Goodness in Russian and foreign literature: examples from books. Good and evil in Russian literature
Theme of Good and Evil - eternal theme. It has interested people throughout the entire existence of mankind. What is Good? What is Evil? How are they connected? How are they related in the world and in the soul of each person? Each writer answers these questions differently.
Thus, F. Goethe in his tragedy “Faust” shows the struggle between the “devilish” and the “divine” in the soul of the hero. By “diabolical” we mean not only the forces of evil, but also a person’s (and all of humanity’s) lack of faith in their own strength, self-limitation, and pessimism. “Divine” is the daring spirit of discovery, exploits, and creativity. This is creation, eternal dissatisfaction with oneself and the world around us, the desire to make life better.
Main character works - Faust is a zealous truth-seeker. He wants to comprehend the “internal connection of the universe” and at the same time indulge in tireless practical activity, live in full swing of his moral and physical strength.
For this he is even ready to sell his soul to the devil. Mephistopheles could not seduce this hero with simple carnal pleasures - Faust's desires are much deeper. But the devil still gets his way - he makes an agreement with the hero. Captivated by the bold thought of developing living, comprehensive activity with the help of Mephistopheles, Faust sets his own conditions: Mephistopheles must serve him until the first moment when he, Faust, calms down, content with what has been achieved.
The hero makes another “deviation” from Good in his relationship with Margarita. Gradually, feelings for this girl cease to be something sublime, the hero seduces her. We understand that Faust is only playing with love, and by doing this he dooms his beloved to death.
But at the end of the work, Faust still learns the truth. He comes to the conclusion that all ideas, all brilliant thoughts make sense only when they can be implemented in reality. We can say that he takes the side of Good, science, life.
M. Bulgakov develops the theme of Good and Evil in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. The theme of Good and Evil in the novel is directly related to the image of Woland and his retinue. Satan himself, along with Azazello, Koroviev and Behemoth, appears in contemporary author Soviet Moscow. The purpose of Woland's visit was to find out whether man had changed over many centuries; what drives his actions today, how his soul lives.
The epigraph to the novel is the lines from Goethe’s Faust: “I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good.” They help to understand the author's thought - by exposing evil, Woland thereby serves goodness and beauty, that is, restores the balance between Good and Evil in the world.
Satan has always been opposed to God. Bulgakov treats him freely and makes Woland a defender of God as the only criterion of good and evil, morality and immorality in man. But it is important that the hero himself judges people mercilessly, without loving them.
Bulgakov shows that the “demonic” principle lives in every person. Thus, the author depicts for us the lifestyle of an association of writers, for whom the main business of life is to eat deliciously and dance. Envy, careerism, the ability to get a job, hatred of the talented - these are moral portrait those who produced literature for social purposes.
Only by availability dark side in my heart one can explain the bribery of the chairman of the housing association Nikanor Bosogo. Who forced him to register him for money, to move him into vacated rooms for a bribe?
"Session black magic"brought these heroes and other Moscow residents together. Mass hypnosis showed in everyone his inner “I” - a greedy, rude person, with base tastes, a lover of bread and circuses. But Bulgakov, horrified by his merciless grotesquery, “saves” the audience with the screams of Bengalsky, a talker and buffoon, whose head was torn off by the cat Behemoth.
The writer instructs Woland to pronounce the “sentence”: “Humanity loves money... Well, they are frivolous... well, well... and mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts... ordinary people...”.
One of my favorite books, which has changed my views in many ways, is the philosophical parable “Jonathan Livingston Seagull,” written by Richard Bach. The main character of the work, the seagull Jonathan Livingston, was not like everyone else. He wanted to fly higher than everyone, farthest, wanted to be the best in everything. Nobody believed in him; all the seagulls in his flock laughed at him.
Without listening to anyone, Jonathan flew at night, although no one had done this before. The hero developed an incredible speed - 214 miles per hour - and dreamed of even more. Expelled from the pack, but not broken, in the finale Jonathan gained freedom and found like-minded people.
As an epigraph to the work, the author wrote the following lines “To the non-fictional Jonathan Seagull who lives in each of us.” This book instills in us faith in ourselves, in the fact that a person can do anything if he strives for a goal and learns not to depend on public opinion.
So, Good and Evil are fundamental concepts that determine not only the essence of man, his inner world, but also the entire world order. Writers all over the world tried to determine for themselves, find out, understand... But this search will continue forever as long as the world and man exist on Earth.
The confrontation between good and evil in works of Russian literature
Author of the project: 10th grade student Daria Sayapina Lugobolotnaya Secondary School Problematic question
How does it happen in life: does good or evil win?
Target
find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this battle?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My guesses
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life wouldn't be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing more than life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and good probably wins.
Social results survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good has prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Daria Sayapina Lugobolotnaya Secondary School Problematic question
How does it happen in life: does good or evil win?
