What is the name of the song of the Austrian composer F Schubert. Franz Peter Schubert - musical genius of the 19th century

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Childhood

Franz Schubert was born on January 31, 1797 (in a small suburb of Vienna, now part of it) in the family of a teacher at the parish school of Lichtental, who was an amateur in music making. his father, Franz Theodore Schubert, came from a family of Moravian peasants; mother, Elizabeth Schubert(née Fitz), was the daughter of a Silesian locksmith. Of their fourteen children, nine died at an early age, and one of the brothers Franz- Ferdinand also devoted himself to music

Franz showed up very early musical ability. His family members were the first to teach him music: his father (violin) and older brother Ignaz (piano). From the age of six he studied at the parish school of Lichtental. From the age of seven, he took organ lessons from the Kapellmeister of the Lichtental Church. The regent of the parish church M. Holzer taught him to sing

Thanks to his beautiful voice at the age of eleven Franz was adopted as a "singer boy" in the Viennese court chapel and in Konvikt (boarding school). There, Josef von Spaun, Albert Stadler and Anton Holzapfel became his friends. teachers Schubert were Wenzel Ruzicka (bass general) and later (until 1816) Antonio Salieri (counterpoint and composition). Schubert studied not only singing, but also got acquainted with the instrumental works of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, as he was the second violin in the Konwikt orchestra.

His talent as a composer soon showed up. From 1810 to 1813 Schubert wrote an opera, a symphony, piano pieces and songs in study Schubert mathematics and Latin were hard given, and in 1813 he was expelled from the choir, as his voice broke. Schubert returned home, entered the teacher's seminary, which he graduated in 1814. Then he got a job as a teacher at the school where his father worked (he worked at this school until 1818). In his free time, he composed music. He studied mainly Gluck, Mozart and Beethoven. The first independent works - the opera "Satan's Pleasure Castle" and the Mass in F major - he wrote in 1814.

Maturity

Job Schubert did not correspond to his vocation, and he made attempts to establish himself as a composer. But publishers refused to publish his work. In the spring of 1816, he was denied the post of Kapellmeister in Laibach (now Ljubljana). Soon Joseph von Spaun introduced Schubert with the poet Franz von Schober. Schober arranged Schubert meeting with famous baritone Johann Michael Vogl. Songs Schubert performed by Vogl began to enjoy great popularity in the Viennese salons. First success Schubert brought the ballad "The Forest King" ("Erlkönig"), written by him in 1816. In January 1818 the first composition Schubert published - the song Erlafsee (as an addition to the anthology, edited by F. Sartori).

Among friends Schubert were official J. Shpaun, amateur poet F. Schober, poet I. Mayrhofer, poet and comedian E. Bauernfeld, artists M. Schwind and L. Kupelwieser, composer A. Huttenbrenner and J. Schubert. They were fans of creativity Schubert and periodically provided him with financial assistance.

At the beginning of 1818 Schubert left his job at school. In July, he moved to Želiz (now the Slovak city of Željezovce) to the summer residence of Count Johann Esterhazy, where he began to teach music to his daughters. In mid-November he returned to Vienna. The second time he visited Esterhazy was in 1824.

In 1823 he was elected an honorary member of the Styrian and Linz musical unions.

In the 1820s, Schubert health problems started. In December 1822 he fell ill, but after a hospital stay in the autumn of 1823, his health improved.

Last years

From 1826 to 1828 Schubert lived in Vienna, except for a short stay in Graz. The post of vice conductor in the chapel of the imperial court, for which he claimed in 1826, did not go to him, but to Josef Weigl. On March 26, 1828, he gave his only public concert, which had big success and brought him 800 guilders. Meanwhile, his numerous songs and piano works were printed.

The composer died of typhoid fever on November 19, 1828, at the age of 32, after a two-week fever. According to the last request, Schubert was buried at the Veringskoye cemetery, where Beethoven, idolized by him, had been buried a year before. An eloquent inscription is engraved on the monument: "Music buried here a precious asset, but even more wonderful hopes." On January 22, 1888, his ashes were reburied at the Vienna Central Cemetery.

