The presented calculations of dispersion of pollutants are made in accordance with with obsolete"Methodology for calculating the concentrations in the air of harmful substances contained in the emissions of enterprises", OND-86. Calculations must be carried out in accordance with current guidelines, introduced by the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 273 dated 06.06.2017 "On approval of methods for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air".

A)"Scattering calculations were carried out for the calculation area with dimensions of 20000x15000m, grid spacing - 1000m."

Comment:

To carry out calculations of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, the initial data were not accepted in full, there is no necessary information on the actual and planned air pollution in standardized facilities ( residential buildings, school, etc.). According to regulatory documents, the dimensions of the calculation rectangle are chosen so that the concentration isoline of 0.05 MPC, which characterizes the zone of influence of the enterprise's emissions, does not go beyond the border of this rectangle, which corresponds to OND-86. It should be taken into account that the calculation grid step should not exceed the standard size of the SPZ and EPZ or the distance to the nearest residential development (in cases where residential buildings are located within these zones). Thus, the grid step of 1000m taken in the calculation is not correct. The section must be recalculated taking into account the location of residential development.

b)“Calculations of the dispersion of pollutants showed that for all substances released into the atmospheric air during construction works and during the operation of facilities perspective development in the territory of excess of MPC is not observed for any of the substances. The calculation is appropriate for nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and suspended solids only taking into account the background"

Comment:

the submitted design materials do not contain information on the distance from the sources of pollutant emissions for the period of construction and operation to regulated facilities (residential buildings, schools, etc.). Design points in residential buildings located at a minimum distance from emission sources have not been selected. The impact of the planned construction works and the period of operation has not been assessed railway with rail transport to residential buildings (information on rail transport is present in volume 1, p. 157, map ZsOUIT sp Vereiskoye).

Therefore, the entire section was developed incorrectly, the information presented cannot be considered as a justification for the placement of a railway branch line of rail transport, and does not allow drawing conclusions about the admissibility of construction work and the admissibility of the impact of the facility during the period of operation in terms of air pollution from the village of Vereiskoye.

Chapter 2

Measures for the collection, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of hazardous waste

Page 27-33

List of generated waste

Comment:

Names and codes of waste are determined according to obsolete Federal Classification Catalog of Waste, approved by order Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources dated July 18, 2014. No. 445. It is necessary to use the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated May 22, 2017 N 242 "On Approval of the Federal Classification Catalog of Waste".

Page 34-35

Justification of the volumes of temporary accumulation of waste on the territory of the enterprise and the frequency of their removal

Comment:

Not all design decisions of federal, regional and local significance are reflected in the design materials. The sizes and locations of temporary storage sites and dumps of soil, crushed stone and other building materials, the ways of access for construction equipment have not been determined, taking into account the planned work in the area of ​​​​dense residential development, as well as in the immediate vicinity of the school.

Given the elevation difference and the presence water body Bykovka river in the area of ​​the projected construction of the railway, the volumes of soil to be moved will be significant, the organization of an embankment and the construction of a railway bridge across the river will be required. (information about rail transport is available in volume 1, p. 157, map of ZsOUIT SP Vereiskoye)

10. Chapter 3

Developer comment project documentation.

What we have been waiting for and feared for many years has come true. After several unsuccessful attempts and many years of “threats” to develop and implement a new industry regulatory document instead of the good old OND-86, it has finally been developed and even implemented. To be more precise, now it is not called OND, but simply Methods for Calculating the Dispersion of Emissions of Harmful (Polluting) Substances in the Atmospheric Air .

OND-86 for a long time remained the only document developed and approved by the Main Geophysical Observatory. A.I. Voeikov of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology in accordance with the established procedure, and it is on this methodology that the calculation of the dispersion of pollutant emissions from emission sources in the project documentation (projects of maximum permissible emissions, sanitary protection zone, list of environmental protection measures, etc.) is based and computer programs for calculating dispersion are used. The technique is designed to calculate surface concentrations in a two-meter layer above the ground, as well as the vertical distribution of concentrations.

The order to approve the Methods was signed at the end of 2016 by the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology Russian Federation and sent for registration to the Ministry of Justice of Russia.

Methods are subject to mandatory application from 01/01/2018, however, all documents developed on the basis of the old methodology will be valid until the end of their validity period.

The official reason for the appearance of a new document is the elimination of a legal gap due to the lack of duly approved methods for calculating dispersion, since OND-86 did not pass state registration and was not published in due course. In addition, after the introduction of OND-86, new scientific results were obtained, and it became necessary to clarify and supplement the provisions of OND-86. Pay attention to this wording - "new scientific results". Sounds promising, but it's not clear how this is implemented in Methods.

Let's bring short review new normative legal act in the form in which it was adopted.

SETTLEMENT MECHANISM

The main calculation formula from OND-86 - calculation of atmospheric pollution by emissions from a single source - in a new document significant changes did not endure.

Maximum surface single concentration of a pollutant s m (mg / m 3) with the release of a gas-air (dust-gas-air) mixture from a single point source of emission with a round mouth is achieved at a dangerous wind speed u m at a distance x m from the source and is determined by the formula:

Section formulas. 5 OND-86 migrated to sec. 8 Methods also without significant changes.

terrain is still taken into account very simply - using a single coefficient . However, the apparatus for calculating this coefficient is somewhat expanded. Now, if in the area of ​​influence of the object there is a height difference of more than 50 m per 1 km, then the coefficient is set on the basis of an analysis of the cartographic material characterizing the terrain.

