Mutual love in works of literature. Types of love in fiction

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(51 words) Of course, each of us is familiar with Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet” - a story about true, sincere and difficult love that costs life, because the heroes died in order to always be together. There was no other meaning to their existence; love seemed to them the only idea of human existence. In their pursuit of it, they gained immortality.
(44 words) Love is not always a perfect fairy tale with a happy ending. For an example, we need only recall Grigory Pechorin from the novel “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov. His feelings are selfish, fickle, and painful. Perhaps it’s just that not everyone knows how to love, or this requires another, special person.
(30 words) In the work of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “ A little prince“The theme of love is revealed in the relationship between the main character and Rose. The boy took care of the flower, gave it his whole soul, even though it was constantly capricious.
(50 words) An example of a strong, but unrequited love is the familiar story of Tatiana and Onegin from Pushkin's novel in verses "Eugene Onegin". The heroine, having received a refusal, did not change her attitude towards her lover, and even being married, she still had tender feelings for Eugene. True love lives with us throughout our lives.
(62 words) Love is when you feel like your wings are growing. This feeling is well known to the heroine of the story by I.S. Turgenev "Asya". Like a bird, flying above the earth for the first time, she irrevocably falls in love with N.N. He misses his happiness, frightened by the girl’s violent impulse. However, her “inspiration” captivates him, the hero realizes that he has met “the one,” but loses her forever due to his promiscuity and cowardice.
(66 words) Dante Alighieri tells us about love in his work “ New life" When his beloved's father died, the whole city gathered to say goodbye to him. Dante did not enter the house of the deceased, but it was enough for him to hear the women talking about how much Beatrice was suffering. And Dante suffered as if he had been there and seen Beatrice. Love is also the ability to share grief, to experience it as well as your own.
(43 words) Love is much more than being in love or affection. The tragic story of a peasant woman from the story " Poor Lisa» N.M. Karamzina shows us the other, cruel side of relationships. Erast betrays her, and the heroine cannot withstand the blow: she throws herself into the river. For her, emotions are more than life.
(44 words) Love is the ability to wait. In a wonderful poem by K.M. Simonov's "Wait for me" in every line we feel the simplicity and sincerity of true love, although this word is never mentioned there. The repeated word “wait” sounds as if his victory and life depend on it.
(44 words) Love is the ability to accomplish any feat in the name of loved one. In the work “Russian Women” N.A. Nekrasov describes the compassion of Russian women, their resilience and loyalty. They are not afraid of any hardships. They refused the well-fed rich life and, risking everything, they went after their Decembrist husbands.
(42 words) In the story by I.A. Bunin's "Natalie" presents us with a vivid example of the fact that love is something beautiful, but at the same time incredibly tragic, unidentified "perplexity of happiness." Despite his negative experience, Meshchersky still again “flies into the flame” of his first feelings in order to get burned.

Examples from life, cinema and media

(62 words) I believe that love lives in the comfort of home, in the daily routine, at the family breakfast early in the morning. It is sincere care for a loved one that can retain its warmth for many years. I see this, for example, when I come to visit my grandparents, their love lives in the simplest phrases like: “Grandfather, should you add cream to your porridge?” Sensitivity and support express real feelings.
(63 words) Once in my childhood I had a solo performance on figure skating, I was incredibly worried. And when I successfully finished my performance, I noticed that someone threw two plush toys, I was so happy! After all, they throw toys to famous figure skaters in exactly the same way! After a while, I found out that these gifts were from my mother, she wanted me to feel like a real winner.
(59 words) Love is accepting and appreciating a person for who he is. In Steven Rosenbloom's "Love and Other Drugs" main character fights Parkinson's disease. She wants her boyfriend to be happy and doesn't want to hold him back. But Jamie has fortitude and is confident that together they will cope with any difficulties, simply because they love each other.
(37 words) The famous psychologist Erich Fromm wrote that love is an art. As an art, love is subject to the same development as, for example, painting, literature or music. This science can and should be studied, and, true, many of us need to learn to love.
(53 words) Using the example of Tom Cross's wonderful musical film "La La Land", we see that love shows us our true essence, gives us the courage to become who we are. Despite the tragic end, both heroes realized everything they dreamed of. But in their pursuit of success, they lost themselves because they neglected the importance of love.
(50 words) Love is a feeling that elevates us and opens us up best sides. Psychologist A. Langle wrote: “Without the resonance of feelings, the world remains empty and silent - music has no sound, paintings have no color, memories fade and no longer touch the soul.” Without emotions there will be nothing that we like so much.
(37 words) To love someone, you first need to love yourself. Psychologist A. Langle believes that such love opens access to oneself and gives rise to a certain worldview. And after you understand and accept yourself, you will learn to love others.
(47 words) Love is the ability to love the whole world, as my parents taught me. This feeling lives in everything, in every living being, and it is not just an attitude towards a certain object, it is an attachment to the whole world. If it is aimed at one thing, then it cannot be considered complete and real.
(49 words) Each of us has a special place, no matter what similar love. This, for example, is love for the land where you were born. Not a single day has passed during my travels that I haven’t thought about my homeland. I check the weather in my city, ask my friends about all the changes and really, really miss it.
(29 words) Love is an eternal source of inspiration for artists. I read in a magazine that, according to statistics, 85% of all songs are written in the name of that very five-letter word.