Creation

creative legacySchubert covers most different genres. He created 9 symphonies, over 25 chamber-instrumental works, 21 piano sonatas, many pieces for piano in two and four hands, 10 operas, 6 masses, a number of works for the choir, for vocal ensemble, and finally, more than 600 songs. During his lifetime, and indeed for quite a long time after the death of the composer, he was valued mainly as a songwriter. Only from the 19th century did researchers begin to gradually comprehend his achievements in other areas of creativity. Thanks to Schubert the song for the first time became equal in importance to other genres. Her poetic images reflect almost the entire history of Austrian and German poetry, including some foreign authors.

Of great importance in vocal literature are collections of songs Schubert to the verses of Wilhelm Müller - "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" and "Winter Way", which are, as it were, a continuation of Beethoven's idea, expressed in the collection of songs "To a Distant Beloved". In these works Schubert showed remarkable melodic talent and a great variety of moods; he gave the accompaniment greater value, larger artistic sense. Remarkable is also the latest collection "Swan Song", many songs from which have gained worldwide fame.

musical gift Schubert opened new paths piano music. His Fantasies in C major and F minor, impromptu, musical moments, sonatas are proof of the richest imagination and great harmonic courage. in the chamber and symphonic music- string quartet in D minor, quintet in C major, piano quintet "Forellenquintett" ("Trout"), " Big symphony” in C major and “Unfinished Symphony” in B minor - Schubert demonstrates its unique and independent musical thinking significantly different from the thinking of Beethoven, who was living and ruling at that time.

From numerous church writings Schubert(masses, offertorias, hymns, etc.) the Mass in E-flat major is especially distinguished by its sublime character and musical richness.

Of the operas performed at that time, Schubert most liked Joseph Weigl's The Swiss Family, Luigi Cherubini's Medea, Francois Adrien Boildieu's John of Paris, Izuard's Sandrillon, and especially Gluck's Iphigenia in Tauris. Italian opera, which was in great fashion in his time, Schubert was little interested; only " barber of seville”and some passages from Otello by Gioachino Rossini seduced him.

Posthumous recognition

After Schubert there remained a mass of unpublished manuscripts (six masses, seven symphonies, fifteen operas, etc.). Some smaller works were published immediately after the composer's death, but manuscripts of larger works, little known to the public, remained in bookcases and drawers of relatives, friends, and publishers. Schubert. Even the people closest to him did not know everything he wrote, and for for long years he was recognized mainly only as the king of song. In 1838 Robert Schuman, visiting Vienna, found a dusty manuscript of the "Great Symphony" Schubert and took it with him to Leipzig, where the work was performed by Felix Mendelssohn. The greatest contribution to the search and discovery of works Schubert made by George Grove and Arthur Sullivan, who visited Vienna in the autumn of 1867. They managed to find seven symphonies, music from Rosamund, several masses and operas, some chamber music And a large number of various fragments and songs. These discoveries led to a significant increase in interest in creativity. Schubert. Franz Liszt from 1830 to 1870 transcribed and arranged a significant number of works Schubert especially songs. He said that Schubert"the most poetic musician who ever lived." For Antonin Dvořák, the symphonies were especially interesting. Schubert, and Hector Berlioz and Anton Bruckner recognized the influence of the "Great Symphony" on their work.

In 1897, the publishers Breitkopf and Gertel published a critical edition of the composer's works, the editor-in-chief of which was Johannes Brahms. Composers of the 20th century such as Benjamin Britten, Richard Strauss and George Crum were either persistent popularizers of music Schubert, or made allusions to it in own music. Britten, who was an excellent pianist, accompanied many songs Schubert and often played his solos and duets.

Unfinished symphony

The time of creation of the symphony in B minor DV 759 ("Unfinished") is the autumn of 1822. It was dedicated to amateur musical society in Graz, and Schubert presented two parts of it in 1824.

The manuscript was kept for more than 40 years by a friend Schubert Anselm Hüttenbrenner until it was discovered by the Viennese conductor Johann Herbeck and performed in concert in 1865. (The completed Schubert the first two movements, and instead of the missing 3rd and 4th movements, the final movement from the early Third Symphony was performed Schubert in D major.) The symphony was published in 1866 in the form of the first two parts.

It is still not clear why Schubert did not complete the "Unfinished" symphony. Apparently, he intended to bring it to its logical conclusion: the first two parts were completely finished, and the 3rd part (in the nature of the scherzo) remained in sketches. There are no sketches for the finale (or they may have been lost).