Cartographic material should be topographic maps at a scale of 1:25,000 or 1:10,000 with lines of equal terrain heights (isohypses) and elevation marks, as well as indicating the location of the industrial site of the enterprise and sources of emissions. It is allowed to use topographic maps both on paper and on electronic media, incl. derived from open sources in the information and telecommunications network "Internet". This can reduce the cost of acquiring such cards.

Correction coefficients k are introduced in the presence of separately identified relief forms (hill, ridge), as well as when the source is located in a valley.

Methods introduces a new concept - virtual emission source. A group of point sources of emissions can be combined into a virtual point source with an emission power equal to the total power of these sources.

In OND-86, the method for calculating the dispersion of emissions, taking into account the development, was included in Appendix 2, but now this method is included in the main text of the document, but has not changed.

Section 10 of the Methods includes formulas for calculating long-term averages, in particular annual averages, of pollutant concentrations that can be used to assess the long-term impact of atmospheric air pollution on environment, as well as to assess and minimize public health risks from air pollution. This is a fundamentally new function in the proposed calculation apparatus; it was not in OND-86. The calculation of the field of long-term average concentrations can be carried out from a single point source and also from a group of sources.

For emission sources with constant emission parameters during the considered period long-term average ground concentrations C pollutants are determined by the formula:

In accordance with sect. 11 "Method of taking into account background concentrations of pollutants in the calculation of atmospheric air pollution and determining the background by calculation" when calculating air pollution, all emission sources must be taken into account, incl. and those that were not included in the inventory for one reason or another. At the same time, obviously, we mean emission sources belonging not to a specific economic entity, but to other entities.

Methods suggest in this case, to ensure that background concentrations are taken into account, to carry out, using the proposed formulas, a summary calculation of dispersion with sharing information about both considered (already taken into account in the calculation) and background emission sources. At the same time, it is unclear how an enterprise should obtain information on emission sources from other enterprises- search on your own or make a request to government agencies. On this moment there is no such state function and corresponding authorized body. The text of the document does not indicate who makes such a summary calculation.

Paragraph 11.3 of the Methods raises similar questions:

extraction
from Methods

[…]
11.3. For pollutants for which regular observations of the state and pollution of atmospheric air are not available or in terms of volume and/or quality do not meet the established requirements for observations of background air pollution, and if inventory data are available, the background concentrations of pollutants with fr and with fg can be determined based on a summary calculation of atmospheric air pollution using the formulas of these Methods, provided that the calculation takes into account at least 95% of the total emissions from sources that are located on the territory under consideration or the zone of influence of which intersects with the territory under consideration. Compliance with this condition is checked according to the data of state accounting of objects that provide negative impact on the environment […].
[…]

Again, it is not indicated who performs the calculation of background concentrations - the economic entity itself, Roshydromet, or another organization.

In section 12 "Methods for calculating the dispersion of pollutant emissions in the atmospheric air from different types of emission sources" you can find calculation methods for superhot sources (temperatures above 3000 ° C), for which the calculation is carried out as for virtual sources; for a point source equipped with an umbrella or cover; for point sources with deviation of mouth angle; for sources with dangerous velocities (for example, for emissions from gas pumping units compressor stations main gas pipelines), as well as explanations for the calculations of dispersion from aircraft and ships, from blasting in open pits, taking into account the depth of the open pit.

At the end of the section, there are two more points that raise questions.

extraction
from Methods

[…]
12.13. For pollutants, according to which the legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population establishes maximum one-time, average daily and average annual MPCs, average daily concentrations c cc of pollutants are determined by the formula:

Where c mr and C sg are the maximum one-time and average annual concentrations of this pollutant, calculated according to the formulas of these Methods.
[…]

The requirement to calculate the average daily maximum allowable concentrations according to the formulas of this methodology, instead of using MPCs approved on the basis of sanitary and epidemiological legislation for certain substances, is puzzling. The state has the right to establish MPC, but not the developers of project documentation or users of natural resources.

Clause 12.14 contains requirements for the calculation substantiation of the estimated size of the SPZ, which also raises doubts, since everything related to the SPZ and the justification of their size is prescribed in the sanitary and epidemiological legislation.

Thus, the settlement mechanism in the Methods is almost the same as that used earlier in OND-86. However, the adoption of the new document caused a great resonance. At the stage of development and approval, additional public hearings were held from 12/22/2015 to 01/11/2016, as a result of which 79 points of comments were put forward by experts from commercial organizations and government bodies both on the mathematical part (indication of many errors, inaccuracies, inaccuracies) and on terminology. In addition, there were many complaints about the draft Methods in terms of economic feasibility, corruption and financial burden on business.

REMARKS ON THE DRAFT METHODS

Let us consider some of the comments given in the Conclusion of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia on the assessment of the regulatory impact on the draft Methods (hereinafter referred to as the Conclusion):

Remark 1

FRAGMENT OF CONCLUSION

In the summary report presented by the developer, the cost calculations of subjects entrepreneurial activity that may arise in connection with the entry into force of the draft act are not given.

There is also no analysis of the possibility of further application of software products that currently provide calculations of surface concentrations based on OND-86.

The developer of the draft act does not provide economic or legal reasons for changing the current methods for calculating the dispersion of pollutants in the atmospheric air. At the same time, the developer's reference to new scientific results (paragraphs 1.4 and 3.1 of the summary report), which necessitate the adoption of the draft act, in the absence of their detail, cannot serve as sufficient justification for the adoption of the draft act.

At the same time, the cancellation of OND-86 and the proposed complication of calculation methods will lead to a number of negative results for business entities:

There will be a need to replace the unified program for calculating air pollution (hereinafter - UPRZA), which will lead to additional costs for 4 business entities for the purchase of revised UPRZA programs;

The cost of settlement services will increase due to the complication of calculation methods;

Changes in calculation methods in practice may lead to tightening of pollutant emission standards;

Emergence of the risk of untimely development of permits (hereinafter referred to as MPE drafts) and untimely receipt of permits for the emission of pollutants due to the lack of sufficiency assessments transition period offered by the developer until January 1, 2017.

