Gulag presentation on history. The Gulag and the Great Terror Andrey Borisovich Suslov, Director of the Center for Civic Education and Human Rights, Professor, Head

⁰

Preliminary assignments for homework.
The class is divided into three groups, each of which receives a task for
Individual chapters from the Gulag Archipelago.
1st group. Selection of material (quotations) from the chapters "Arrest" and "Investigation".
What is an arrest? The state of a person, his reaction, feelings.
Methods of investigation that break the will of a person.
2nd group. Chapters "Fingers of Aurora", "The archipelago turns to stone."
Message about Solovki. Bullying. Why is the author of the show-
There are people who are in a state of choice: life or death. How
man adapts to it. (Chapters "Native life",
"Nerks", "Knock-knock-knock", "Socially close", "Young-
ki”, “Chains, chains…”).
3rd group. Ascension chapter.

Questions for the 3rd group.
paradoxes of survival. Words by Dr. Boris Kornfeld.
According to the chapter "Muzzled will".
What is spiritual cancer? What threatens his metastases?
Individual task for the chapters "Camp world", "We
we are building." Questions: why was the labor of prisoners profitable? Make a list of jobs done by prisoners.
The lesson is built in the form of a presentation with intermediate problematic questions, teacher's commentary, musical inserts.
Recordings: "Song of the Motherland" op. V. Lebedev-Kumach, music. I.Dunaev-
sky; "Moscow in May" op. V. Lebedev-Kumach, music. D. Pokrassa,
"March of Enthusiasts" A. D * Aktila, music. I. Dunayevsky.
GOOD LUCK, COLLEAGUE!

The fate of man in a totalitarian state

"Gulag Archipelago" A.I. Solzhenitsyn

The work of the teacher Pavlova T.A.

Resistance to the anti-people regime is the most important topic

A. Solzhenitsyn has not yet approached one of

the most important topics for him - the topic of resistance

against the anti-people regime. She became one

one of the most important in the Gulag Archipelago. it

the work cannot be called a novel - it is,

rather, a very special genre of art -

military documentaries, the main source -

dey who passed the Gulag and wished to help -

minations. In a certain sense, this

management is largely based on national –

memory of the 20th century, which includes

and a terrible memory of the executioners and victims.

of those who did not have enough life to tell about it, asks for forgiveness for

that he did not see everything, did not remember everything, did not guess about everyone.

The same thought is expressed in the Nobel lecture: “And today, accompanied by the shadows of the fallen, how can I guess and express what

Would you like to say THEY?

It was an era of unprecedented enthusiasm. Everything was side by side, everything was nearby - arrests, camps, intoxication with the “communist dream”. hunger in Volga region, in Ukraine and mass holidays in big cities. Takeoff cinematography and mass Soviet song...

You are under arrest!
I huh?? For what??? - a question repeated millions of times and never received an answer ... WHAT IS ARREST ??

"Arrest" - Chapter 1, Part 1 - "The Prison Industry"

What is an arrest? "It's straight

lightning strike, spiritual upheaval,

you are “dragged out like a sack, and the gate is “into a past life

slammed forever."

This is mistake! They will figure it out!

There are people there. And the person goes resignedly, not understanding anything ...

Back in 1918, Lenin proclaimed a common united

the goal of "cleansing the land of the Russian

Russian from any harmful

insects."

WHAT IS TOTALITARISM?

Chapter 2 - "The History of Our Sewers", Part 1 - "The Prison Industry"

The Gulag Archipelago is composed in the following way:

its three volumes and seven parts are devoted to different islands of the Archipelago and different periods of its history.

Arrests and prisons ... and now the prison channels "blood, sweat and urine" were carried, into which people were squeezed out,

with tav now garbage ...

“The pressure is sometimes higher than the design, sometimes lower, but NEVER stopped.

The three largest streams that once burst "stinking pipes ... prison sewers:

Gulag archipelago - Russian Golgotha of the 20th century. Parts and chapters to be discussed.

Part 1 - "The Prison Industry".
Chapters "Arrest", "The History of Our Sewerage", "Investigation"
Part 3 - "Destroying - labor."
Chapters “Fingers of Aurora”, “The archipelago turns to stone”, “The archipelago metastasizes”, “Indigenous life”, “Geeks”, “Knock-knock-knock…”, “Socially close”, “Ships of the Archipelago

lag”, “Zeks as a nation”, “Youngsters”, “Chains-chains…” -

SPIRITUAL DYING

Part 4 - "Soul and barbed wire".