For a long time there was a point of view that the "Unfinished" symphony is a completely completed work, since the range of images and their development exhausts itself within two parts. As a comparison, they talked about Beethoven's sonatas in two parts and that later, among romantic composers, works of this kind became commonplace. However, this version is opposed by the fact that the completed Schubert the first two parts are written in different keys, far from each other. (Such cases did not occur either before or after him.)

Currently, there are several options for completing the "Unfinished" symphony (in particular, options for the English musicologist Brian Newbould) and Russian composer Anton Safronov).

Compositions

Singspiel (7), including Claudina von Villa Bell (on a text by Goethe, 1815, the first of 3 acts survives; production 1978, Vienna), The Twin Brothers (1820, Vienna), The Conspirators, or the Domestic War (1823; production 1861 , Frankfurt am Main);
Music for plays - The Magic Harp (1820, Vienna), Rosamund, Princess of Cyprus (1823, ibid.);
For soloists, choir and orchestra - 7 Masses (1814-1828), German Requiem (1818), Magnificat (1815), offertorias and other sacred works, oratorios, cantatas, including Victory song Miriam (1828);
For orchestra - symphonies (1813; 1815; 1815; Tragic, 1816; 1816; Small in C major, 1818; 1821, unfinished; Unfinished, 1822; Large in C major, 1828), 8 overtures;
Chamber-instrumental ensembles - 4 sonatas (1816-1817), fantasy (1827) for violin and piano; sonata for arpegione and piano (1824), 2 piano trios (1827, 1828?), 2 string trios (1816, 1817), 14 or 16 string quartets (1811-1826), Forel piano quintet (1819?), string quintet ( 1828), an octet for strings and winds (1824), etc.;
For piano in 2 hands - 23 sonatas (including 6 unfinished; 1815-1828), fantasy (Wanderer, 1822, etc.), 11 impromptu (1827-28), 6 musical moments (1823-1828), rondo, variations and other pieces, over 400 dances (waltzes, landlers, German dances, minuets, ecossaises, gallops, etc.; 1812-1827);
For piano in 4 hands - sonatas, overtures, fantasies, Hungarian divertissement (1824), rondo, variations, polonaises, marches, etc.;
Vocal ensembles for men, female voices And mixed compositions with and without escort;
Songs for voice and piano, (more than 600) including the cycles "The Beautiful Miller" (1823) and "Winter Road" (1827), the collection "Swan Song" (1828), "Ellen's Third Song" ("Ellens dritter Gesang" , also known as Schubert's Ave Maria).
forest king

Catalog of works

Since relatively few of his works were published during the composer's lifetime, only a few of them have their own opus number, but even in such cases the number does not accurately reflect the time of creation of the work. In 1951, musicologist Otto Erich Deutsch published a catalog of Schubert's works, where all the composer's works are located in chronological order according to the time they were written.

In astronomy

In honor of piece of music Franz Schubert "Rosamund" named the asteroid (540) Rosamund (English) Russian, discovered in 1904.

Franz Peter Schubert was a representative of the current musical romanticism in Austria. In his works, there was a yearning for a bright ideal, which was so lacking in real life. Schubert's music, hearty and sincere, took a lot from the traditional folk art. His works are distinguished by melody and harmony, a special emotional mood.

Franz Peter Schubert was a representative of the current of musical romanticism in Austria. In his works, there was a yearning for a bright ideal, which was so lacking in real life. Schubert's music, hearty and soulful, took a lot from traditional folk art. His works are distinguished by melody and harmony, a special emotional mood.

Schubert was born on January 31, 1797, in the family Franz Theodor Schubert — school teacher and an amateur cellist. boy with early age fell in love with music and easily mastered musical instruments. Young Schubert sang beautifully - he had an excellent voice as a child - so in 1808 he was admitted to the Imperial Chapel. General education he received at the boarding school Konvikt. In the school orchestra, Schubert was the second violin, but Latin and mathematics were not easy for him.

From choir chapel Schubert was expelled as a teenager. In 1810, Schubert began writing music. Within 3 years he composed several pieces for piano, a symphony and even an opera. young talent famous himself became interested Salieri. (He studied composition with Schubert in the period 1812-17.)