In addition, if the new technique simply repeats the old one with some additions, then the following situation is evident. The methodology has been approved, and it is on its basis that unified programs for calculating air pollution - UPRZA.

To date, there are several UPRZA developed by various companies and approved by the State Geographical Society. A.I. Voeikov. These programs are far from cheap, and after the adoption of a new methodology and a slight modification of the UPRZA, the developers of project documentation and all interested parties will have to buy new versions of the programs, because in a year, projects with dispersion calculations made in old versions of the programs will not be accepted for approval.

After this remark, the period for the Methods to come into force was extended by the developers - from 01/01/2017 it was postponed to 01/01/2018, however, the remark was not taken into account on other points. For the remaining time, software developers need to have time to develop and approve new UPRZA, and users need to buy and master them.

Remark 2

FRAGMENT OF CONCLUSION

2. In paragraph 5.11 of the draft act, the values ​​​​of the maximum design wind speed for the territory under consideration should be taken according to the data of climate reference books or according to the explanations of the territorial bodies of Roshydromet.

In order to reduce the time and financial costs of business entities, it is necessary to include data on the maximum design wind speeds for the territory of the Russian Federation as an annex to the draft act.

Recommendations to apply for additional data to Roshydromet are found not only in this paragraph. And who, if not users of natural resources, should know that obtaining any information in this organization costs significant costs, as a result of which the prices of projects increase. Therefore, we consider the remark objective.

However, in latest edition The specified data on the values ​​of the maximum design wind speed, as well as others, are not given in the appendices, except for the values ​​of the coefficient A and auxiliary functions used to calculate the relief coefficient. It should be noted that the requirement “The value of the maximum design wind speed for the territory under consideration is established according to the data of the wind speed distribution functions published in climate reference books or according to the explanations of the territorial bodies of Roshydromet” removed from the Methods text.

Remark 3

FRAGMENT OF CONCLUSION

3. In accordance with paragraph 7.1 of the draft act, to take into account the terrain, it is necessary to use cartographic material consisting of topographic maps obtained in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on geodesy and cartography at a scale of 1:25,000 or 1:10,000 with lines of equal heights of the terrain (isohypses) and elevation marks, as well as indicating the location of the industrial site of the enterprise of emission sources. […] the service of obtaining the necessary cartographic materials is paid, which will require certain financial costs of business entities.

In order to exclude this type of costs, the developers of the draft act are invited to exclude this requirement from the draft act, replacing the cartographic material with publicly available information on the terrain.

This item was reviewed by the developer of the Methods, and yet, in their latest revision, the requirements for cards remained. This means that this will also have to be included in the cost of project development.

Remark 4

Similar in meaning to the previous remark is contained in paragraph 4 of the Conclusion, which states that some data must be contacted by Roshydromet, and also that UPRZA based on this methodology should be agreed only in the GGO named after. A.I. Voeikov. This paragraph of the Conclusion is practically not taken into account in the final version of the Methods. UPRZA is still being coordinated in the GGO them. A.I. Voeikov, and Roshydromet provides the necessary climatic characteristics.

Remark 5

FRAGMENT OF CONCLUSION

5. Paragraph 11.1 of the draft act imposes on economic entities the obligation to determine the background concentrations of pollutants in the event that the data of regular observations of Roshydromet on the state and pollution of atmospheric air are either not available at all, or in terms of volume and / or quality do not meet the requirements of regulatory documents approved by this agency. To do this, it is proposed to use data on emission sources from which at least 95% of all total emissions in the territory under consideration are emitted or the zone of influence of which intersects with the territory under consideration.

Obviously, obtaining the necessary data on all sources of pollutant emissions in a certain area is not available to business entities. The state function to provide such data from state bodies is not carried out, independent collection of this data by business entities is practically impossible. Organizations - owners of emission sources can simply refuse to provide information, since this information may be a state or commercial secret.

Thus, the obligation to determine the background concentrations of pollutants for business entities is impossible. It is proposed to assign the obligation to provide data on background concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air to the bodies of Roshydromet in any case - whether there are data from regular observations of Roshydromet on the state and pollution of atmospheric air, or background concentrations must be determined by calculation methods.

We mentioned this earlier in the article. Background pollution, of course, must be taken into account, and in the absence of observations, background concentrations determined by the calculation method should be given, and not forcing the enterprise to collect information on neighboring enterprises on their emissions for the summary volume of ELVs.

NOTE

The development of general (joint) volumes of MPE for several subjects is not prescribed either in the Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-ФЗ “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” (as amended on 13.07.2015), or in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.03.2000 No. edition of 06/05/2013).

This remark referred to the first edition of the Methods, however, even after editing this paragraph, its meaning has not changed much:

extraction
from Methods

[…]
11.1. If not all pollutant emission sources are taken into account (i.e., given by their heights, emission rates and other characteristics) in the calculation of atmospheric air pollution, then the calculation results should be corrected to ensure that the background contribution, i.e. unaccounted sources. If the required data on all emission sources are available, the quantitative contribution of the part of emission sources not included directly in the calculations can be taken into account by carrying out summary calculation of atmospheric air pollution with the joint use of information on both considered (already taken into account in the calculation) and background emission sources. Accounting for the contribution of background sources can also be ensured by adding background concentration values ​​to the results of calculating atmospheric air pollution by emissions from accounted sources. […]
[…]

References to such calculations are contained in the Order of the State Committee for Ecology of the Russian Federation of February 16, 1999 No. 66 “On the application of the system of consolidated calculations for the regulation of emissions”, where local authorities are ordered to carry out such calculations, and in the Methodological Guide for the calculation, regulation and control of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere (St. Petersburg: OAO NII Atmosfera, 2012; hereinafter - Toolkit). Based on these documents (which can be interpreted in two ways, and the Methodological Guide is completely advisory in nature), it is not clear who exactly conducts the summary calculations of dispersion - government agencies or nature users.