Chapters "Ascension", "Muzzled Will". -

RENAISSANCE OF THE SOUL

Streams and streams

STREAMS AND "STRUCKS" OF SEWERS OF THE GULAG

The three largest streams, but there were also "brooks". cleaning

took over the Cheka - "Sentry Revolution". practiced

EXTRA JUDICIAL REJECTION!

The flow of the dispossessed, all those who made up the essence of the village,

her energy, ingenuity, diligence and conscience, without property,

naked, thrown into the tundra and taiga.

And the city would not have noticed anything if it had not shocked them

a three-year strange famine - HUNGER WITHOUT DROUGH AND WITHOUT WAR!!!

"Streams flow underground, through pipes, they canalize

SURFACE FLOWERING LIFE". "Ebullient, mighty,

my invincible country ... "

Wide is my native land...

Article 58 - "State Crimes"

The power struggle intensified. Stalin, one by one, removed possible candidates for the first party post. He achieved

the main thing: the entire Soviet public understood that the country was teeming with enemies, pests, and spies of all stripes. So the streams of the repressed bubbled and whipped, and

only one article of the Criminal Code was used in an attack on the people.

FIFTY-EIGHTH - "STATE CRIMES" (it is not written anywhere,

that it is "political!").

“Do not count all those who dung the Gulag ...”

"Stalin added unprecedented terms for these articles: 15, 20, 25 years."
And now the investigators are trying to bend the “recent free, sometimes proud, always unprepared person”, to drag him through a narrow pipe,

where his sides would be torn by the hooks of reinforcement, where he would not be able to breathe, so that he would beg ... "

Enough personal confessions

Accused, but they were mined

such methods...

“They broke the will and personality

prisoner…”

SUBSCRIPTION OF NON-DISCLOSURE

Broken and weakened
man signed fantastic
some confessions ... And he will also give
method non-disclosure subscription
investigation, then the camp orders
Solzhenitsyn is always a politician, his "arks" float "through the winding stream of accursed History." How did it start and what happened?
On September 5, 1918, the Decree on the Red Terror was issued. In addition to instructions about mass shootings, it was said: “... to clean up the Soviet

Republic from class enemies by isolating them in camps.

Exemplary strict camp

Solovetsky Monastery

Birth of the Archipelago

In 1923, they create an exemplary strict camp on Solovetsky

islands (previously a flourishing monastery), you can’t run away: for half a year the sea is under ice, frosts, fogs, and in summer - white nights.

“Here the republic is not Soviet, but Solovetsky! Know! You weren't sent here to be corrected! You can't fix a hunchback!" By 1930 there were about 50,000 prisoners on the islands. Thus the Archipelago was born.

The camp was created for the sake of killing. Aimed

to the destruction in Man of his main

inner world: thoughts, conscience, memory.

Solovetsky tumors are growing ...

The archipelago, born and matured on Solovki, began its malignant movement across the country to distant, ruinous places to open new camps. "Labor-sorcerer" helped to "correct" (or exterminate) the prisoners. Roads were laid in places "once considered almost impracticable." Road construction in the Karelian-Murmansk Territory in 1926 was completed for 105 thousand rubles, in 1930 - for 6 million!

"Work is a magician"!!!

Caught in the Archipelago after the war ...

First, there were the encircled.

(these are the very ones who were the first to be escorted to the war, who took the heaviest tank attacks of the Germans, spent some time surrounded and left from there.) And then the civilians who were under the Germans or the Germans, followed by military personnel who were captured ( 58th - Treason to the Motherland)

"Guilty Nations"

Entire nations were “guilted”: Kalmyks, Chechens, Ing ears, Balkars, Karachais, Crimean Tatars - they were resettled in 24 hours to Siberia, Kazakhstan, to the North.

Borrowed "experience"

The zone strips were reinforced with barbed wire, machine guns were placed. Then they frankly borrowed valuable Hitler experience with numbers:

white rags 8x15 on the back, on the chest, above the forehead, on the hat. The guards called out by numbers. They also poisoned the dogs.

General works can not be counted ...

The labor of prisoners was economically profitable. For work in remote places where it is not necessary to build schools, housing, hospitals, pay salaries - that's what the labor of convicts was for. Who will work at the logging site for 10 hours at a 30-degree frost, seven days a week, and even have to walk to the forest (7 km) and back.