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INTRODUCTION

I. MAIN PART

1.1 Love lyrics by M.Yu. Lermontov

1.2 “Test of love” using the example of the work of I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

1.3 The story of first love in the story by I.S. Turgenev "Asya"

1.4 Philosophy of love in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The theme of love in literature has always been relevant. After all, love is the purest and wonderful feeling, which has been sung since ancient times. Love has always equally excited the imagination of mankind, be it youthful or more mature love. Love never gets old. People do not always realize the true power of love, for if they were aware of it, they would erect the greatest temples and altars to it and offer greatest sacrifices, and yet nothing like this is being done, although Love deserves it. And therefore poets and writers have always tried to show its true place in human life, relationships between people, finding their own, inherent techniques, and, as a rule, expressing in their works personal views on this phenomenon of human existence. After all, Eros is the most humane god, he helps people and heals ailments, both physical and moral, healing from which would be the greatest happiness for the human race.

There is an idea that early Russian literature does not know such beautiful images of love as the literature of Western Europe. We have nothing like the love of the troubadours, the love of Tristan and Isolde, Dante and Beatrice, Romeo and Juliet... In my opinion, this is wrong, remember at least “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - the first monument of Russian literature, where, along with the theme of patriotism and the defense of the Motherland, the theme of Yaroslavna’s love is clearly visible. The reasons for the later “explosion” of the love theme in Russian literature must be sought not in the shortcomings of Russian literature, but in our history, mentality, in the special path of development of Russia that befell it as a state half European, half Asian, located on the border of two worlds - Asia and Europe.

Perhaps Russia really did not have such rich traditions in development love story what were in Western Europe. Meanwhile, Russian literature of the 19th century provided deep insight into the phenomenon of love. In the works of such writers as Lermontov and Goncharov, Turgenev and Bunin, Yesenin and Bulgakov and many others, the features of Russian Eros, the Russian attitude to the eternal and sublime theme - love. Love is the complete elimination of egoism, “rearranging the center of our life,” “transferring our interest from ourselves to another.” This is the enormous moral power of love, abolishing selfishness and reviving personality in a new, moral quality. In love, the image of God is reborn, that ideal beginning, which is associated with the image of eternal Femininity. The embodiment of this principle in individual life creates those glimpses of immeasurable bliss, that “breath of unearthly joy” that is familiar to every person who has ever experienced love. In love, a person finds himself, his personality. A single, true individuality is reborn in her.

The theme of love bursts into Russian literature with volcanic energy late XIX- beginning of the 20th century. Poets and writers, philosophers, journalists, and critics write about love.

More has been written about love in Russia in a few decades than in several centuries. Moreover, this literature is distinguished by intensive research and originality of thinking.

It is impossible within the framework of an essay to cover the entire treasury of Russian love literature, just as it is impossible to give preference to Pushkin or Lermontov, Tolstoy or Turgenev, therefore the choice of writers and poets in my essay, using the example of whose work I want to try to reveal the chosen topic, is rather personal in nature. Each of the word artists I chose saw the problem of love in their own way, and the diversity of their views allows us to reveal the chosen topic as objectively as possible.

I. MAIN PART

1 .1 Love lyrics by M.Yu. Lermontov

“...I can’t define love,

But this is the strongest passion! - be in love

Necessity for me; and I loved

With all the tension mental strength.»

These lines from the poem “1831 - June 11th” are like an epigraph to the lyrics of “strong passions” and deep suffering. And, although Lermontov entered Russian poetry as the direct heir of Pushkin, this eternal theme love sounded completely different to him. “Pushkin is the daylight, Lermontov the night luminary of our poetry,” wrote Merezhkovsky. If for Pushkin love is a source of happiness, then for Lermontov it is inseparable from sadness. In Mikhail Yuryevich, the motives of loneliness, the opposition of the rebel hero to the “insensitive crowd” also permeate his poems about love, in his art world high feelings are always tragic.