Unfortunately, the Methods also do not provide clarity on the issue, although, nevertheless, a direct indication that such calculations are carried out by the economic entities themselves has been removed from the text.

“Compliance with the condition of taking into account in the summary calculation at least 95% of total emissions from sources located in the territory under consideration or the zone of influence of which intersects with the territory under consideration is checked according to the data of state registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment”- this speaks in favor of the fact that Rosprirodnadzor will still make summary calculations or local authorities executive power as having access to the State information system on the accounting of objects that have a negative impact on the environment.

Remark 6

Paragraph 6 of the Conclusion refers to the already considered calculation of the average daily MPC based on the above formula. Despite the indication to the developers of the illegality of self-calculation of MPCs for substances, this requirement remained in the Methods.

Remark 7

Paragraph 7 of the Conclusion draws attention to the fact that Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1316-r dated 08.07.2015 approved a list of pollutants for which state regulation measures in the field of environmental protection are applied (hereinafter referred to as the List), in connection with which it is necessary to specifically indicate whether dispersion calculations are carried out only for standardized substances or for all emitted ones. However, in the latest edition of the Methods, the List is mentioned, but there are no specifics:

extraction
from Methods

[…]
1.1. These Methods for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air […] are designed to calculate the concentrations of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air […], including those included in the List of pollutants, in respect of which state regulation measures in the field of environmental protection are applied, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 08.07.2015 No. 1316-r […].
[…]

Judging by the wording, it will be necessary to carry out dispersion calculations for all substances, as before.

Remark 8

In the draft Methods, nothing was said about the number of measurements of concentrations of substances, their frequency and location of points. In addition, it was pointed out that in the draft Methods there were no test cases on the basis of which it was possible to check the algorithm for calculating and testing programs. After the last edition, calculation examples did not appear in the Methods (apart from the example of calculating long-term concentrations, which was also in earlier versions).

As a result, after all the battles, we have new methods for calculating the dispersion of emissions, which, in fact, are an old technique in a new cover.

Conclusion

The new normative legal document introduced only minor changes to the methods for calculating dispersion, while retaining the entire bureaucratic apparatus of approvals, issuance of the necessary information, etc. UPRZA will change to a minimal extent, but you still have to pay for them in order to receive project approval in the future. And one of the official reasons for the introduction of the new document, namely the vague promise of the developers to take into account “new scientific results” in it, in the new Methods, remained a promise.

The method for calculating the concentrations in the atmospheric air of harmful substances contained in the emissions of enterprises (OND-86) was approved by the USSR State Hydrometeorological Committee on December 4, 1986 No. 192.

At the time of signing the issue for publication, the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated December 26, 2016 No. 674 “On Approval of Methods for Calculating the Dispersion of Emissions of Harmful (Pollutant) Substances in the Atmospheric Air” is being registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia.

Dear subscribers, changes in environmental legislation again excite the imagination of environmentalists!

The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia nevertheless approved a new method for calculating the dispersion of harmful substances in the atmospheric air!!!

The corresponding order “On approval of methods for calculating the dispersion of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air” dated December 26, 2016 No. 674 was sent to the Ministry of Justice of Russia for the second time! This time should hit the bull's-eye?!

The order was developed to replace the Methodology for calculating the concentrations in the atmospheric air of harmful substances contained in the emissions of enterprises (OND-86), approved by the USSR State Hydrometeorological Committee on August 4, 1986.

Why do we need to calculate the dispersion of harmful substances in the atmospheric air?

The approved Methods for calculating the dispersion of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air will make it possible to make calculations, including the average annual concentrations of pollutants, which can be used to assess the long-term impact of atmospheric air pollution on the environment, as well as to assess and minimize public health risks from air pollution.

The document also provides recommendations on carrying out calculations of the dispersion of pollutant emissions in the atmospheric air for air pollution sources characterized by high dangerous speeds, pollutant emission rates that exceed the speed of sound, flare combustion sources and moving sources of atmospheric air pollution.

The project is intended for use by individuals and legal entities performing calculations of the dispersion of pollutant emissions in the atmospheric air at:

• determination of standards for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air;
• carrying out consolidated calculations of the dispersion of pollutant emissions from the totality of the API for the territory of urban and other settlements and their parts, taking into account transport or other mobile vehicles and installations of all types that ensure the operation of the transport infrastructure, as well as unauthorized sources of emissions;
• short-term and long-term forecasting and assessment of the impact of planned economic and other activities on the environment;
• calculation assessment and forecast of short-term and long-term levels of atmospheric air pollution and corresponding background concentrations of pollutants;
• calculation substantiation of the sizes of sanitary protection zones (SPZ);
• calculation of indicators of air pollution used in the numerical assessment of the risk to public health when exposed to chemical substances polluting the environment;
• when carrying out work on territorial planning, urban zoning, territory planning, architectural and construction design, construction of capital construction facilities, their reconstruction, overhaul, operation of buildings, structures, as well as during the engineering surveys necessary for these purposes, etc.

Methods for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air shall be applied from January 1, 2018.

At the same time, according to the order, the documentation developed and approved before January 1, 2018 on the basis of calculations made in accordance with OND-86 will be valid for the period established for it.

That's all for us, subscribe, follow the news on the site!