From 1813 Schubert taught at the school. That year he composed his first famous masterpiece- the song Gretchen am Spinnrade ("Gretchen at the spinning wheel") on the verses of Goethe.

In 1815–16 Schubert wrote many works: more than one and a half hundred songs, several instrumental quartets and symphonies, four operettas, two masses. In 1816, his famous Fifth Symphony in B flat major, the songs "Forest King" and "Wanderer" were written.

The composer was lucky to meet the eminent baritone singer M. Foglem. Vogl began to perform Schubert's songs, and they soon gained popularity in all Viennese salons.

In the summer of 1818, Schubert left his service at school and went to the residence of a well-known art connoisseur, patron of the arts - Count Johann Esterhazy. There he taught and continued to write music. During this period, the Sixth Symphony was created. Returning to Vienna, the composer received a lucrative commission for the operetta The Twin Brothers. Premiere musical performance took place in 1820 - it was successful.

The next two years were difficult for the composer in financial plan. He did not know how to achieve the favor of patrons and did not want to. In 1822 he completed the opera Alfonso e Estrella, but it was never staged.

During 1823 the composer was persecuted severe illness. Despite his physical weakness, he wrote two more operas. These works also did not see the stage. The composer did not lose heart and continued to create. The music for Rosamund's play and the song cycle called "The Beautiful Miller's Girl" were well received by the audience. Schubert again left to teach at the Esterhazy family and there, in the country princely residence, improved his health a little.

In 1825, the composer toured extensively with Vogl in Austria. At this time, a vocal cycle was written to the words of Scott, which included the famous ode "Ave Maria".

The songs and vocal cycles of Schubert were known and popular in Austria - both among the noble public and among common people. Many private houses then held evenings devoted exclusively to the works of the composer - the Schubertiades. In 1827 the composer created famous cycle"Winter Way".

The composer's health, meanwhile, was getting worse. In 1828 he felt signs of another serious illness. Instead of paying attention to the state of health, Schubert feverishly continued to work. At this time, the main masterpieces of the composer saw the light of day: the famous "Symphony in C major", the quintet "in C major" for string instruments, three piano sonatas and a vocal cycle with symbolic name « swan song". (This cycle was published and performed after the death of the composer).

Not all publishers agreed to publish Schubert's works; it happened that he was paid unreasonably little. He did not give up and worked until the last days.

Schubert died on November 19, 1828. The cause of death was typhus - the composer's body, weakened by hard work, could not cope with the disease. He was buried next to Beethoven, but later the ashes were transferred to the central cemetery in Vienna.

The composer lived only 31 years, but his contribution to musical heritage XIX century is huge. He worked a lot in the song-romance genre; he wrote about 650 songs. At that time, German poetry was flourishing - it became a source of his inspiration. Schubert took poetic texts and, with the help of music, gave them their own context, new meaning. His songs were characterized by a direct impact on the listeners - they became not observers, but participants in the plot of the musical composition.

Not only in the song, but also in the orchestral genre, Schubert managed to do a lot. His symphonies introduce listeners to a new, original musical world, far from the classical one. XIX style century. All of it orchestral works differ in brightness of emotions, huge force of influence.

Harmonious inner world Schubert is reflected in his chamber works. The composer often wrote four-hand pieces intended for "home" use. His trios, quartets, quintets captivate with frankness and emotional openness. Such was Schubert - he had nothing to hide from his listener.

Schubert's piano sonatas are second only to Beethoven's in their emotional intensity and mastery. They combine traditional song and dance forms with classical musical techniques.

All of Schubert's works are imbued with the charm of his beloved city - old Vienna. During his lifetime, it was not always easy for him, and Vienna did not always appreciate his talent at its true worth. After his death, many unpublished manuscripts remained. Musicians and critics, friends and relatives of the composer have made great efforts to find, translate and publish a significant number of his works. The popularization of this wonderful music continued for a century. It led to worldwide recognition of the musical genius Franz Peter Schubert.

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In Vienna, in the family of a school teacher.

Schubert's exceptional musical abilities manifested themselves in early childhood. From the age of seven, he studied playing several instruments, singing, and theoretical disciplines.

At the age of 11, Schubert was a boarding school for soloists of the court chapel, where, in addition to singing, he studied playing many instruments and music theory under the guidance of Antonio Salieri.