Only occasionally in the poems of the young poet did the dream of love merge with the dream of happiness:

“You would reconcile me

With people and violent passions" -

he wrote, addressing N.F.I. - Natalya Fedorovna Ivanova, with whom he was passionately and hopelessly in love. But this is only one, not repeated moment. The entire cycle of poems dedicated to Ivanova is a story of unrequited and offended feelings:

"I'm not worthy, maybe

Your love; I'm not to judge,

But you rewarded me with deceit

My hopes and dreams

And I'll say that you

She acted unfairly. »

Before us are like the pages of a diary, which captures all the shades of the experience: from flashing crazy hope to bitter disappointment:

“And the crazy verse, the farewell verse

I threw it in your album for you,

Like a single, sad trace,

Which I will leave here. »

The lyrical hero is destined to remain lonely and misunderstood, but this only strengthens in him the consciousness of his chosenness, destined for another, higher freedom and another happiness - the happiness of creating. The poem that completes the cycle is one of Lermontov’s most beautiful - it is not only parting with a woman, it is also liberation from humiliating and enslaving passion:

"You forgot: I am free

I won’t give it up for delusion...”

There is a contrast between the high feeling of the hero and the “insidious betrayal” of the heroine in the very structure of the verse, saturated with antitheses so characteristic of romantic poetry:

“And the whole world hated

To love you more..."

This typically romantic technique determines the style of not only one poem, built on contrasts and oppositions, but also the poet’s entire lyricism as a whole. And next to the image of the “changed angel” another one appears under his pen female image, sublime and ideal:

“I saw your smile,

She delighted my heart..."

These poems are dedicated to Varvara Lopukhina, the poet’s love for whom did not fade until the end of his days. The captivating appearance of this gentle, spiritualized woman appears before us in the paintings and poetry of Mikhail Yuryevich:

"... all her movements,

Smiles, speeches and features

So full of life and inspiration.

So full of wonderful simplicity. »

And in the poems dedicated to Varvara Alexandrovna, the same motive of separation, the fatal impossibility of happiness sounds:

“We were accidentally brought together by fate,

We found ourselves in each other,

And soul became friends with soul,

At least they won’t finish the journey together! »

Why is the fate of those who love so tragic? It is known that Lopukhina responded to Lermontov’s feelings; there were no insurmountable barriers between them. The answer probably lies in the fact that Lermontov’s “novel in verse” was not mirror image his life. The poet wrote about the tragic impossibility of happiness in this cruel world, “among the icy, merciless light.” Before us again there arises a romantic contrast between a high ideal and a low reality in which it cannot be realized. That is why Lermontov is so attracted to situations that contain something fatal. This may be a feeling that rebels against the power of “secular chains”:

"I'm sad because I love you,

And I know: your blooming youth

The insidious persecution will not spare the rumor.”

This may be a disastrous passion, depicted in such poems as “Gifts of the Terek”, “The Sea Princess”.

Pondering these verses, it is impossible not to remember the famous “Sail”:

“Alas! he is not looking for happiness...”

This line is echoed by others:

“What is the life of a poet without suffering?

And what is the ocean without a storm? »

Lermontov's hero seems to be running away from serenity, from peace, behind which for him is the sleep of the soul, the extinction of the poetic gift itself.

No in poetic world Lermontov cannot be found happy love in its usual sense. Mental kinship arises here outside of “anything earthly,” even outside the usual laws of time and space.

Let us remember the striking poem “Dream”. It can't even be classified as love lyrics, but it is precisely this that helps to understand what love is for Lermontov’s hero. For him, this is a touch to eternity, and not a path to earthly happiness. Such is love in that world that is called the poetry of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

Analyzing the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, we can conclude that his love is eternal dissatisfaction, a desire for something sublime, unearthly. Having encountered love in life, and mutual love, the poet is not satisfied with it, trying to elevate the flared up feeling into the world of higher spiritual suffering and experiences. He wants to receive from love what is obviously unattainable, and as a result this brings him eternal suffering, sweet flour. These sublime feelings give the poet strength and inspire him to new creative heights M.Yu. Lermontov “Poems, Poems”, “Fiction”, M. 1972 - P.24.

1 .2 "Test of Love" as an exampleworks by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

The theme of love occupies an important place in the novel “Oblomov”. Love, according to Goncharov, is one of the “main forces” of progress; the world is driven by love.