The note was prepared by my assistant for the development of the “Environmental Safety” column, Ksenia Raldugina.

To be continued...

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1 Laboratory work 1 Calculation of atmospheric dispersion of emissions of harmful substances Dispersion of emissions from industrial enterprises emitted various sources, occurs under the influence of atmospheric air flows interacting with emissions. Turbulence air flow arises both as a result of its interaction with the surface of the earth and ground structures, and under the influence of thermal interaction in air layers having different temperatures. The calculation of emission dispersion consists in determining the concentration of harmful substances in the surface air layer (C, mg/m). The value of the maximum concentration of each i-th harmful substance C,i, in the surface layer of the atmosphere should not exceed the value of its maximum permissible concentration in the atmospheric air, i.e. С,i MPC i. The results of emission dispersion calculations should contain, along with textual graphic material: 1 this distribution of emissions from a furnace (or a group of furnaces) according to the example (see Fig.) (X 1,X n distance from the emission source along the length of the emission torch; Y 1,...,Y n distance along the normal to the emission torch axis); dependence of the dust concentration C x on the length X of the "torch"; dependence of the concentration Cy on the width Y of the torch. Rice. Sema of the distribution of impurity concentrations in the surface layer

2 Description of the problem Gas and dust emission from a point source (a chimney, for example) with a round mouth is considered under given meteorological conditions. The amount of dust emitted into the atmosphere, g/s M ZV 1, where Z is the concentration of dust in the gas, g/m; V 1 flow of the ejected gas, m / s. The value of the limiting maximum surface concentration of harmful substances C when a heated gas-air dusty mixture is released at a distance X from the emission source is determined from the expression C A M F n /(H V t), (1.1) where A is the heat dissipation coefficient (for the central zone of the Russian Federation A = 10); F is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the settling rate of harmful emissions in the atmospheric air (for harmful and fine aerosols F = 1, for dust and ash F = (ŋ 90%), F =.5 (ŋ = %), F = (ŋ< 75%); ŋ коэффициент эффективности газоочистной установки; V 1 объем газовоздушной смеси, м /с, выбрасываемой в атмосферу при средней скорости в устье ω О, м/с, и при диаметре устья дымовой трубы D, м, т.е. V=(πD 1 /4) ω o; безразмерный коэффициент, учитывающий условия выода выброса из устья источника; 1 (0,670,1 f 0,4 f), D o 10 где f ; H t n коэффициент, учитывающий условия выода из устья источника данного выброса, определяемый в зависимости от параметра 1 V V t 0,65 ; n = при V H 0, n (V 0,)(4,6V) при 0, < V, n=1 при V >; Н height of the emission source above ground level, m; t is the difference between the temperature of the emitted gas t r and the ambient air temperature t in the hottest month of the year in the given region, C. The maximum surface concentration of the emission of harmful substances under unfavorable meteorological conditions (C) is achieved on the axis of the emission plume in the direction of the "average" wind for the period under consideration at a distance X from the source, which is equal, m, at F< Х H d, (1.) а при F 1

3 X where d 4.95V (1 0.8 f) at V t, d 7 V (1 0.8 f) Hd 5F 4, (1.) at V t >. The maximum surface concentration of harmful emissions under unfavorable meteorological conditions and wind speed, which differs from the wind speed on the plume axis, is, mg/m, where C, v r C, (1.4) r 0.67() 1.67() 1.4() at 1, (1.5) (/) (/) r at >1, (1.6) (/) where υ is the actual "average" wind speed, m/s; υ dangerous wind speed at the mouth of the release source, m/s. The value of υ at the level of the mouth of the pipe, at which surface concentrations reach a maximum, depends on the value of V, i.e. υ = V (1+0.1 f) for V > ; υ = V at 0.5< V ; υ =0,5 V при V 0,5. Расстояние Х,υ, на котором при скорости ветра υ и неблагоприятны метеорологически условия приземная концентрация вредны выбросов С,υ достигает максимального значения, равно Х, р Х, (1.7) где р = при υ/υ 0,5; р = 8,4 {1- υ/υ) при 0,5 υ/υ 1; р = 0, (υ/υ) + 0,68 при υ/υ >1. The value of the ground concentration of harmful emissions depending on the distance X along the axis of the emission plume from the source is equal to C x S1 C, (1.8) 4 x x where S 1 = () 8() 6() at 1; x 1.1/ x 8; at > 8. The value of the surface concentration at a distance y in the direction of the normal to the plume axis С S C, (1.9) y

4 y 4 1 where S ( ). Initial data for the calculation and tasks of the laboratory experiment The following data are entered as the initial data (values ​​for the control example are given in brackets): - height of the emission source above ground level H(80), m; - diameter of the mouth of the release source D (6.4), m; - discharge temperature at the mouth level t r (100), С; - average temperature of atmospheric air in the hottest month in the given area t in (0), С; - concentration of a harmful substance in the emission Z o (100), mg/m; - emission volume V 1 (I98800), m/h; - coefficient of temperature stratification of the atmosphere А (160), (с / mg.grad 1/)/year; - coefficient of efficiency of emission purification from harmful substances ŋ (75), %; - distance from the emission source along the axis of the plume X (i) (1000, 000, 5000, 10000,15000), m; - sign of the type of harmful emission E (0); E=0 for dust, E=1 for aerosol; - wind speed υ (j) (1.4.6), m/s; The results of the test case calculation are shown below. Intermediate calculation data: F =,5; V 1 \u003d m / s; ω 0 = 10.56 m/s; M =, g/s. Determining parameters Distance along the torch axis X, m Maximum surface concentration С, g/m Dangerous wind speed υ, m/s 768.68 0.07 4.94 Maximum surface concentration of the emission on the torch axis Specified wind speed υ, m/s Distance along the torch axis Хυ, m Surface concentration Cтυ, mg/m 1 06.6 0.9 0.5 0, 1 0.07 4