The White Sea Canal was built without any equipment; Volgokanal - to the irka, shovel, wheelbarrow (128 km long); uprooted stumps in winter; worked in the mines for 12 hours and, poisoned by silicate, died after 4 months; telephone communications were laid in the tundra and much more.

Why should x be avoided?
“But they have 80% of all
convicts!
AND EVERYONE DIES! ALL!!!
And they bring new x in return for common work ... "" General work can not be counted: to carry a stretcher, unload bricks with bare hands (the skin cover is quickly removed from the fingers), break stone and coal from quarries ... Yes, just gnaw the earth ... on the Taishet-Abakan road at 40 degrees of frost - with a pick and a shovel ... Tunnels can be cut for roads ... ores can be smelted ... metal is poured ... Three weeks of logging was called dry execution.

Three weeks of felling
called dry
SHOT!!!
Worked in the forest until half-
nights, with spotlights,
so that just before the morning
go to camp to eat
dinner with breakfast and

back into the forest. (Frozen

written off, crawling on all fours, unable to walk -

the convoy SIGHTED ...)

We are the youth of the Soviet Union! We joyfully live and create in the name of all mankind!

National "brooks"
became the streams of the children of the enemies of the people
(they grow up, they will still think of revenge!) Article 12 of the Criminal Code of 1926
allowed to judge children from the age of 12, but moderately, not “to the full extent” of the Criminal Code of 1935 - to judge “with the application of all measures of punishment” (i.e., and execution too!)
Where did the young criminals of CI come from?
For a pocket of potatoes - 8 years.

For a dozen cucumbers from the collective farm field -5! For cutting ears (children were sent at night) - 8 years!

GULAG gave birth to a sonorous impudent word - YOUNGER!

According to the 58th article
NO AGE MINIMUM
didn't exist! Even a 6-year-old boy was in one of the colonies. Youngsters quickly grew into camp life: if you have teeth weaker than yours -

tear a piece out of them, it's yours! "Who doesn't want to live? Who has no right to live? But in the camp, “at any cost” means: at the cost of another.” “In 1927, prisoners aged from

16 to 24 years old was 48% of all prisoners! No boy can - remain a special person - he will be trampled, torn apart ... ”(“ Youngsters ”).

Scale of values

With all his way of life, Lager L sought to crush, corrupt, make life meaningless, leaving bestial clinging to her
fight at a price… “In general, the whole scale of values of prisoners is overturned…” The author ironically says: “they don’t like their native islands, they are not patriotic”, there is no desire to “work disinterestedly for the future”, “conscience? Stayed in private."

“Think. Get something out of trouble."

Solzhenitsyn does not hide the fact that many, “impregnated with the contagious philosophy of the thieves, “bring out” disastrous results from trouble: suicide, others decide to “survive at any cost”, losing their human appearance ...

ARCHIPELAGO steps

The three volumes of The Archipelago are not like these
Tov's triad - "Hell", "Purgatory" and "Paradise".
It would be more accurate to name three others here.
steps: fall - life at the bottom - resurrection
from the dead. In the first volume

There are two parts in the first volume: "The Prison Industry" and "Perpetual Motion". Here is presented a long and painful

the country's sliding down the sloping curve of terror.

In the second volume, there are also 2 parts: the 3rd - "Destructive Labor"

and 4th - "Soul and barbed wire." Of these, the part about "destroy -

telnyh "camps is the longest in the book (22 chapters) and the most oppressive

melting - hopeless. Especially pages about women, political

educational, youngsters, repetitions, the camp world and places

especially strict imprisonment. Here, on the edge DAY CHECK-

YUTSYA hitherto seemingly unshakable human concepts and values.

The inner freedom of those who have walked the paths of war...

Those who come to the Archipelago after the war suddenly begin to clearly feel the air of freedom - not external, to which the path is extremely far, but a victorious inner will.

Internal liberation entails external liberation: first, power is taken away from the thieves, front-line officers lead desperate attempts to escape. Finally, the whole camp rises.

Chapters "When the earth is burning in the zone", "We tear the chains to the touch", "Forty days of Kengir".

"Man is saved by dignity"

"The Gulag Archipelago" is a violent and powerful expression of the protest of human consciousness,

human conscience against the system of terror,

violence, imprisonment. This is anger and protest

on behalf of any layers, estates, not on behalf of

any selected nation and not even on behalf of

people (although Solzhenitsyn himself emphasized: “I am writing

for a tongueless Russia"). Namely, on behalf of the people

in general, humanity, humanity itself.

