer draws the image of a Russian woman, describing her difficult fate. “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman between women,” says Matryona.

Grisha can be considered a truly happy person. From his song you can understand that he is really the most happy man. Grisha is the main character in the poem. He is honest, he loves the people and understands them. Grisha connects his happiness with the fate of the people, he is happy when others are happy. In the image of Dobrosklonov, the author sees the hope of the future of Russia. And yet there are happy people in Rus', it’s a pity the wanderers never found out.

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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is one of the greatest Russian poets. The main theme of his works is the hard life of the simple Russian people, the peasants. In his poems and poems, he describes the heavy burden of the serfs. The poet worries about their fate and with all his heart wants to make it easier. Nikolai Alekseevich is trying to convey this idea to other people with the help of his works.

The poem "Who is it good to live in Rus'?" also devoted to the theme of the peasantry, it raises the theme of people's happiness.

In the poem, Nekrasov paints a portrait of impoverished, dark, downtrodden Rus'. The abolition of serfdom did not change the situation in the country; corruption among high officials, drunkenness among peasants and other vices still flourishes. For the colorful description, the author uses a lot of speaking names of villages and surnames. The villages are called "Zaplatovo", "Dyryavino", "Razutovo" and so on, which once again emphasizes the destruction of the country. The main characters of the poem set off on a journey through impoverished and downtrodden Rus', trying to find a happy person.

For her, happiness is Friendly family and voluntary marriage for love. Nose early childhood she had to share hard fate Russian peasants. She married not for love, tragically lost a child and suffered from long separations from her husband, who went to work. In Matryona Timofeevna, the author reflected all the problems and difficulties of life ordinary women that time. Being the weakest and most unprotected segment of the population, even among the peasants, they could not always cope with the hardships of life. And even the abolition of serfdom had almost no effect on their position.

Another significant image in the poem - Ermil Girin. For him, happiness is honor and respect gained by intelligence and kindness. He runs a mill where he works honestly, never cheating anyone. Also being a literate person, he taught people to write. Thanks to his kindness, honesty and sincerity, Jirin has won the trust of people, he is respected and appreciated.

Fortunately, there are two possible routes. One of them is the way of personal enrichment. Fortunately, nobles and officials go this way. For them, wealth and power are the most important things in life. But I believe that this path cannot lead to true happiness, since it cannot be built on selfishness. Grigory Dobrosklonov chose a different path for himself - the path of intercession. He understands that this is a difficult, but beautiful and correct path, and this path will certainly lead him to happiness.

Nekrasov is the greatest Russian poet, singer of the people. When you read his wonderful poem “Who is living well in Rus'?”, one gets the feeling that it is the peasants themselves who are talking about their problems, experiences and thoughts. He very accurately described the state of the people during the period of the abolition of serfdom and the concept of happiness for this people. For each of them it is different, and they are slowly moving towards their own happiness.