5 In the laboratory work, students can be offered the following tasks (depending on the volume of the laboratory workshop): 1. Evaluation of the influence of wind speed on the concentration of impurities in the surface layer and the determination of dangerous wind speed. Construction and analysis of a graph of the distribution of pollutant concentrations in the direction of the wind propagation axis. Calculation of the field of impurity concentration in the surface layer in the direction of the axis perpendicular to the wind direction (Y axis) at different distances from the source. Construction and analysis of obtained graphically dependencies. Calculation of the standard for the maximum permissible emission of harmful substances. 4. Construction of the field of surface concentrations of pollutants on a given element of the earth's surface area. 5. Investigation of the influence of various emission source parameters on ground concentrations. Results of the calculation of the control example According to the results of the calculation, the user of the software product can generate a report and export it to .xls or .pdf formats. An example of calculation of a control example is given below: Calculation of emission dispersion into the atmosphere mg/m³ Initial data Emission source height, m ​​10 Emission source mouth diameter, m Emission temperature, C 160 Average temperature in the hottest month, C 0 Emission concentration at the emission level, 5000 Emission volume, m³/s 40 Cleaning efficiency factor, % 9 Distance from the emission source along the axis of the torch, m Distance from the emission source along the normal to 0 ejection, m 100 5

6 Wind speed, m/s Calculation results Distance from the source along the flame axis, m 1050.97 Maximum limiting concentration, mg/m³ 0.1 Dangerous wind speed, m/s.45 Distance along the flame axis depending on the wind speed 1601, m Surface concentration depending on the wind, mg/m 0.15 0.99 0.6 0.19 0.19 , m D, m t g, 0 C t c, 0 C V 1, m/s η, % U 1, m/s U, m/s, .6 60 0.5 75 6, 95 8,

7 , ,

Practical work 9 Calculation of atmospheric pollution by emissions from a single point source The area of ​​pollution of the earth layer of the atmosphere is determined by the type of source and the nature of the leak,

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Practical work No. 1

Calculation of dispersion in the atmospheric air of pollutants contained in the emissions of enterprises

Atmospheric air pollution should be understood as any change in its composition and properties that has a negative impact on human and animal health, the condition of plants and ecosystems.

Air pollution can be:

Natural (natural) and anthropogenic (technogenic).

Atmospheric pollution occurs as a result of natural processes - natural sources of pollution (volcanic eruptions, dust storms, fires, etc.) and human activities - anthropogenic sources - emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles, fuel combustion for various purposes, waste incineration and other emissions from economic activities.

These sources of pollution are characterized by heterogeneity in composition, high concentration, uneven distribution. Emissions contain many substances that adversely affect both human health and the environment, vegetation, animals and the aquatic environment.

The quality of the air environment in which a person lives depends on his health, well-being and performance. Human health and life expectancy is the main indicator of environmental quality and sustainable development of the urban environment.

Atmospheric air is in contact with all elements of nature, and the deterioration of its quality leads to the death of green spaces, pollution of soils, water bodies and watercourses, damage to the structures of buildings and structures, cultural monuments.

Atmospheric pollutants are substances alien to the atmosphere (xenobiotics) that violate the quality of the air environment. Violation means an impact that leads to the accumulation of chemical compounds and substances in the air in concentrations exceeding the established standards. As a result of these excesses, one should expect the occurrence of irreversible disturbances in the functioning of organisms, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole.

Anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere are divided into primary and secondary:

Primary - these are emissions that enter the atmosphere directly from various sources of pollution;

Secondary are the product of formation due to the interaction in the atmosphere of primary emissions with various substances (oxygen, ammonia, water, etc.), they can be more dangerous and toxic than primary ones.

Air pollutants can be solid, liquid or gaseous.

Eight categories of pollutants can be distinguished as the most common and dangerous:

dust and suspensions, which are the smallest particles and aerosols that are in the air in a dispersed state;

hydrocarbons and other volatile organic compounds;

carbon monoxide (CO);

nitrogen oxides (NO and NO 2);

sulfur oxides, mainly sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )

lead and other heavy metals;

ozone and other photochemical oxidants;

acids, mainly sulfuric and nitric, present as liquid droplets that form acid rain and fog.

The level of pollution in the atmosphere is determined by three factors:

Source of pollutants entering the atmosphere;

The volume of space in which they are scattered;

Mechanisms for removing pollutants from the air.

In order to regulate atmospheric air pollution in 1951 in Russia, and then in other countries of the world, maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances were adopted. The definition is based on studies of the effect of toxic substances on human animals, as well as on vegetation, climate, atmospheric transparency and living conditions of the population.

Maximum Permissible Concentration (MAC) is a normalized sanitary and hygienic characteristic of a substance, it is the maximum concentration of an impurity in the atmospheric air, referred to a certain averaging time, which, with periodic exposure or throughout a person’s life, does not have any harmful effects on him or the environment as a whole.

For each substance polluting the atmospheric air, two standards are currently established:

maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration for a 20-minute period of measurement (averaging) - MPC m.r., mg / m 3;

average daily maximum allowable concentration, which is understood as concentration averaged over a long period of time (up to a year) - MPC s.s., mg / m 3.

The maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air are regulated by sanitary standards - GN 2.1.6.1338-03. "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Pollutants in the Atmospheric Air of Populated Areas".

Hygiene standards establish the following:

Hazard Class;

Maximum allowable maximum one-time concentration;

Maximum allowable average daily concentration.