All this made The Gulag Archipelago one of the world's greatest books of the 20th century.

Lesson of literature with elements of integration (history) in the 11th grade, in which students should remember the reasons for the first round of repression in the 30s of the XX century, identify the theme of repression in Soviet literature of the post-war period using the example of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, "a reliable chronicler of camp life", "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". Literature lesson in grade 11: The Gulag archipelago in literature and reality (the repressive system in our country in 1920–1950)

Goals:

Recall the reasons for the first round of repression in the 30s of the 20th century.

To reveal the theme of repressions in the Soviet literature of the post-war period on the example of the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn, "... a reliable chronicler of camp life", "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich".

To acquaint students with a new round of repressions after the Great Patriotic War using local material as an example. (“OZERLAG” on the territory of the Taishetsky and Chunsky districts of the Irkutsk region).

Formation of interest in the history of the native land.

Formation of the ability to work with additional sources, to choose from the extensive material only the necessary facts and events.

DURING THE CLASSES

Epigraph to the lesson:

The death stars were above us
And innocent Russia writhed
Under the bloody boots
And under the tires of black "marus".

A.A. Akhmatova . Poem "Requiem".

I. Introductory speech of the teacher The Great Patriotic War ended. The people were returning home - the winner, who believed that after such a war, life in the USSR would change radically. What really happened, we will learn today in the lesson.II. Actualization of students' knowledge Remember the reasons for the first round of repression, which began to spin in the 30s of the 20th century.(Students answer)
There are many versions as to why Stalin needed to resort to mass repression during the years of the Great Terror. One of them is connected with the murder in Leningrad, in Smolny, of one of the leaders of the party, S.M. Kirov. The mystery of the death of the first secretary of the Leningrad regional committee and the city party committee, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) has not been solved to this day. But it was also beneficial to Stalin. Thus, he eliminated the most dangerous competitor and freed his hands for internal party purge. Denunciations were often fabricated, millions of people were arrested on them, hundreds of thousands were shot, and the rest ended up in the Gulag (Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps).III. Exploring a new topic – Whatarchipelago in terms of geography?(This is a group of islands.) – What"The Gulag Archipelago" from the point of view of Russian history?(This is a chain of camps in which "enemies of the people" were kept. This concept was introduced by the Russian writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who himself went through all the circles of the camp "hell." The phrase "The Gulag Archipelago" entered a certain sign system of the 20th century, becoming, along with Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Hiroshima, Chernobyl, a tragic symbol of the century.) 1. A short biographical note prepared by a student about the writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn The father of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, a graduate of Moscow University, an officer in the tsarist army, died tragically in 1918 shortly before the birth of his son. The difficult fate of A.I. Solzhenitsyn is similar to the fate of hundreds of thousands of Soviet people who happened to look into the eyes of death not only on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, but also in Stalin's dungeons and camps.Shortly before the war, AI Solzhenitsyn graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University. Then front roads, heavy battles, rewards for courage, the liberation of East Prussia, the breath of a close victory, and suddenly ... arrest, interrogations, a special hard labor camp and torment in the camps of the sinister "Gulag archipelago" cordoned off with barbed wire. Eight years were expunged from the life of a man who, even before the war, was thinking about literary work. After rehabilitation, Solzhenitsyn worked as a teacher in Vladimir and then in Ryazan. Literary activity brought him fame - in 1970 A.I. Solzhenitsyn became a Nobel Prize winner - and at the same time all life's troubles. The novel The Gulag Archipelago was published abroad. After that, the real persecution of the writer began. Soon he was arrested, accused of treason, deprived of Soviet citizenship and expelled. In 1990, the Soviet government returned citizenship to A.I. Solzhenitsyn, and he