Updated: 2017-03-15

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Subject

• The main theme of the piece is Liberty- rests on the problem that the Russian peasant did not know what to do with it, and how to adapt to new realities. national character also “problematic”: people-thinkers, people-seekers of truth still drink, live in oblivion and empty talk. They are not able to squeeze slaves out of themselves until their poverty acquires at least the modest dignity of poverty, until they stop living in drunken illusions, until they realize their strength and pride, trampled down by centuries of humiliating state of affairs that have been sold, lost and bought.
• Happiness Theme. The poet believes that a person can get the highest satisfaction from life only by helping other people. The real value of being is to feel needed by society, to bring goodness, love and justice to the world. Selfless and selfless service to a good cause fills every moment with sublime meaning, with an idea, without which time loses color, becomes dull from inaction or selfishness. Grisha Dobrosklonov is happy not with wealth and position in the world, but with the fact that he leads Russia and his people to a brighter future.
• Homeland Theme. Although Rus' appears in the eyes of readers as a poor and tortured, but still a beautiful country with a great future and a heroic past. Nekrasov pities his homeland, devoting himself entirely to its correction and improvement. The homeland for him is the people, the people are his muse. All these concepts are closely intertwined in the poem "To whom in Rus' it is good to live." The author's patriotism is especially pronounced at the end of the book, when wanderers find a lucky man who lives in the interests of society. In a strong and patient Russian woman, in the justice and honor of a peasant hero, in sincere kindness folk singer the creator sees the true appearance of his state, full of dignity and spirituality.
• The theme of labor. Useful activity elevates the impoverished heroes of Nekrasov above the vanity and depravity of the nobility. It is idleness that destroys the Russian master, turning him into a self-satisfied and arrogant nonentity. But the common people have skills that are really important for society and genuine virtue, without them there will be no Russia, but the country will manage without noble tyrants, revelers and greedy seekers of wealth. So the writer comes to the conclusion that the value of each citizen is determined only by his contribution to the common cause - the prosperity of the motherland.
• mystical motif. Fantastic elements appear already in the Prologue and immerse the reader in fabulous atmosphere epics, where it is necessary to follow the development of the idea, and not the realism of the circumstances. Seven owls on seven trees - magic number 7, which promises good luck. The raven praying to the devil is another guise of the devil, because the raven symbolizes death, grave decay and infernal forces. He is opposed good power in the form of a warbler bird, which equips the men on the road. Self-assembly tablecloth - poetic symbol happiness and contentment. "Wide path" - a symbol open final poems and the basis of the plot, because on both sides of the road a multifaceted and genuine panorama of Russian life opens up to travelers. Symbolic is the image of an unknown fish in unknown seas, which has swallowed "the keys to female happiness." A weeping she-wolf with bloody nipples also clearly demonstrates the difficult fate of a Russian peasant woman. One of the most vivid images reform is the “great chain”, which, having broken, “split one end along the master, the other along the peasant!”. The seven wanderers are a symbol of the entire people of Russia, restless, waiting for change and seeking happiness.

Issues

• In the epic poem, Nekrasov touched a large number of acute and topical issues of the time. the main problem in "Who is it good to live in Rus'?" - the problem of happiness, both socially and philosophically. She is associated with social theme the abolition of serfdom, which greatly changed (and not in better side) the traditional way of life of all segments of the population. It would seem that here it is, freedom, what else do people need? Is this not happiness? However, in reality, it turned out that the people, who, due to long slavery, do not know how to live independently, turned out to be thrown to the mercy of fate. A priest, a landowner, a peasant woman, Grisha Dobrosklonov and seven peasants are real Russian characters and destinies. The author described them, relying on rich experience of communicating with people from the common people. The problems of the work are also taken from life: disorder and confusion after the reform to abolish serfdom really affected all classes. No one organized jobs for yesterday's serfs, or at least land allotments, no one provided the landowner with competent instructions and laws governing his new relationship with workers.
• The problem of alcoholism. Wanderers come to an unpleasant conclusion: life in Rus' is so hard that without drunkenness a peasant will completely die. Forgetfulness and fog are necessary for him in order to somehow pull the strap of a hopeless existence and hard labor.
• The problem of social inequality. The landlords have been torturing the peasants with impunity for years, and Savelyia has been deformed for the murder of such an oppressor all her life. For the deceit, there will be nothing for the relatives of the Last, and their servants will again be left with nothing.
• The philosophical problem of the search for truth, which each of us encounters, is allegorically expressed in the campaign of seven wanderers who understand that without this discovery their life is depreciated.

The poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” Nekrasov conceived as “ folk book". He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry.

At the center of the poem collective image Russian peasantry, the image of the guardian native land. The poem reflects peasant joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, a thirst for will and happiness. All major events the life of a peasant fit into this work. The plot of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set off on their way are not pilgrimage wanderers. They are a symbol of awakening Russia.

Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. This is primarily seven men. Their the main objective- to find “muzhik's happiness”. And until they find him, the men decided

Do not toss and turn in the houses,

Don't see your wives

Not with the little guys...

But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter "Drunk Night". This is Yakim Nagoi. In his appearance, speech, one feels inner dignity, not broken either by hard work or by a disenfranchised position. Yakim argues with the "smart master" Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends the peasants from the reproach that they "drink to the point of stupefaction." Yakim is smart, he perfectly understands why the peasants live so hard. His rebellious spirit is not resigned to such a life. A formidable warning sounds from the lips of Yakim Nagogoy:

Every peasant has

The soul is like a black cloud

Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary

Thunders rumble from there ...