Main story line in the novel - the relationship between Oblomov and Olga Ilyinskaya. Here Goncharov follows a path that had by that time become traditional in Russian literature: testing a person’s value through his intimate feelings, his passions. The writer does not deviate from the then most popular solution to such a situation. Goncharov shows how through the moral weakness of a person who is unable to respond to a strong feeling of love, his social failure is revealed.

The spiritual world of Olga Ilyinskaya is characterized by harmony of mind, heart, and will. The inability for Oblomov to understand and accept this high moral standard of life turns into an inexorable sentence for him as an individual. There is a coincidence in the text of the novel that turns out to be downright symbolic. On the same page where the name of Olga Ilyinskaya is pronounced for the first time, the word “Oblomovism” appears for the first time. However, it is not immediately possible to see a special meaning in this coincidence. The novel so poetizes Ilya Ilyich’s suddenly flared up feeling of love, fortunately, mutual, that hope may arise: Oblomov will successfully, in the words of Chernyshevsky, “Hamlet’s upbringing” and be reborn as a person to the fullest. Inner life the hero began to move. Love discovered the properties of spontaneity in Oblomov’s nature, which in turn resulted in a strong emotional impulse, passion, which threw him towards a beautiful girl, and the two people “did not lie to themselves or to each other: they gave out what their hearts said, and his voice passed through the imagination.”

Along with the feeling of love for Olga, Oblomov awakens an active interest in spiritual life, in art, in the mental demands of the time. The hero is transformed so much that Olga, becoming more and more captivated by Ilya Ilyich, begins to believe in his final spiritual rebirth, and then in the possibility of their happy life together.

Goncharov writes that his beloved heroine “followed the simple natural path of life... did not shy away from the natural manifestation of thought, feeling, will... No affectation, no coquetry, no tinsel, no intent!” This young and pure girl is full of noble thoughts in relation to Oblomov: “She will show him a goal, make him love again everything that he stopped loving... He will live, act, bless life and her. Bringing a person back to life - how much glory to the doctor when he saves a hopeless patient. How about saving a morally perishing mind and soul?” And how much of her spiritual strength and feelings Olga gave to achieve this high moral goal. But even love turned out to be powerless here.

Ilya Ilyich is far from matching Olga’s naturalness, free from many everyday considerations, extraneous and essentially hostile to the feeling of love. It soon turned out that Oblomov’s feeling of love for Olga was a short-term flash. Oblomov’s illusions on this score quickly dissipate. The need to make decisions, marriage - all this frightens our hero so much that he is in a hurry to convince Olga: “... you were mistaken, this is not the one you were waiting for, about whom you dreamed.” The gap between Olga and Oblomov is natural: their natures are too dissimilar. Olga's last conversation with Oblomov reveals the huge difference between them. “I found out,” says Olga, “only recently that I loved in you what I wanted to have in you, what Stolz showed me, what we invented with him. I loved the future Oblomov. You are meek and honest, Ilya; you’re gentle... you’re ready to coo under the roof all your life... but I’m not like that: that’s not enough for me.”

The happiness turned out to be short-lived. More valuable than romantic dates was the thirst for a serene, sleepy state for Oblomov. “A man sleeps serenely” - this is how Ilya Ilyich sees the ideal of existence.”

The quiet fading of emotions, interests, aspirations and life itself is all that remains for Oblomov after a bright outburst of feelings. Even love could not bring him out of his state of hibernation, change his life. But still, this feeling could, even if a short time, awaken Oblomov’s consciousness, made him “come to life” and feel an interest in life, but, alas, only for a short time! According to Goncharov, love is a beautiful, bright feeling, but love alone was not enough to change the life of a person like I.A. Oblomov. Goncharov “Oblomov”, “Enlightenment”, M. 1984 - P. 34.

1 .3 The story of first love in the story by I.S. Turgenev "Asya"

The story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev “Asya” is a work about love, which, according to the writer, “ stronger than death and the fear of death" and by which "life is held and moved." Asya's upbringing is rooted in Russian traditions. She dreams of going “somewhere, to prayer, to a difficult feat.” The image of Asya is very poetic. It is the romantic dissatisfaction of Asya’s image, the stamp of mystery that lies on her character and behavior, that gives her attractiveness and charm.

After reading this story, Nekrasov wrote to Turgenev: “... she is so lovely. She exudes spiritual youth, all of her is pure gold of life. Without a stretch, this beautiful setting matched the poetic plot, and what came out was something unprecedented in its beauty and purity.”

“Asya” could be called a story about first love. This love ended sadly for Asya.