Target
find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this battle?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My guesses
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life wouldn't be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing more than life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and good probably wins.
Social results survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good has prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Problematic question
How does it happen in life: does good or evil win?
Target
find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this battle?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My guesses
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life wouldn't be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing more than life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and good probably wins.
Social results survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good has prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My guesses
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life wouldn't be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing more than life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and good probably wins.
Social results survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good has prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Social results survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good has prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Then Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it against a stone with all his might. The snake crumbled into fine dust, and the wind scattered that dust in all directions. Since then, all the miracles and snakes in that region have disappeared - people began to live without fear.”
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
“The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin
Evil, the poet claims, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took everything with her mind,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen-mother died from the power of her love, then the queen-stepmother dies from envy and melancholy. With this, Pushkin showed the internal failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin’s coldness and arrogance destroy all her dreams.
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Dunya's kindness and sensitivity, embedded in her character by her loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri with suffering, grief and ultimately death
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"The Inspector General" N.V. Gogol
“Thunderstorm” A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own concepts of good and evil. No, she will never return to her old life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
An amazing girl carries within herself
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
this is the only worthy way out, because only then will she will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
will cease to be a thing
“Crime and Punishment” F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
- boundaries of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Working on the project gave me the idea:
is there in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature the concepts of good and evil, or in modern literature there is only the concept of evil, and good has completely eradicated itself?
Social significance project:
work materials can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work requires continuation: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature 
Good and evil are the basic concepts of morality. Every person has been taught these aspects since childhood. Everyone measures their actions against this standard. It has a name - morality. Every child is taught to distinguish between good and evil, what is good and what is bad. Children are not able to fully evaluate their actions and their consequences. But teenagers already clearly understand what is what. And sometimes they consciously choose evil and vile actions.
Good is a person’s actions aimed at benefiting another living being. Good people needed always and everywhere. They bring light, warmth and joy. It is impossible to live without such people. They keep society from moral decay. Good is the only salvation in stormy ocean tough life.
If there were no kindness, the world would soon end. The strong would destroy the weak without a second thought. The harsh laws can be clearly seen in wildlife. The scary thing is that the predator is relentless, he has no pity or compassion. But he has a goal and he will achieve it by any means. Unfortunately, today there are more and more “predators” among people, tough and ruthless. The only thing that can stop them is cruel treatment if they are pushed to the wall. They will never stop on their own. This is what makes evil so scary. It won't stop. The only way to stop him is through brute force, but not everyone has it.
Life is about struggle. The fight between good and evil. Each person decides for himself what will be more in his life. Everything depends on moral choice. If an individual chooses good, then his life will be filled with love, tenderness and light. Other people will be drawn to him. But, if the choice falls on evil. One, two and more. A person's life will get worse and worse. The person will be filled with anger, rudeness, hatred and rage. Soon it will become unbearable for those around you. Everyone will avoid him and reduce communication as much as possible. Few people want to communicate with an evil person. It does not help to grow and develop, but only pulls down, towards degradation.
But there is a way out of this too. It all starts with awareness and recognition of the problem. This is a step towards correction. Next, you need to change your thinking and bad habits. This is the most difficult thing. You need to start doing good deeds and helping others. Over time, life will change and joy will come.
Option 2
From childhood we are familiar with the concepts of good and evil. Adults explain to us every day that it is good to be good, and bad to be bad. The police insist on crossing the road only when there is a green light or at a zebra crossing; doctors persuade us that getting sick is bad. Why bad? If it allows you to not go to school, lie in bed and eat a lot delicious dishes prepared by a caring mother. Firefighters warn that matches are not a toy and are evil in the wrong hands.
At school they say that a B is good and a C is bad. But no one can answer the question of who decided this and why.
All their lives people are put in situations where they are confronted with different things in black and white, in good and bad, in good and evil. And a person is obliged to choose one of the sides; he has no right to be neutral, because in society you are either a worthy citizen or not.
Even religion has its good and its evil. They can’t and fairy tales only cost positive example. They definitely need the evil sides of life in the form of the Serpent Gorynych and the Nightingale the Robber.
Helping those in need is good, humiliating the weak is evil. Everything is simple and clear. And it is not at all difficult to distinguish between these two concepts. But which of them is stronger by nature and by nature? After all, today evil is presented as good. Or more precisely, if before people They categorically said: “to steal means a thief!”, Now they are finding a bunch of arguments to continue the logical chain: “to steal means a thief, that means cunning, that means rich, he can buy himself and his loved ones a comfortable life, that means well done!”
The fine line between light and dark has been erased. And it was not circumstances that erased it, but people who are engaged in substituting concepts today. If it is profitable to be kind, I will be; if it is practical to be evil, I will be. The duplicity of people is scary. It became completely unclear where it had gone: clean, quiet and selfless goodness. Although if you really think about it, the answer is there. Evil has swallowed up good.