According to the degree of impact on humans, harmful substances are divided into 4 hazard classes:

extremely dangerous;

highly dangerous;

moderately dangerous;

low-risk.

The hazard class is set depending on the average concentration of CL 50 in the air, leading to death with a probability of 0.5.

Table 1

Maximum permissible concentrations of certain harmful substances in the atmospheric air of populated areas

	Name of pollutant	Maximum allowable maximum single concentration, MPC m.r., mg / m 3	Hazard Class
	Nitrogen II oxide
	Fine dust with silicon content up to 20%
	Fine dust with silicon content up to 50%
	Sulfur dioxide (sulphurous anhydride)
	Hydrogen chloride
	hydrogen sulfide
	carbon oxide
	Soot (carbon)
	Benz/a/pyrene	(MPC s.s - 0.1mkg / 100m 3)
	iron oxide	(MPC s.s - 0.04 mg / m 3)
	Iron chloride	(MPC s.s - 0.04 mg / m 3)
		(MPC s.s - 0.0017 mg / m 3)

For substances with a summation of harmful effects, the sum of their relative concentrations should not exceed one:

where С 1 , С 2 ,… С n – actual concentrations of substances in the atmospheric air;

MPC 1 , MPC 2 ,… MPC n - maximum allowable concentrations of the same substances.

To ensure that the concentration of pollutants does not exceed the MPC, dust and gas emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere through high pipes.

If when calculating this condition is not fulfilled, then dust and gas emissions must be cleaned without fail.

Dispersion of pollutants in the atmospheric air

Gaseous pollutants and aerosols are emitted into the atmosphere through chimneys, aeration lamps and ventilation devices. Depending on their height, the following types of emission sources are distinguished:

High (H>50 m);

Medium height (Н=10…50 m);

Low (Н=2…10 m);

Ground (H<2 м).

The distribution of the gas mixture emitted from the pollution source in the atmosphere is determined in its lowest part.

After the release of the pollutant from the source of emissions, they do not remain unchanged in the atmosphere. There is a change in the structure of atmospheric air in the process of dynamic phenomena, such as movement and distribution in space, turbulent diffusion, dilution, etc. Pollutants enter into chemical interaction with other components of atmospheric air, changing their quantitative and qualitative composition in time and space.

Emissions of pollutants contained in the exhaust gases of enterprises are carried out through building pipes, the purpose of which is to remove exhaust gases beyond the surface layer and disperse them. Dissipation is one of the ways to achieve the established air quality standards in the surface layer of the atmosphere in the area of ​​the enterprise.

The dissipation efficiency depends on the following factors:

Pipe height H, m (300 m and more);

Heights of rise of flue (exhaust) gases above the mouth of the pipe. The height of the rise of gases is provided by the direction of movement at a speed w 0 , m/s;

The process of floating warm gases released into colder ambient air;

Horizontal movement of the wind, reducing the effect of vertical speed and the effect of floating.

The jet of gas leaving the chimney is diluted with unpolluted air, so there is a decrease in the concentration of the pollutant, which is the essence of dispersion. The degree of dilution of emissions is directly dependent on the distance that this emission has traveled to a given point. Harmful substances contained in the release spread in the direction of the wind within a sector limited by a rather small flame opening angle near the exit from the stack of 10 0 - 20 0 .

When constructing a picture of the dispersion of harmful substances in flue gases, of practical interest is not the vertical distribution of concentration in space (in particular, along the height of the torch), but the change in concentration in the surface layer of the atmosphere, i.e. in the 2-meter layer above the earth's surface, where people mostly reside (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Axonometric diagram of changes in the surface concentration of pollutants

Factors affecting the surface distribution of pollutants: meteorological, climatic, terrain and the nature of the location of the enterprise's facilities on it, the height of the chimneys and the hydrodynamic parameters of the outflow of exhaust gases.

Meteorological factors include:

Wind speed, temperature stratification (distribution of ambient air temperatures in the vertical direction near the chimneys);

Ambient air temperature.

Their special role is manifested in the lower layer of the atmosphere - up to a height of 50-250 m above the earth's surface.

Each source of emissions, depending on its height, volume and temperature of gases, has its own so-called dangerous wind speed. u m when the highest surface concentration of harmful substances Cm takes place.

The level of surface concentration of harmful substances is strongly influenced by temperature stratification, which is determined by the ability of the Earth's surface to absorb or emit heat. In the daytime, the earth's surface heats up and gives off heat, heating the surface layer of air, but as it rises, the temperature drops. At night, the earth's surface gives off a large amount of radiant heat to the surrounding space. At the same time, the earth's surface cools down, cooling, the temperature of the surface layer of air decreases, in contrast to the upper layers. As a result, the process of inversion (rotation) of the temperature distribution in the Earth's air shell occurs - the air temperature rises with height.

The calculation of surface concentrations of harmful substances is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents:

OND-86. Methods for calculating the concentrations in the atmospheric air of harmful substances contained in the emissions of enterprises, approved by the State Committee for Hydrometeorology in 1986.

RD. 52.04.186-89. Air Pollution Control Guide.

Calculation of dispersion in the atmosphere of harmful substances from a single point source with a round outlet with a heated gas-air mixture (cold, gas-air mixture)

Determination of the maximum value of the surface concentration of pollutant C m

To perform the calculation, a normative method is used, which allows calculating the fields of concentrations of harmful substances (emissions) created by chimneys, ventilation lanterns, as well as accumulations of numerous small sources.

The basis of the normative method is the determination of the maximum value of surface concentration C m .