Turgenev was fascinated by the topic of how important it is not to pass by your happiness. The author shows how it was born beautiful love from a seventeen-year-old girl, proud, sincere and passionate. Shows how everything ended in an instant.

Asya doubts that she can be loved, whether she is worthy of such a beautiful young man. She strives to suppress the feeling that has arisen in herself. She worries that she loves her dear brother less than a person, whom I saw only a few times. But Mr. N.N. introduced himself to the girl as an extraordinary person in the romantic setting in which they met. This is not a man of active action, but a contemplator. Of course, he is not a hero, but he managed to touch Asya’s heart. With pleasure, this cheerful, carefree man begins to guess that Asya loves him. "I'm about tomorrow Did not think; I felt good." “Her love both pleased and embarrassed me... The inevitability of a quick, almost instantaneous decision tormented me...” And he comes to the conclusion: “To marry a seventeen-year-old girl, with her disposition, how is that possible!” Believing that the future is endless, he is not going to decide his fate now. He pushes away Asya, who, in his opinion, has overtaken the natural course of events, which most likely would not have led to happy ending. Only many years later did the hero understand the significance of his meeting with Asya in his life.

Turgenev explains the reason for the failed happiness by the lack of will of the nobleman, who at the decisive moment gives in to love. Postponing a decision to an indefinite future is a sign of mental weakness. A person should feel a sense of responsibility for himself and those around him every minute of his life. I.S. Turgenev “Tales and Stories”, “Fiction”, Leningrad, 1986 - P.35.

1 .4 Philosophy of love in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov"The Master and Margar"Andta"

A special place in Russian literature is occupied by M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, which can be called the book of his life; the fantastic-philosophical, historical-allegorical novel “The Master and Margarita” provides great opportunities for understanding the views and searches of the author.

One of the main lines of the novel is connected with “ eternal love“The Master and Margarita,” “thousands of people walked along Tverskaya, but I guarantee you that she saw me alone and looked not only anxiously, but even as if painfully. And I was struck not so much by the beauty as by the extraordinary, unprecedented loneliness in the eyes!” This is how the Master remembered his beloved.

Some incomprehensible light must have been burning in their eyes, otherwise there is no way to explain the love that “jumped out” in front of them, “like a killer jumps out of the ground in an alley,” and struck them both at once.

One might have expected that, since such love had flared up, it would have been passionate, stormy, burning both hearts to the ground, but she turned out to have a peaceful, domestic character. Margarita came to the Master’s basement apartment, “put on an apron... lit the kerosene stove and cooked breakfast... when the May thunderstorms came and water rolled noisily past the dim windows in the gateway... the lovers lit the stove and baked potatoes in it... In the basement Laughter was heard, the trees in the garden shed broken branches and white brushes after the rain. When the thunderstorms ended and the sultry summer came, the long-awaited and beloved roses appeared in the vase...”

This is how the story of this love is told carefully, chastely, peacefully. Neither the joyless dark days, when the Master's novel was crushed by critics and the lovers' lives stopped, nor the Master's serious illness, nor his sudden disappearance for many months, extinguished it. Margarita could not part with him for a minute, even when he was not there and had to think that he would not be there at all. She could only mentally belittle him so that he would let her go free, “let her breathe the air, and leave her memory.”

The love of the Master and Margarita will be eternal only because one of them will fight for the feelings of both. Margarita will sacrifice herself for love. The master will get tired and afraid of such a powerful feeling that it will eventually lead him to a madhouse. There he hopes that Margarita will forget him. Of course, the failure of the novel he wrote also influenced him, but to give up love?! Is there anything that can make you give up love? Alas, yes, and this is cowardice. The master runs from the whole world and from himself.

But Margarita saves their love. Nothing stops her. For the sake of love, she is ready to go through many trials. Need to become a witch? Why not, if it helps you find your lover.

You read the pages dedicated to Margarita, and you are tempted to call them Bulgakov’s poem in honor of his own beloved, Elena Sergeevna, with whom he was ready to make, as he wrote about on the copy of the collection “Diaboliad” given to her, and actually made “his last flight.” This is probably partly what it is - a poem. In all Margarita’s adventures - both during the flight and visiting Woland - she is accompanied by the author’s loving gaze, in which there is tender affection and pride in her - for her truly royal dignity, generosity, tact - and gratitude for the Master whom she by the power of her love she saved her from madness and brought her back from oblivion.

Of course, her role is not limited to this. And love, and the whole story of the Master and Margarita is main line novel. All events and phenomena that fill actions converge to it - everyday life, politics, culture, and philosophy. Everything is reflected in the bright waters of this stream of love.