Now, in order to be good you need to go through seven stages of evil. Steal, deceive, destroy. And then build churches, help sick children and smile at the cameras, smile endlessly and enjoy being so beautiful and kind. A good man who ruined thousands of souls before he decided to lay the foundation of a new temple or hospital.
There are no concepts of good and evil now. They do not act as a separate front, they are a single fist that hits when it is not necessary and strokes when it is no longer necessary.
Essay on good and evil
The theme of good and evil is as old as time. For a long time, these two radically opposite concepts have been fighting for the right to triumph over each other. Since time immemorial, good and evil have made people argue about how to separate black from white. Everything in life is relative.
The concepts of good and evil are collective. Sometimes a seemingly good deed leads to negative consequences. Just like in an evil deed, some find advantages for themselves.
Good and evil are always inseparable, one does not exclude the other. For example, if for one person some news brings joy and brings goodness, for another this news may cause grief and negative emotions, accordingly, carry evil in oneself. Sometimes people identify certain objects and phenomena with evil: “money is evil, alcohol is evil, war is evil.” But if you look at these things from the other side? How more money, the more independent and wealthy a person is - he is well-fed and happy, he is ready to bring good to the world. Alcohol in small doses, paradoxically, can also bring goodness - one hundred grams of alcohol served at the front during the war, raising the morale of soldiers and acting as a pain reliever for severe wounds.
And even the war itself, a seemingly completely negative phenomenon, also carries in itself a piece of, if not good, but a certain benefit: the conquest of new lands, the unity and brotherhood of the allies, the cultivation of the will to win.
According to tradition, in fairy tales and films, good always triumphs over evil, but in life justice does not always triumph. But when planning to do something mean to someone, you must always remember about the universal “law of the boomerang” - “the evil emitted by you will certainly return to you.” Let's start with ourselves, let's be kinder and more merciful to each other, and maybe then in our cruel modern world there will be a little more good than evil.
Several interesting essays
- Composition of Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter
The work consists of several sketches from the life of an ordinary nobleman Pyotr Grinev, telling about the most bright events that happened to him and had a special influence on him.
- Analysis of Gorky's story My universities
This story tells about the young man Alexei, who went to study at the university in Kazan. Having arrived, he stops with a friend of the Evreinov family. The family is very poor and they barely have enough for food, then Alyosha decides to get a job.
- Artistic features of Russian epics, essay on Russian literature, grade 7
Old Russian epics are a unique phenomenon in our literature. This genre arose at the dawn of the creation of the Russian state. It reflects all the richness of people's spiritual experience.
- Characteristics and image of Silvio from the story Shot by Pushkin
Silvio main character stories by A.S. Pushkin’s “Shot”, which is included in the collection “Belkin’s Stories”. Like all romantic characters, he is honest, honest man possessing magnetism, and his past is covered with an aura of mystery
Natasha Rostova is the most emotional, open and sincere heroine of the novel “War and Peace”. It is in L.N. Tolstoy’s description of her first ball that her character is revealed. Sitting in the carriage going to the ball, Natasha was very worried,
Interview
Tell me, the reader is a liar, my brother and my double
Did you know this sophisticated monster?!
Charles Baudelaire "Flowers of Evil"
I.Introduced tion
The twentieth century was marked by many terrible events. This, of course, could not but affect the culture and art of the whole world. The most striking and striking is the revolution in Russia.
Truly well: “God forbid you see a Russian revolt, senseless and merciless” [A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter"]. After these events, many became disillusioned with people and in life, which is not surprising given the depreciation human life, mayhem " new government", robberies and violence that have become the norm. During the revolutionary events he was shot more people than were killed in the First World War, which the Bolsheviks opposed.
In the 19th and 20th centuries the foundation of the “literature of evil” was laid.
The term “literature of evil” appeared relatively recently (in 1999), but the “literature of evil” itself takes its origins from classical works. This study will examine the works of Nikolai Gogol (the poem " Dead Souls"), Fyodor Dostoevsky (novel "Crime and Punishment"), Mikhail Bulgakov (novel "The Master and Margarita"). These masterpieces of Russian literature are the origins of the “literature of evil,” also called “other literature.”
- “For Russia, literature is a starting point, a symbol of faith, an ideological and moral foundation,” write Pyotr Weil and Alexander Genis. But people practically lost literature during the Soviet era. Nothing really new appeared in print, and if something was published, the brilliant book left a legless cripple. Not a book - a disabled person. The flight of free thought became impossible.