was able to come to Russia, where he lived until the end of his days (he died in August 2008, having lived for almost 90 years).2. The history of the creation of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” Student presentation: Solzhenitsyn's literary debut took place when he was well over forty: in 1962, the novel "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which he had suffered in the camps, was published in Novy Mir. The difficult ascent began. This work provoked the fire of "loyal" criticism. Some openly accused its author of slandering Soviet reality and glorifying the anti-hero. And only thanks to the authoritative opinion of A.T. Tvardovsky, editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine, the story was published and took its proper place in the literary context of that time.3. The story of Ivan Shukhov, who escaped from Nazi captivity in order to end up in a special hard labor camp Student presentation: 1) What events are depicted in the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn?(A.I. Solzhenitsyn really showed one day from the camp life of the "prisoner" Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, and the day was relatively successful. The writer shows the life of the "prisoner" not from the outside, but from the inside, dwelling in detail on the little things of life of people behind barbed wire. In the story the exact time of action is indicated - January 1951.) 2) Who is Ivan Denisovich?(Before the war, the main character lived in the small village of Temgenevo, worked on a collective farm, supported his family - his wife and two children. During the Great Patriotic War he honestly fought, was wounded, returned from the medical battalion to the unit, then fought again, was captured, but fled from him, wandered through the forests, swamps, got to his own and ... It was then that they accused him of treason, they said that he was carrying out the task of German intelligence. "What a task - neither Shukhov himself could invent, nor the investigator. So they just left - exercise".) 3) Why did Shukhov agree to sign these conclusions of the investigator?(“In fact, Shukhov knew that if you did not sign, they would be shot, and although one can imagine what he experienced at that moment, how he grieved, was surprised, protested inside, but after many years of the camp he could remember this only with a weak with a grin: every time to be indignant and surprised, no human strength would be enough ... To die for nothing is stupid, senseless, unnatural. Shukhov chose life - albeit a camp, meager, painful, but life, and here the task it became not easy for him to survive somehow, to survive at any cost, but to endure this test so that he would not be ashamed of himself, in order to maintain self-respect. " Common sense won in Ivan Denisovich, and not betrayal of moral principles. Eight years of hard labor in Ust-Izhim and Osoblage were not in vain for Shukhov: he realized that it was pointless to “swing rights” in the camp. stepped on them under no circumstances.) 4). Who from the environment of Ivan Denisovich filled you?(Ivan Denisovich is not alone with his misfortune. He has comrades in the brigade, just like him, unjustly convicted, thrown behind barbed wire. This is the captain of the second rank Buynovsky, and Sanka Klevshin, who escaped from Buchenwald, who was preparing an uprising there against the Germans, and many others.) Teacher's conclusion: The attempts of these people to achieve the restoration of justice, their letters and petitions to higher authorities, personally to Stalin remained unanswered. People began to guess that these were not tragic mistakes, but a well-thought-out system of repression. The question inevitably arose: who is to blame for this? Some had a daring guess about the "dad with a mustache", others drove these seditious thoughts away from themselves and did not find an answer. Was it not the main trouble for Ivan Denisovich and his comrades that there was no answer to the question about the causes of their misfortune. Thus, in the tragedy of one person, as in a mirror, the tragedy of an entire nation, nailed to the cross by the Stalinist totalitarian system, was reflected. Solzhenitsyn's story appealed to the consciousness of the living not to consign to oblivion those who were tortured in the camps and to stigmatize those who were accomplices of the perpetrators of repression.4. Creation of a special closed camp (OZERLAG) on the territory of the Taishetsky and Chunsky districts of the Irkutsk region after the Great Patriotic War.After the Great Patriotic War, a new round of Stalinist repressions began. Our area was the place where a special closed camp was organized(Ozerlag). (Initially, they were called special camps, sensitive, closed. They were created according to the secret instructions of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and began to operate in the spring of 1948. As a result of the camp strikes of 1953-54, the authorities had to significantly soften their regime, which in fact amounted to their liquidation. ..)