Bulgakov did not invent a happy ending to the novel. And only for the Master and Margarita the author saved in his own way happy ending: Eternal peace awaits them.

Bulgakov sees in love the strength for which a person can overcome any obstacles and difficulties, as well as achieve eternal peace and happiness V.G. Boborykin “Mikhail Bulgakov”, Enlightenment, M. 1991 - P. 24.

Conclusion

To summarize, I would like to say that Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries constantly turned to the theme of love, trying to understand its philosophical and moral meaning. In this tradition, eros was understood broadly and multi-valuedly, primarily as a path to creativity, to the search for spirituality, to moral improvement and moral responsiveness. The concept of eros presupposes the unity of philosophy and the concept of love, and therefore it is so closely connected with the world of literary images.

Using the example of works of literature of the 19th - 20th centuries discussed in the essay, I tried to reveal the topic of the philosophy of love, using the views of different poets and writers on it.

So, in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov's heroes experience a sublime feeling of love, which transports them to the world of unearthly passions. Such love brings out the best in people, makes them nobler and purer, elevates and inspires them to create beauty.

In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the author shows that love is a moral test for the main characters. And the result of such a test is a state of sadness and tragedy. The author shows that even such a beautiful, sublime feeling of love could not fully awaken the consciousness of a “morally” perishing person.

In the story “Asya” I.S. Turgenev develops the theme of the tragic meaning of love. The author shows how important it is not to ignore your happiness. Turgenev explains the reason for the failed happiness of the heroes by the lack of will of the nobleman, who at the decisive moment gives in in love, and this speaks of the spiritual weakness of the hero.

In the novel “The Master and Margarita” M. Bulgakov shows that a loving person is capable of sacrifice, of death for the sake of the peace and happiness of a loved one. And yet he remains happy.

Different times have come, but the problems remain the same: “what is the meaning of life,” “what is good and what is evil,” “what is love and what is its meaning.” I think that the theme of love will always be heard. I agree with the opinion of the writers and poets I have chosen that love can be different, happy and unhappy. But this feeling is deep, infinitely tender. Love makes a person nobler, purer, better, softer and more merciful. She brings out the best in everyone and makes life more beautiful.

“...Where there is no love, there is no soul. »

I would like to finish my work with the words

Z.N. Gippius: “Love is one, true love carries immortality, an eternal beginning; love is life itself; you can get carried away, change, fall in love again, but true love always alone!"

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.A. Ivin “Philosophy of Love”, “Politizdat”, M. 1990

N.M. Velkova “Russian Eros, or the Philosophy of Love in Russia”, “Enlightenment”, M. 1991.

M.Yu. Lermontov “Poems, Poems”, “Fiction”, M. 1972.

I.S. Turgenev “Tales and Stories”, “Fiction”, Leningrad, 1986.

I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”, “Enlightenment”, M. 1984

I.E. Kaplan, N.T. Pinaev, Reader of historical and literary materials and 10th grade, “Enlightenment”, M. 1993.

V.G. Boborykin “Mikhail Bulgakov”, Enlightenment, M. 1991

Romeo's love for Juliet

If we build a kind of monument from literary works in honor of this bright feeling, then the first place, undoubtedly, will be the story of W. Shakespeare “Romeo and Juliet”. This romantic story, created English classic won the hearts of millions of readers.

What could be more touching than the desperate struggle of two people for the right to give love to each other! Romeo and Juliet die in the name of love, and despite the resistance of their parents, they still remain together, even if not in this world.

Bazarov's love for Odintsova

But we must not forget that love is not always mutual. Very often it develops into a real tragedy for a person. A striking example is the main characters of Ivan Turgenev’s novel Fathers and Sons. Bazarov and Odintsova are two strong, independent personalities.

But only one person turned out to be capable of loving truly deeply and, oddly enough, it was Bazarov. For Odintsova, his feelings played absolutely no role. Her cold, but such sincere indifference broke Bazarov’s heart.

Mutual love feelings were doomed to destruction; Odintsova did not even try to take the man’s love seriously, and even more so, she did not think about what would hurt his soul.

Love of the Master and Margarita

The love story of the Master and Margarita from the story of the same name by M. Bulgakov is in many ways reminiscent of the relationship between Romeo and Juliet. But if Shakespeare’s heroes both sacrificed in the name of love, then in Bulgakov only Margarita made sacrifices.

Her beloved was frightened by a previously unprecedented, strong love feeling and ended up in psychiatric hospital. Margarita boldly made a deal with the devil himself in order to find her feminine happiness with the Master.