While studying at the choir in 1810-1813, he wrote many compositions: an opera, a symphony, piano pieces and songs.

In 1813 he entered the Teachers' Seminary, in 1814 he began teaching at the school where his father served. In his spare time, Schubert composed his first Mass and set Johann Goethe's poem "Gretchen behind the spinning wheel" to music.

His numerous songs date back to 1815, including "The Forest King" to the words of Johann Goethe, the 2nd and 3rd symphonies, three masses and four singspiel ( comic opera with spoken dialogue).

In 1816 the composer completed his 4th and 5th symphonies and wrote over 100 songs.

Wanting to devote himself entirely to music, Schubert left his job at school (this led to a break in relations with his father).

At Gelize, the summer residence of Count Johann Esterházy, he acted as a music teacher.

At the same time, the young composer became close to the famous Viennese singer Johann Vogl (1768-1840), who became a propagandist vocal creativity Schubert. During the second half of the 1810s, numerous new songs came out from Schubert's pen, including the popular Wanderer, Ganymede, Forellen, and the 6th Symphony. His singspiel The Twin Brothers, written in 1820 for Vogl and staged at the Kärntnertor Theater in Vienna, had no special success, but brought fame to Schubert. A more serious achievement was the melodrama "Magic Harp", staged a few months later at the Theater An der Wien.

He enjoyed the patronage of aristocratic families. Schubert's friends published his 20 songs by private subscription, but the opera "Alfonso and Estrella" to a libretto by Franz von Schober, which Schubert considered his great luck, was rejected.

In the 1820s, the composer created instrumental works: the lyric-dramatic "Unfinished" symphony (1822) and the epic, life-affirming symphony in C major (the last, ninth in a row).

In 1823 he wrote the vocal cycle "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" to the words German poet Wilhelm Müller, the opera "Fiebras", the singspiel "The Conspirator".

In 1824, Schubert created the A-moll and D-moll string quartets (his second movement is variations on Schubert's earlier song "Death and the Maiden") and a six-part Octet for wind and strings.

In the summer of 1825, in Gmunden near Vienna, Schubert made sketches of his last symphony, the so-called "Big".

In the second half of the 1820s, Schubert enjoyed a very high reputation in Vienna - his concerts with Vogl gathered a large audience, and publishers willingly published the composer's new songs, as well as pieces and piano sonatas. Among the works of Schubert of 1825-1826, piano sonatas stand out, the last string Quartet and some songs, including "The Young Nun" and Ave Maria.

Schubert's work was actively covered in the press, he was elected a member of the Vienna Society of Friends of Music. On March 26, 1828, the composer gave an author's concert in the hall of the society with great success.

This period includes the vocal cycle "Winter Way" (24 songs to the words of Muller), two impromptu notebooks for piano, two piano trios and masterpieces recent months Schubert's life - Mass Es-dur, the last three piano sonatas, the String Quintet and 14 songs published after the death of Schubert in the form of a collection called "Swan Song".

On November 19, 1828, Franz Schubert died in Vienna of typhus at the age of 31. He was buried in the Waring Cemetery (now Schubert Park) in northwest Vienna, next to the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven, who had died a year earlier. On January 22, 1888, Schubert's ashes were reburied at the Vienna Central Cemetery.

Before late XIX century, a significant part of the composer's extensive heritage remained unpublished. The manuscript of the "Great" symphony was discovered by the composer Robert Schumann in the late 1830s - it was first performed in 1839 in Leipzig under the direction of German composer and conductor Felix Mendelssohn. The first performance of the String Quintet took place in 1850, and the first performance of " unfinished symphony"- in 1865. The catalog of Schubert's works includes about one thousand positions - six masses, eight symphonies, about 160 vocal ensembles, over 20 completed and unfinished piano sonatas and over 600 songs for voice and piano.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

K. Vasilyeva
Franz Schubert
1797 - 1828
short essay life and creativity
book for youth
"Music", 1969
(pdf, 3 Mb)

Amazing fate wonderful people! They have two lives: one ends with their death; the other continues after the death of the author in his creations and, perhaps, will never fade away, preserved by subsequent generations, grateful to the creator for the joy that the fruits of his labor bring to people. Sometimes the life of these creatures (be it works of art, inventions, discoveries) begins only after the death of the creator, no matter how bitter it is.
This is how the fate of Schubert and his works developed. Most of it the best essays, especially large genres, was not heard by the author. Much of his music could have disappeared without a trace if not for the energetic search and enormous work of some ardent connoisseurs of Schubert (including such musicians as Schumann and Brahms).
And so, when the ardent heart of a great musician stopped beating, his best works began to be “born again”, they themselves started talking about the composer, captivating listeners with their beauty, deep content and skill.