The chapter “Happy” tells about another man - Yermila Girin. He became famous throughout the district for his intelligence and disinterested devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Yermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov over an orphan's mill. Yermila turns to the people for help.

And a miracle happened

All over the marketplace

Every peasant has

Like the wind, half left

It turned over suddenly!

Ermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he shielded “the younger brother Mitri from the recruitment”. But this act cost him severe torment, in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Yermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of truth and ends up in prison.

We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness in a different way. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, happy life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth, power, “a huge, greedy crowd goes to the temptation,” writes Nekrasov.

In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, Nekrasov also touches upon the problem of female happiness. It is revealed with the help of the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, full of self-esteem. On her shoulders lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is a collective one. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matrena Timofeevna gives her the right to say to the wanderers on behalf of all Russian women:

Keys to female happiness

From our free will,

abandoned, lost

God himself!

Nekrasov reveals the problem of people's happiness in the poem also with the help of the image people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonova. He is the son of a deacon who lived "poorer than the last poor peasant" and "an unrequited laborer". A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood, he decides that he will devote his life to the search for people's happiness.

fifteen years old

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Wretched and dark

native corner

Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his whole life. Nekrasov writes that fate prepared for him

The path is glorious, the name is loud

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia.

But he does not back down before the upcoming trials. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that many millions of people are already awakening:

The army rises innumerable,

The power in it will be indestructible!

And it fills his soul with joy. He believes in a happy future for his native land and precisely in this lies the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that the fighters for the people's happiness live well in Rus':

Would our wanderers be under their native roof,

If only they could know what happened to Grisha.

He heard immense strength in his chest,

Gracious sounds delighted his ears,

Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble -

He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people.

Nekrasov's work is undoubtedly interesting to every reader, because the author managed to touch upon such important and relevant problems for our time. Here we can meet the author's reasoning not only about folk hero and about happiness, but also to get acquainted with his opinion about universal values.
I would like to consider how Nekrasov interprets such a concept as “happiness”, in what he sees its features and how he expresses it in his poem.
To begin with, it is worth noting the fact that since the author uses Russian folklore in his work and depicts fairytale heroes who go in search of happiness, we can conclude that for Nekrasov this concept is associated primarily with something magical, with faith, with higher powers.
We see that the main characters of the Nekrasovs' poem set themselves an important goal - to find “muzhik happiness”. And they decided to walk along Mother Rus' until they find the one, "Who lives happily, freely in Rus'." In Nekrasov's poem, discussions about happiness are described in the form of a dispute. Each of the travelers speaks of happiness in his own understanding.
The first they met was a priest who sees happiness in peace, honor and wealth. So our heroes met many different people on their way, who, in turn, without concealment told the wanderers their perception of "happiness". So, for the landowner Gavrila Afanasyevich, happiness lies in unlimited power over the peasant. For the peasants, it consists in having a fruitful year, so that everyone is healthy and well-fed, the soldier considers himself happy because he was in twenty battles and survived, the old woman is happy, because she had up to a thousand turnips on a small ridge, for a Belarusian peasant, happiness is in bread. Peasant woman Matrena Timofeevna, who carried through all the horrors of her life human dignity, nobility and disobedience. ErmilGirin - beloved by fellow villagers for honesty, intelligence and disinterested devotion to the interests of the peasants - a steward. Yermila for seven years of fair service once "sinned": "... from the recruitment of the Little Brother Mitriy He saved", and instead of Mitriy he gave the widow's son to the soldiers. Out of remorse, Jirin wanted to hang himself. But thanks to the prince, the widow's son was nevertheless returned, and Mitriy was sent to serve. Also, he took the side of the rebellious peasants, for which he was put in jail. Happiness for him is in helping the people.
It is worth saying that Nekrasov's question about who is happy smoothly flows into: "What is happiness?"
We see that for Nekrasov, happiness lies not only in making oneself happy, but in giving warmth and kindness to people around, so to speak, giving them a piece of happiness.
In conclusion, I would like to say that I fully share the position of the author of the work “Who should live well in Rus'?”. It is unlikely that a person will fully feel happy when everyone around is unhappy, therefore I also believe that happiness lies in giving it to people.