Cross-cutting themes in literature

Many readers are often puzzled by the question of what a cross-cutting plot is, and how exactly it is used in literary process. A cross-cutting plot is a topic, most often of an acute social nature, which is indirectly touched upon by the author in the work.

Cross-cutting themes are inherent in world literature of periods of social confrontation and military conflicts, when the writer does not always succeed in classifying it as main topic. A striking example of a cross-cutting plot is the problem of creative freedom in Bulgakov’s work The Master and Margarita.

Near love theme The Master and Margarita simultaneously raises the question of the Master’s inability to realize his talent as a writer. Cross-cutting themes can also be presented by introducing ancient legends into the work, stories that accurately describe a particular modern situation.

The theme of love in Russian literature is one of the main ones. A poet or prose writer reveals to his reader the yearnings of the soul, experiences, suffering. And she was always in demand. Indeed, one may not understand the theme of the author’s attitude towards own creativity, aspects of philosophical prose, but the words of love in literature are pronounced so clearly that they can be used in various life situations. In what works is the theme of love most clearly reflected? What are the characteristics of the authors’ perception of this feeling? Our article will talk about this.

The place of love in Russian literature

Love in fiction has always existed. If we talk about domestic works, then Peter and Fevronia of Murom from the story of the same name by Ermolai-Erasmus, relating to ancient Russian literature. Let us remember that other topics then, besides Christian ones, were taboo. This art form was strictly religious.

The theme of love in Russian literature arose in the 18th century. The impetus for its development was Trediakovsky’s translations of works by foreign authors, because in Europe they were already writing with might and main about the wonderful feeling of love and the relationship between a man and a woman. Next were Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Karamzin.

The theme of love in works of Russian literature reached its special peak in the 19th century. This era gave the world Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Turgenev and many other luminaries. Each writer had his own, purely personal attitude to the topic of love, which can be read through the lines of his work.

Pushkin's love lyrics: innovation of a genius

The theme of love in Russian literature of the 19th century reached special heights in the works of A. Pushkin. Lyrics that celebrate this bright feeling, he is rich, multifaceted and contains a whole series of features. Let's sort them out.

Love as a reflection of personal qualities in "Eugene Onegin"

“Eugene Onegin” is a work where the theme of love in Russian literature sounds especially expressive. It shows not just a feeling, but its evolution throughout life. In addition, the main images of the novel are revealed through love.

At the center of the story is the hero whose name is in the title. The reader is forced throughout the novel to be tormented by the question: is Eugene capable of love? Brought up in the spirit of the morals of high society metropolitan society, he is devoid of sincerity in his feelings. Being in a “spiritual dead end,” he meets Tatyana Larina, who, unlike him, knows how to love sincerely and selflessly.

Tatiana writes to Onegin love letter, he is touched by this girl’s act, but no more. Disappointed, Larina agrees to marry someone she doesn’t love and leaves for St. Petersburg.

The last meeting of Onegin and Tatyana happens after several years. Eugene confesses his love to the young woman, but she rejects him. The woman admits that she still loves, but is bound by the obligations of marriage.

Thus, main character Pushkin's novel fails the exam with love, he was frightened by the all-consuming feeling and rejected it. The epiphany came too late.

Lyubov Lermontova - an unattainable ideal

Love for a woman was different for M. Lermontov. For him, this is a feeling that completely absorbs a person, it is a force that nothing can defeat. According to Lermontov, love is something that will definitely make a person suffer: “Everyone cried who loved.”

These lyrics are inextricably linked with the women in the life of the poet himself. Katerina Sushkova is a girl with whom Lermontov fell in love at the age of 16. The poems dedicated to her are emotional, talking about unrequited feelings, the desire to find not only a woman, but also a friend.

Natalya Ivanova, the next woman in Lermontov’s life, reciprocated his feelings. On the one hand, there is more happiness in the poems of this period, but even here there are notes of deception. Natalya in many ways does not understand the poet’s deep spiritual organization. There have also been changes in the themes of such works: now they are focused on feelings and passions.

The relationship with Love is reflected in a completely different way; the poet’s entire being is permeated here; nature, even the Motherland, speaks about it.

Love becomes a prayer in poems dedicated to Maria Shcherbatova. Only 3 works were written, but each of them is a masterpiece, a hymn of love. According to Lermontov, he has found the very woman who understands him completely. Love in these poems is contradictory: it can heal, but also wound, execute and bring back to life.