So, “literature of evil” is literature that rejects abstract humanism that has become lifeless, demonstrating the true essence of man (miracles of meanness, betrayal, opportunism twa, baseness, sadism, decay and degeneration). “Literature of Evil” does not disdain any artistic means of expression - , in it the line between positive and negative heroes is destroyed, each unexpectedly and unmotivated can become a carrier of destructive started. “In literature, which once smelled of wildflowers and hay,” writes Viktor Erofeev in the article “Russian Flowers of Evil,” new smells appear - this is stench. Everything stinks: death, sex, old age, bad food, everyday life. A special drive begins: the number of suicides, rapes, seductions, abortions, and torture is rapidly growing. Faith in reason is being abolished, the role of accidents and chance in general is increasing. Writers are losing interest in professional th lives of heroes who are left without specific activities and a coherent biography. Many of the characters are either insane or mentally disabled. In place of the psychological prose becomes psychopathological Sky." As for the latter, this is not new; psychopathologies are familiar to us from the works of Dostoevsky. In the “literature of evil”, beauty is replaced by expressive pictures of ugliness, and an aesthetics of outrageousness and shock is formed. The so-called aesthetics of the ugly appears, and the motifs of Baudelaire’s poems develop. New literature fluctuates between “black” despair and completely cynical indifference. The mid-70s marked the beginning of a period of doubt not only about the reality of the new man Chernyshevsky, but also about man in general. Everything was questioned: love, children, religion, culture, beauty, nobility, motherhood. These trends could not have arisen out of nowhere; they existed even in the pre-revolutionary era. period. Let us remember A. Mariengof:
- My God!
You yourself raised Cain in your bosom.
Or V. Mayakovsky:
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Servants of God -
We have no help.
Ske- birdism of the “literature of evil” is a double reaction to the wild Russian reality - b and excessive moralism of Russian culture.
“Literature of Evil” is an attempt to rethink previous moral values by looking at them through a new lens. "Literature of Evil" develops philosophical ideas Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Marquis de Sade and others, little in demand moral literature thinkers.
- “So, evil expressed itself.” “Literature of Evil” has done its job. The ontological market of evil is overstocked, - The glass was filled to the brim with black liquid. What's next?" .
I do not undertake to predict the future. It seems to me that a need has arisen to systematize the knowledge about evil accumulated in literature. My research work serves these purposes. body work.
I chose this particular topic because I am familiar with it, I love modern Russian literature and I think that this topic will be relevant and interesting. To keep within the scope of this essay, I will refer only to the works of the most outstanding writers Russian “literature of evil”: classics (Gogol, Bulgakov, Dostoevsky) and contemporaries (Sokolov, Viktor Erofeev, Pelevin).
But- The disadvantage of the work is due to the insufficient amount of information and research on this issue.
Slave- ota can find practical use in literature lessons when studying the works of both modern and classical writers.
WITH- There is also a problem: incorrect perception and attitude towards the “literature of evil”. The abstract is intended to resolve it within the framework of a given topic.
II- .A novel about the endless wanderings of the Russian soul.
Chapter 1.Preface.
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From the point of view of Oswald Spengler, at the basis of any culture lies a certain mysterious principle, manifested in many unrelated phenomena. Example: a deep inner relationship between the round shape of a coin and the wall surrounding antique city. It's the same with literature. There is an inextricable connection between seemingly completely dissimilar works of the same direction. Through the dissimilar and sometimes hostile texts, a curious architext emerges. The sum of the texts adds up to a novel about the wanderings of the Russian soul.
As a consequence Therefore, my research will be an analysis of this novel, separate for each chapter. Because of this, references to previous “chapters” are inevitable, but in this way it will be possible to appreciate the genius of “The Novel about the Endless Wanderings of the Russian Soul.”
Franz Kafka wrote in his diary: “Whoever is unable to cope with life during life needs one hand to fight off the despair generated by his own fate - which he does poorly - with the other hand he can write down what he sees under the ruins, because he sees differently and more than those around him: after all, he was dead while alive and yet alive after the catastrophe. Unless he needs both hands and more than he has to fight despair.” These words fully apply to any genius.
There was a widespread misconception among the Russian intelligentsia of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: in order to prove something, you must die. This is a misunderstanding of the thoughts of Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. Truth does not need proof - ; to see the truth you need to be dead, to go beyond the line of good and evil. Baudelaire and Pushkin spoke about this.
Exactly- Pushkin, a genius we still do not fully understand, whom the futurists wanted to throw off the ship of modernity along with Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, wrote:
I lay like a corpse in the desert
And God’s voice called to me:
“Arise, prophet, and see and hear,
Be fulfilled by my will
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb.
Head- a 2. Russian Homer
When Gogol was declared the Russian Homer, he was faced with the need to become Homer. As often happens, criticism and public opinion pointed out to the artist the place to which he was obliged from now on to correspond - .
The poem "Dead Souls" was conceived and begun in 1835. The plot of the poem, as told later Gogol, was suggested to him by Pushkin.
Piss- mo Gogol November 12, 1836, from Paris, V.A. Zhukovsky: “... Autumn... has come beautiful,
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