It contained Japanese prisoners of war, Soviet "enemies of the people."Ozerlag was established at the end of 1949. The prisoners were building a railway from Taishet to Ust-Kut. The builders in prison uniforms were given a difficult task: to lay a railway track more than 700 kilometers long and by 1951 to complete the laying of the railway track to Ust-Kut. The total length of the western section of the BAM from Taishet to Ust-Kut is 708 km. This section of the BAM was built in a single-track, technically lightweight version. However, an additional amount of equipment and labor was sent to the construction. According to archival data, up to 40 thousand prisoners were kept in the Ozerlag. Unlike other correctional institutions, only convicts under the 58th, “political” article served time here. As a result, the camp was called: special.Daily routine at the camp: * at 6.00 - rise;
* at 7.00 - breakfast;
* at 8.00 - the beginning of work;
* the end of the working day at 18.00;
* evening verification - at 22.30;
* lights out - at 23.00.The prisoners lived in barracks with bars on the windows. At night the doors were locked. In winter, such a barrack was heated with an iron stove. All prisoners were... numbered. According to eyewitnesses, “on the jacket - on the chest and back, as well as on the hem of the dress or on the trousers, just above the knee, there are numbers” that were drawn “with black paint on a piece of white material. The food of the prisoners depended on the results of the work. If he did not fulfill the norm, he received 800 grams of bread per day, fulfilled the plan - a kilogram was issued, and exceeded it - he received “two hundred kilos”. In addition, the so-called bonus reward was supposed to be for shock work. One part of this money went into a common piggy bank - the camp fund. The money from the fund went to the improvement of the camp territory and the maintenance of convicts. Another part of the money earned went to the personal accounts of the prisoners. At each camp there were stalls where they sold bread, sweets, cigarettes. Prisoners could buy all this by withdrawing money from personal accounts. Those serving time had the right to make claims against the administration of the correctional institution. The procedure for filing such complaints was quite democratic. Each campsite had three mailboxes. In the first box they threw letters addressed to relatives and friends, in the second - complaints intended for reading in the camp administration, and in the third box - letters to various higher authorities.The fates of many famous people who were tried under the notorious Article 58 and exiled to Siberia are connected with OZERLAG. The administration of the camps encouraged the development of amateur art activities, in which former artists, musicians, singers, and dancers participated.In the early 1950s, the so-called central cultural brigade was created in the Ozerny camp, which went to camps with concerts. By the will of fate, the singer Lidia Ruslanova spent about a year in Ozerlag. She was also a member of the cultural brigade. In the memoirs of eyewitnesses, the details of this tragic period in the life of the singer have been preserved. “... She went on stage, the audience froze. The huge dining room was packed so that the apple had nowhere to fall. In the front rows sat the camp authorities... She was wearing a black dress, with a black-and-white cape on her shoulders. When the first song ended, the shocked hall was silent, not a single clap was heard. Then she sang the second song, she sang with such force, with such passion and desperation that the audience could not stand it. The head of the Ozerlag was the first to raise his hands and clapped. And immediately thundered, the hall groaned with delight. Apparently, the camp-prison epic did not allow the famous Russian singer L.A. Ruslanova to become a People's Artist of the USSR, and to remain just deserved.Among the other prisoners of the Lake camp were people with no less famous surnames: generals Kryukov and Todorsky, daughters of Ataman Semyonov, Pasternak's wife and daughter, Bukharin's wife. Real specialists in their field worked in the camp hospital - in the past, distinguished scientists, including professors convicted under a "political" article.The lake camp went down in the history of the penitentiary institutions of the Angara region as the largest camp with a fairly developed infrastructure. The special contingent was involved not only in the construction of the railway, but also in agriculture. The camp divisions included 6 agricultural departments. Their products went to the table of the prisoners.The camp existed until the early 1960s, when forced labor camps throughout the country were renamed ITK - corrective labor colonies.I draw your attention to the fact that in the school library there is a work by the writer Anatoly Zhigulin "Black Stones", in which he tells about his stay in OERLAG. The young man was serving a term under a political article (58) in a colony, which was located at the Chuna station, and worked in the Chun DOK. The book is interesting and I recommend you read it.IV. Summarizing what was learned in the lesson – So, all former Soviet prisoners of war who were sent from Nazi concentration camps to Soviet ones, as well as major state and economic leaders, doctors, and other specialists, fell under a new round of repressions.
– What new things did you learn about our Chun region?
– Can our region be called a place of suffering for the Soviet people, a kind of “road to Golgotha”?