The hard path to happiness of the heroes of Tolstoy's War and Peace

Considering how love is presented in fiction, one should pay attention to the work of L. Tolstoy. His epic “War and Peace” is a work where love touched each of the heroes in one way or another. After all, the “family thought,” which occupies a central place in the novel, is inextricably linked with love.

Each of the characters goes through a difficult path, but in the end finds family happiness. There are exceptions: Tolstoy puts a kind of equal sign between a person’s ability to love unselfishly and his moral purity. But this quality must also be achieved through a series of sufferings and mistakes, which will ultimately purify the soul and make it crystalline, capable of love.

Let us remember the difficult path to happiness of Andrei Bolkonsky. Captivated by Lisa's beauty, he marries her, but quickly loses interest and becomes disillusioned with the marriage. He understands that he chose an empty and spoiled wife. Next comes war, and the oak tree is a symbol of spiritual blossoming and life. Love for Natasha Rostova is what gave Prince Bolkonsky a breath of fresh air.

Test of love in the works of I. S. Turgenev

Images of love in XIX literature century - these are Turgenev's heroes. The author of each of them goes through the test of this feeling.

The only one who passes it is Arkady Bazarov from Fathers and Sons. Maybe that's why he is ideal hero Turgenev.

A nihilist who denies everything around him, Bazarov calls love “nonsense”; for him it is only an illness from which one can be cured. However, having met Anna Odintsova and fallen in love with her, he changes not only his attitude towards this feeling, but the worldview as a whole.

Bazarov confesses his love to Anna Sergeevna, but she rejects him. The girl is not ready for serious relationship, cannot deny himself for the sake of another, even a loved one. Here she fails in Turgenev's test. And Bazarov is the winner, he became the hero that the writer was looking for for himself in “ Noble nest", "Rudine", "Ace" and other works.

"The Master and Margarita" - a mystical love story

The theme of love in Russian literature of the 20th century is growing and developing, becoming stronger. Not a single writer or poet of this era avoided this topic. Yes, it could transform, for example, into love for people (remember Gorky’s Danko) or the Motherland (this is, perhaps, most of creativity of Mayakovsky or works of the war years). But there is exceptional literature about love: these are the heartfelt poems of S. Yesenin, poets Silver Age. If we talk about prose, this is primarily “The Master and Margarita” by M. Bulgakov.

The love that arises between the heroes is sudden, it “jumps out” out of nowhere. The master draws attention to Margarita’s eyes, so sad and lonely.

Lovers do not experience all-consuming passion; rather, on the contrary, it is quiet, calm, homely happiness.

However, at the most critical moment, only love helps Margarita save the Master and their feelings, even if not in the human world.

Yesenin's love lyrics

The theme of love in Russian literature of the 20th century is also poetry. Let us consider the work of S. Yesenin in this vein. The poet inextricably linked this bright feeling with nature; his love is extremely chaste and strongly tied to the biography of the poet himself. A striking example- poem “Green Hairstyle”. Here, all the features of L. Kashina that are dear to Yesenin (the work is dedicated to her) are presented through the beauty of the Russian birch tree: a thin figure, braided branches.

“Moscow tavern” reveals to us a completely different love, now it is “infection” and “plague”. Such images are associated, first of all, with the emotional experiences of the poet, who feels useless.

Healing comes in the series “Love of a Bully.” The culprit is A. Miklashevskaya, who cured Yesenin from torment. He again believed that there is true love, inspiring and reviving.

In his last poems, Yesenin condemns the deceit and insincerity of women; he believes that this feeling should be deeply sincere and life-affirming, giving a person ground under his feet. Such, for example, is the poem “Leaves are falling, leaves are falling...”.

about love

The theme of love in Russian literature of the Silver Age is the work of not only S. Yesenin, but also A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam and many others. All of them have one thing in common, and suffering and happiness are the main companions of the muses of poets and poetesses.

Examples of love in Russian literature of the 20th century are the great A. Akhmatova and M. Tsvetaeva. The latter is a “quivering doe,” sensual, vulnerable. Love for her is the meaning of life, what makes her not only create, but also exist in this world. “I like that you are not sick with me” is her masterpiece, full of bright sadness and contradictions. And that’s what Tsvetaeva is all about. The poem “Yesterday I looked into your eyes” is imbued with the same soulful lyricism. This is, perhaps, a kind of anthem for all women who fall out of love: “My dear, what have I done to you?”

A completely different theme of love in Russian literature is depicted by A. Akhmatova. This is the intensity of all human feelings and thoughts. Akhmatova herself gave this feeling a definition - “the fifth season.” But if it had not been there, the other four would not have been visible. The poetess's love is loud, all-affirming, returning to natural principles.