His music began to gradually sound everywhere where only true art is appreciated.
Speaking about the features of Schubert's work, academician B.V. Asafiev notes in him "a rare ability to be a lyricist, but not to withdraw into his own personal world, but to feel and convey the joys and sorrows of life in the way that most people feel and would like to convey." Perhaps it is impossible to express more precisely and more deeply the main thing in Schubert's music, what is its historical role. Schubert created great amount works of all, without exception, the genres that existed in his time - from vocal and piano miniatures to symphonies.
Every area except theater music, he said a unique and new word, left those living to this day wonderful works. With their abundance, the extraordinary variety of melody, rhythm, and harmony is striking.
"What the inexhaustible wealth melodic, the invention was in this untimely ended
his career as a composer,” Tchaikovsky wrote admiringly. “What a luxury of fantasy and sharply defined originality!”
Schubert's song richness is especially great. His songs are valuable and dear to us not only as independent works of art. They helped the composer find his musical language in other genres. The connection with the songs consisted not only in general intonations and rhythms, but also in the peculiarities of presentation, development of themes, expressiveness and colorfulness of harmonic means. Schubert opened the way for many new musical genres- impromptu, musical moments, song cycles, lyric-dramatic symphony. But in whatever genre Schubert wrote - in traditional or created by him - everywhere he acts as a composer new era, era of romanticism, although his work is firmly based on classical musical art.
Many features of the new romantic style then found development in the works of Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, Russian composers of the second half of XIX century.

Schubert's music is dear to us not only as a magnificent artistic monument. It touches the audience deeply. Whether it sprinkles with fun, plunges into deep thoughts, or causes suffering - it is close, understandable to everyone, it reveals so vividly and truthfully human feelings and thoughts expressed by Schubert, great in his boundless simplicity.

MAIN WORKS OF SCHUBERT

For symphony orchestra
Eight symphonies, including:
Symphony No. 4, in C minor (Tragic), 1816
Symphony No. 5 in B flat major, 1816
Symphony No. 7 in B minor (Unfinished), 1822
Symphony No. 8, in C major, 1828
Seven overtures.

Vocal works (notes)
Over 600 songs including:
Cycle "The Beautiful Miller", 1823
Cycle "Winter Way", 1827
Collection "Swan Song" (posthumous), 1828
More than 70 songs based on Goethe's texts, among them:
"Margarita at the spinning wheel", 1814
"Forest King", 1815
Over 30 spiritual works, including:
Mass in A flat major, 1822
Mass in E flat major, 1828
More than 70 secular works for choir and various ensembles.

Chamber Ensembles
Fifteen quartets, including:
Quartet in A minor, 1824
Quartet in D minor, 1826
Trout Quintet, 1819
String Quintet, 1828
Two piano trios, 1826 and 1827
Octet, 1824

Piano works
Eight impromptu, 1827-1828
Six Musical Moments, 1827
Fantasy "Wanderer", 1822
Fifteen sonatas, including:
Sonata in A minor, 1823
Sonata in A major, 1825
Sonata in B flat major, 1828
56 piano duets.
Hungarian divertissement, 1824
Fantasy in F minor, 1828
24 collections of dances.

Musical and dramatic works
Eight singspiel, including:
Friends from Salamanca, 1815
"Twins", 1819
Operas:
"Alfonso and Estrella", 1822
"Fierabras", 1823
"Home War" ("Conspirators"), 1823
The rest are not finished.
Melodrama "The Magic Harp", 1820

Franz Schubert entered the history of music as the first of the great Romantic composers. In that "epoch of disillusionment" that followed French Revolution, it seemed so natural to pay attention to an individual person with his passions, sorrows and joys - and this “song human soul” received a brilliant embodiment in the works of Schubert, which remained “song” even in large forms.