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

AI Solzhenitsyn I dedicate it to everyone who did not have enough life to tell about it. And may they forgive me that I did not see everything, did not remember everything, did not guess everything.

The author conceived a generalizing work on the Gulag archipelago and began to write in the spring of 1958. Its volume seemed to be less than now, but the principle of successive chapters on the prison system, investigation, courts, stages, labor camps, hard labor, exile and spiritual changes during the years of confinement had already been adopted. Some chapters were written at the same time, but the work was interrupted, since the material - events, cases, persons - based only on the personal author and his friends was clearly lacking.

From the end of 1962, the author received letters from former prisoners with proposals for a meeting. During 1963 and 1964, ample material was collected. The author arranged the information received according to his former, now expanded and multiplied plan.

In the autumn of 1964, the final plan of the work was drawn up - in seven parts, and all new supplementary materials were included in this construction. The work continued in the summer, and in the autumn it was interrupted, because part of the author's archive was taken from his acquaintances during a search. The materials of The Gulag Archipelago were immediately taken away by the author's friends to Estonia, where Solzhenitsyn then left for two winters and there, with the assistance of former prisoners, finished the book.

Volume 1 Introduction Part one. Prison industry Chapter 1. Arrest Chapter 2. The history of our sewers Chapter 3. Investigation Chapter 4. Blue piping Chapter 5. The first cell is the first love Chapter 6. That spring Chapter 7. In the engine room Chapter 8. The law is a child Chapter 9 The law matures Chapter 10. The law has matured Chapter 11. To the highest measure Chapter 12. Tyurzak Part two. Perpetual motion Chapter 1. Ships of the Archipelago Chapter 2. Ports of the Archipelago Chapter 3. Slave caravans Chapter 4. From island to island

Volume 2 Part three. Destructive labor Chapter 1. The fingers of Aurora Chapter 2. The archipelago arises from the sea Chapter 3. The archipelago gives metastases Chapter 4. The archipelago turns to stone Chapter 5. What the Archipelago stands on Chapter 6. The Nazis have been brought! Chapter 7. Indigenous way of life Chapter 8. Woman in the camp Chapter 9. Morons Chapter 10. Instead of political Chapter 11. Well-intentioned Chapter 12. Knock - knock - knock... Chapter 13. Having handed over the skin, hand over the second! Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16. Socially close Chapter 17. Youngsters Chapter 18. Muses in the Gulag Chapter 19. Prisoners as a nation Chapter 20. Dog service Chapter 21. Camp peace Chapter 22. We are building Part Four. Soul and barbed wire Chapter 1. Climbing Chapter 2. Or corruption? Chapter 3

Volume 3) Part five. Penal servitude Chapter 1. Doomed Chapter 2. Breeze of revolution Chapter 3. Chains, chains... Chapter 4. Why endured? Chapter 5. Poetry under the stove, the truth under the stone Chapter 6. Convinced fugitive Chapter 7. White kitten Chapter 8. Escapes with morality and escapes with engineering Chapter 9. Sons with machine guns Chapter 10. When the earth is on fire in the zone Chapter 11. We tear the chains by touch Chapter 12. Forty days of Kengir Part six. Exile Chapter 1. Exile of the first years of freedom Chapter 2. Peasant plague Chapter 3. Exile thickens Chapter 4. Exile of peoples Chapter 5. End of term Chapter 6. Prosperity in exile Chapter 7. Prisoners in freedom Part seven. There is no Stalin Chapter 1. How it is now over the shoulder Chapter 2. The rulers change, the Archipelago remains Chapter 3. The law today Afterword

slide 2

The Gulag Archipelago is a fictional historical study by Alexander Solzhenitsyn about the Soviet repressive system from 1918 to 1956. Based on eyewitness accounts, documents and personal experience of the author.
GULAG is an abbreviation for the Main Directorate of Camps.
The Gulag Archipelago was secretly written by Solzhenitsyn in the USSR between 1958 and 1968 (finished on February 22, 1967), the first volume was published in Paris in December 1973.
About 300 people provided Solzhenitsyn with information for this work. Some fragments of the text were written by Solzhenitsyn's acquaintances (in particular, V. Ivanov).

slide 3

The Gulag Archipelago was written by A. I. Solzhenitsyn between 1958 and 1967 and became an integral part of the flow of non-fiction literature in the post-Stalin era. In the Afterword to this work, the author admitted:

“I wouldn’t write this book alone, but distribute the chapters to knowledgeable people ... I already started this book, I threw it away ... But when, in addition to the already collected, many more prisoner letters from all over the country were crossed on me, I understood that since all this is given to me, then I must.

slide 4

The author of The Archipelago himself defined its genre and the way in which history is depicted in it as "an experience of artistic research". Solzhenitsyn invites us to perceive this book more as an “artistic” than as a historical text. At the same time, he considers the truth from the point of view of a moral choice. Solzhenitsyn talks about the main thing in his book - the search for truth and the human soul. The problem of a person’s moral choice - the choice between good and evil - for Solzhenitsyn is more important than any political truth.

Slide 5

"The Gulag Archipelago" is the most famous book by A.I. Solzhenitsyn. For the first time, this fundamental study on the repressions of the Stalin era was published in the early 70s. in the West, then in "samizdat" and only during the years of "perestroika" - in Russia, but to this day the topic has not lost its relevance, and the author's text - intransigence and passion. The documentary and artistic epic "Gulag Archipelago" comprehensively examines the system of punishment introduced in our country under Soviet rule, when millions of innocent people were subjected to hard labor.