The maximum value of the surface concentration of a harmful substance WITH m(mg / m 3) with the release of a gas-air mixture from a single point source with a round mouth is achieved under adverse meteorological conditions at a distance x m(m) from the source and is determined by the formula

(1)

Where A- coefficient depending on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere; M(g / s) - the mass of a harmful substance emitted into the atmosphere per unit time; F- dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the rate of sedimentation of harmful substances in the atmospheric air; T And n- coefficients. taking into account the conditions for the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the source of emission; H(m) - the height of the emission source above the ground level (for ground-based sources in the calculations, H= 2 m); η is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the influence of the terrain, in the case of flat or slightly rugged terrain with a height difference not exceeding 50 m per 1 km, η = 1; ΔT(°C) - the difference between the temperature of the ejected gas-air mixture T G and ambient air temperature T V ; V 1 (m 3 / s) - the flow rate of the gas-air mixture, determined by the formula

(2)

Where D(m) - diameter of the mouth of the release source; ω 0 (m/s) - average speed the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the emission source, ω 0 = V/(π d 2 /4).

Coefficient value A, corresponding to unfavorable meteorological conditions, under which the concentration of harmful substances in the atmospheric air is maximum, is taken equal to:

a) 250 - for the regions of Central Asia south of 40 ° N. sh., Buryat ASSR and Chita region;

b) 200 - for the European territory of the USSR: for regions of the RSFSR south of 50 ° N. sh., for other regions of the Lower Volga region, the Caucasus, Moldova; for the Asian territory of the USSR: for Kazakhstan. the Far East and the rest of Siberia and Central Asia;

c) 180 - for the European territory of the USSR and the Urals from 50 to 52 ° N. sh. with the exception of the regions listed above and Ukraine falling into this zone;

d) 160 - for the European territory of the USSR and the Urals north of 52° N. sh. (with the exception of the ETS Center), as well as for Ukraine (for sources located in Ukraine with a height of less than 200 m in the zone from 50 to 52 ° N - 180, and to the south of 50 ° N - 200);

e) 140 - for Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ivanovo regions.

The value of the dimensionless coefficient F accepted:

a) for gaseous harmful substances and fine aerosols (dust, ash, etc., the rate of ordered settling of which is practically zero) - 1;

b) for fine aerosols (except those specified in n.a) with an average operational emission purification factor of at least 90% - 2; from 75 to 90% - 2.5; less than 75% and in the absence of cleaning - 3.

Coefficient values m And n determined depending on the parameters f, , And f e .

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

AND f e . – parameters for cold ejection of the gas-air mixture.

Coefficient m determined depending on f according to the formulas:

(7b)

Coefficient n at f < 100 определяется в зависимости от по формулам

For f≥ 100 (or ΔT= 0) and (cold emissions) when calculating C m instead of the formula ( 1 ) the formula is used

(9)

(10)

Similarly, when f < 100 и или f≥ 100 and (cases of extremely low dangerous wind speeds) calculation C m instead of ( 1 ) is produced according to the formula

(11)

And n is determined by the formulas ( 8a) - (8v) at

1.2. Determination of distance x m (m) from the source at which the maximum value of the surface concentration of a harmful substance is reached C m

Figure 2. Change in pollutant concentration with distance from the emission source

Distance x m(m) from an emission source at which the ground concentration C(mg / m 3) under adverse meteorological conditions reaches a maximum value C m, is determined by the formula

(13)

where is the dimensionless coefficient d at f < 100 находится по формулам:

At f> 100 or ∆ T= 0 value d is found according to the formulas:

(15v)

The concentration of harmful substances C (mg / m 3) in the atmosphere along the axis of the emission plume at various distances x (m) from the emission source is determined by the formula:

C =s 1 C m (16)

where s 1 is a dimensionless quantity, which is determined depending on the ratio x / x m.

Taking into account that the value of the concentration of a harmful substance should not exceed the MPC value, we substitute in formula (16) instead of the concentration value WITH meaning MPC values ​​of the considered harmful substance and we obtain a transformed formula of the following form:

MPC= s 1 C m , (17)

s 1 = MPC/ WITH m (18)

On the graphs shown in Figure 3, plotting along the line s 1 a value equal to the ratio MPC/C m along the x / x m line, we find the value corresponding to it A.

Figure 3

From equality x/x m = A, determine the distance x = A x m , at which the surface concentration of a harmful substance is reached, not exceeding the MPC values.

Distribution of harmful substance concentrations along the emission axis

To construct a graphic representation of the distribution of harmful substance concentrations along the emission axis, it is necessary to select the grid step and fill in the table. When filling out table 2, it is advisable to divide the largest of the distances x m into 10-20 parts and choose the obtained values ​​as the step of the coordinate grid.

table 2

Distance x, m	Name of harmful substance						∑ С i / MPC i
	С i , mg/m 3		С i , mg/m 3		С i , mg/m 3

Surface concentration of harmful substances C(mg / m 3) in the atmosphere along the axis of the emission plume at various distances X(m) from the emission source is determined by formula (16), in which s 1 - dimensionless coefficient determined depending on the ratio x/x m and coefficient F according to the formulas:

(19b)

For low and ground sources (height H no more than 10 m) at values X/X m < 1 value s 1 in (16) is replaced by the value determined depending on X/X m And H or according to the formula

It should be noted that the values X And X m for each considered harmful substance are known, therefore, it is possible to determine the ratio x/x m .

After performing the necessary calculations in the table, then plot the dependence of the given concentrations ∑ C i / MPC i from distance X. Then, on the right slope of the constructed curve, find a point for which the condition is satisfied ∑ C i / MPC i =1 and determine its coordinate.

Determination of the border of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ)

Definition of the wind rose, where N is north, NE is northeast, B is east, SE is southeast, south is south, southwest is southwest, west is west, northwest is northwest.

Rumb, R