The birthplace of Franz Schubert is Lichtental, a suburb of Vienna, the European musical capital. In a large family, teachers of the parish school appreciated music: his father owned the cello and violin, and Franz's older brother played the piano, and they became the first mentors of the talented boy. From the age of seven, he learned to play the organ with the church bandmaster and singing with the regent. A beautiful voice allowed him to become at the age of eleven a student of Konvikt, a boarding school that trained choristers for the court chapel. Here one of his mentors was Antonio Salieri. Playing in the school orchestra, where he eventually became trusted to perform the duties of a conductor, Schubert became acquainted with many symphonic masterpieces, and symphonies in particular shocked him.

In Konvikt, Schubert created his first works, including. It was dedicated to the director of Konvikt, but young composer did not feel much sympathy either for this man or for the one headed by him educational institution: Schubert was a burden and the strictest discipline, and mind-draining cramming, and far from best relationship with mentors - giving all his strength to music, he did not pay special attention otherwise academic disciplines. Schubert was not expelled for academic failure just because he left Konvikt on time without permission.

Even at the time of teaching, Schubert had conflicts with his father: dissatisfied with the success of his son, Schubert Sr. forbade him to be at home on weekends (an exception was made only on the day of his mother's funeral). An even more serious conflict arose when the question arose of choosing life path: for all his interest in music, Schubert's father did not consider the profession of a musician a worthy occupation. He wanted his son to choose a more respected profession of a teacher, which would guarantee earnings, at least a small but reliable one, and, moreover, would free him from military service. To a young man had to obey. He worked at school for four years, but this did not prevent him from creating a lot of music - operas, symphonies, masses, sonatas, many songs. But if Schubert's operas are now forgotten, and in instrumental works of those years, the influence is strong enough Viennese classicism, then in the songs the individual features of the composer's creative image appeared in all their glory. Among the works of these years are such masterpieces as "", "Rose", "".

At the same time, Schubert suffered one of the most significant disappointments of his life. His beloved Teresa Coffin was forced to submit to her mother, who did not want to see her son-in-law as a teacher with a penny salary. With tears in her eyes, the girl went down the aisle with another and lived a long, prosperous life as the wife of a wealthy burgher. How happy she was, one can only guess, but Schubert never found personal happiness in marriage.

Boring school duties, distracting from the creation of music, increasingly burdened Schubert, and in 1817 he left school. After that, the father did not want to hear about his son. In Vienna, the composer lives now with one friend, then with another - these artists, poets and musicians were not much richer than himself. Schubert often did not even have money for music paper - he wrote down his musical thoughts on scraps of newspapers. But poverty did not make him gloomy and gloomy - he always remained cheerful and sociable.

It was not easy for the composer to make his way into music world Vienna - he was not a virtuoso performer, moreover, he was distinguished by extreme modesty, Schubert's sonatas and symphonies did not gain popularity during the author's lifetime, but they found a lively understanding among friends. At friendly meetings, the soul of which was Schubert (they were even called “Schubertiades”), discussions were held about art, politics and philosophy, but dancing was an integral part of such evenings. Schubert improvised dance music, and he recorded the most successful finds - this is how Schubert waltzes, landlers and ecossaises were born. One of the participants in the "Schubertiads" - Michael Vogl - often performed Schubert's songs on concert stage, becoming a propagandist of his work.

The 1820s became the time of creative flourishing for the composer. Then he created two latest symphonies- and, sonatas, chamber ensembles, as well as musical moments and impromptu. In 1823, one of his best creations was born - the vocal cycle "", a kind of "novel in songs". Despite the tragic ending, the cycle does not leave a feeling of hopelessness.

But tragic motifs sound more and more clearly in Schubert's music. Their focus is the second vocal cycle "" (the composer himself called it "terrible"). He often refers to the work of Heinrich Heine - along with songs based on poems by other poets, works based on his poems were published posthumously in the form of a collection "".

In 1828, the composer's friends organized a concert of his works, which brought great joy to Schubert. Unfortunately, the first concert turned out to be the last one that took place during his lifetime: in the same year, the composer died of an illness. Schubert's tombstone is inscribed with the words: "Music has buried rich treasures here, but even finer hopes."