The writer collected and summarized a huge amount of historical material, dispelling the myth of the "humanity" of Leninism. This devastating and well-reasoned critique of the Soviet system was a bombshell all over the world. (In the USSR, one could get up to eight years in prison for reading, storing, and distributing The Gulag Archipelago.)

slide 6

Criticism

Critics pointed to the contradictions between Solzhenitsyn's many times overestimated estimates of the number of repressed, on the one hand, and archival data that became available during the period of perestroika, as well as the calculations of some demographers, on the other.

Solzhenitsyn was also repeatedly criticized, especially in the 1970s after the release of The Archipelago, for his sympathetic attitude towards the Russian Liberation Army during the Great Patriotic War and related opinions regarding the fate of Soviet prisoners of war.

With the advent of perestroika, the official attitude in the USSR towards the work and activities of Solzhenitsyn began to change, and many of his works were published. In 1990 he was restored to Soviet citizenship.

For the book "The Gulag Archipelago" in 1990 was awarded the State Prize.

View all slides

Gulag Archipelago Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn

I dedicate to everyone who did not have enough life to tell about it. And may they forgive me that I did not see everything, did not remember everything, did not guess everything. A.I. Solzhenitsyn

Millions of Soviet citizens lived, worked and died, in fact, not in the country in which their relatives and friends continued to wait, but in another, "internal" country, which A.I. Solzhenitsyn named the Gulag Archipelago.

"The Gulag Archipelago" is a historical work by Alexander Solzhenitsyn about repressions in the USSR from 1918 to 1956. Based on eyewitness accounts from all over the USSR, documents and personal experience of the author.

The Gulag Archipelago was secretly written by Solzhenitsyn in the USSR between 1958 and 1968 (finished on February 22, 1967). August 23, 1973 A.I. Solzhenitsyn gave a long interview to foreign correspondents. On the same day, the KGB detained one of the writer's assistants Elizaveta Voronyanskaya from Leningrad. During interrogation, she was forced to reveal the location of one copy of the Gulag Archipelago manuscript. When she returned home, she hanged herself. The manuscript ended up in the hands of the security forces. On September 5, Solzhenitsyn found out about what had happened and ordered to start printing his work in the West. The first volume of the book that caused such fear among the Soviet authorities was published in Paris in December 1973. Through this novel, the whole world learned about the colossal scale of the Soviet camp system, which crushed tens of millions of lives. This indictment of the communist regime has become one of the most celebrated books of the 20th century. History of writing and publication

A powerful propaganda campaign against dissidents was launched in the USSR. On August 31, the Pravda newspaper published an open letter from a group of Soviet writers condemning Solzhenitsyn and A. D. Sakharov, "slandering the state and social system of the USSR." A massive campaign was launched in the Soviet media to denigrate Solzhenitsyn as a traitor to the motherland with the label of a "literary Vlasovite". The emphasis was not on the real content of The Gulag Archipelago, which was not discussed at all, but on Solzhenitsyn's alleged solidarity with " traitors to the motherland during the war, policemen and Vlasovites".

There are no fictitious persons or fictional events in this book. People and places are called by their proper names. If they are named by initials, then for personal reasons. If they are not named at all, then only because human memory has not preserved the names - and everything was just like that. A.I. Solzhenitsyn Witnesses of the Gulag Archipelago

“This book would be beyond the power of one person to write. In addition to everything that I took out of the Archipelago - my skin, memory, ear, eye, the material for this book was given to me in stories, memoirs and letters. A.I. Solzhenitsyn Information for this work was provided to Solzhenitsyn, as indicated in the first editions, by 227 people. In the 2007 edition, for the first time, a list of "witnesses of the archipelago, whose stories, letters, memoirs and corrections were used in the creation of this book", including 257 names, was revealed. Witnesses of the Gulag Archipelago

Only 16 years after the publication of the first volume of the work in 1990, the Archipelago was fully published in the USSR. The phrase "Gulag Archipelago" has become a household word, often used in journalism and fiction, primarily in relation to the penitentiary system of the USSR in the 1920s - 1950s. The attitude to the work (as well as to A. I. Solzhenitsyn himself) remains very controversial in the 21st century, since the attitude to the Soviet period, the October Revolution, repressions, the personalities of V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin remains politically acute.

“I have fulfilled my duty to the dead, this gives me relief and peace. This truth was doomed to be destroyed, it was slaughtered, drowned, burned, ground into powder. But here it is united, alive, printed, and no one will ever erase this ”A.I. Solzhenitsyn