Plan:

1. Tasks of orthoepy.

2. Modern orthoepic norms.

3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations.

4. General and private rules of orthoepy.

5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes.

Orthoepy - it is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system.

Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings:

1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in a literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation).

2. A branch of linguistics, adjacent to phonetics, which describes the theoretical foundations, norms of the literary language in terms of pronunciation. Oral speech exists as long as human society. In antiquity and even in the 19th century. each locality had its own peculiarities of pronunciation - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an urgent need for a unified literary language, including unified, general rules for pronunciation. So science began to take shape. orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study sounding speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only from the point of view of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - This is the rule for the use of language units. These rules are obligatory for everyone who speaks the literary language.

The norms of the literary language are formed gradually, and the possession of norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the wide development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has uniform norms, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles:

1. Neutral (medium) This is the usual calm speech of an educated person who owns literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created.

2. Book style (currently rarely used, in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation.

3. Colloquial-colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here you can deviate from the strict rules.

Modern pronunciation evolved gradually, over a long period of time. The modern pronunciation was based on the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15th-16th centuries, and in general terms it took shape in the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was formed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation were reflected in the stage speeches of Moscow theaters in the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in a 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and Ozhegov's dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms change.

By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups:

1. Strictly required.

2. Variant allowable norms

Modern orthoepic norms include several sections:

1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds.

2. Rules for the pronunciation of combinations of sounds.

3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds.

4. Rules for the pronunciation of foreign words, abbreviations.

5. Rules for setting stress.

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a greater extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traveled by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important linguistic features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the 1st half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrowly dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ... ... for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”

Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were assimilated on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in the Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic coloring.

With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.

All orthoepy rules are divided into: public and private.

General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on the phonetic laws of the modern Russian language. These rules are binding. Their violation is considered a speech error. These are the following.

Lecture 4 Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation

Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation.

Lecture plan

4.1. Features of Russian stress.

4.2. Stress standards.

4.3. pronunciation rules.

4.1. Features of Russian stress

A word may consist of one, two or more syllables. If there are several syllables, then one of them must be pronounced differently than the rest. Such a selection of one of the syllables serves as a condition for the phonetic formation of the word and is called verbal stress. The syllable that is stressed is called the stressed or stressed syllable. Stress is indicated by the sign "?" above the letter corresponding to the vowel sound.

Phonetic type of stress determined by the ways of highlighting the stressed syllable. Stress in Russian is power and quantitative at the same time. The stressed syllable differs from the unstressed ones both in its duration and in its strength (loudness).

word stress endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It is called a phonetic word, for example: [glavá] head, [ná (glva] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable is the starting point, in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of the remaining syllables is determined.

Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them obey the usual rules for pronunciation of sounds: [da_sád] to the garden (cf.: [dasád] annoyance); [l’ e´j_kъ] watering can (cf.: [l’ e´jkъ] watering can). Others, despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic signs of an independent word. For example, they may contain vowels that are uncharacteristic of unstressed syllables: [what (us] what to us (cf.: [pants] pants); [t'e (l'isá] - those forests (cf.: [t'l'isá] body).

There are words in which, in addition to the main one, there is a secondary stress. It is weaker, most often falls on the initial syllables and is fixed in words with a complex word-formation structure: building materials, waterproof, aerial photography.

When characterizing stress, it is important to take into account its position in the word. If the stress is assigned to a syllable determined by the score, it is fixed. So, in Czech, the stress can only fall on the first syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate one, in French - on the last one. The Russian language does not know such a pattern. Being heterogeneous (or non-fixed), Russian stress can fall on any syllable and on any morpheme in a word: gold, water, milk, gilding, unusual. This makes possible the existence of words, as well as separate forms of words, the distinction of which is associated with the place of stress: castle - castle, burden - burden, legs - legs, etc.

Russian stress has another feature - mobility. The mobility of stress in the formation of grammatical forms of a word is determined by the possibility of transition of stress:

1) from stem to ending and vice versa: countries-á - countries-s, heads-á - heads-y;

2) from one syllable to another within the same morpheme: tree-o - tree-I, lake-o - lake-a.

The mobility of stress during word formation is determined by the possibility of moving the stress to another morpheme in the derived word compared to the generating one: red-th / red-from-á. Fixed derivational stress falls on the same morpheme: birch-a / birch-ow.

Thus, the following main features of Russian stress can be distinguished:

1) power and quantitative by phonetic type;

2) heterogeneous in terms of the nature of the location in the word;

3) mobile according to the criterion of attachment to a certain morpheme (in the formation of grammatical forms and in word formation).

4.2. Stress norms

Within the framework of one lecture, it is impossible to consider all the norms of Russian stress. we will limit ourselves to the main ones.

1) Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent in the indirect cases of the singular at the end, For example:

- bandage - bandage, pancake - pancake, bob - bob, screw - screw, hump - hump, tourniquet - harness, umbrella - umbrella, whale - whale, shred - clok, fang - fang, ladle - ladle, hook - hook, sack - kulya ?, tench - tench ?, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, stack - stack, polecat - polecat ?, flail - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.

2) In the accusative singular, feminine nouns are stressed now at the end, then at the root. Wed:

- tops - tops, spring - spring, gums - gums, ash - ash, kirk - kirký, burrow - burrow, sheep - sheep, rosa - rosy, sokhá - sokhy, stop - stop;

- mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - earth, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.

3) With an accent at the end some feminine nouns are pronounced when used with prepositions V And on in circumstance: in a handful, on the chest, on the door, in the blood, at night, on the stove, in connection, in the net, in the steppe, in the shade, on the chain, in honor.

4) In the genitive plural, the following is pronounced:

with an accent based: places, honors, profits;

with an accent at the end: statements, fortresses, news, stories, tributes, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Pronunciation is different steps(in the stairs) and steps(stage of development of something).

5) Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without. For example:

- ON: on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the floor, tooth on tooth, on the day, on night, in the ear, two, three, five, six, seven, one hundred;

- BEHIND: for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the arm, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the gate, for the ear, for the ears;

- UNDER: under the feet, under the hands, under the mountain, under the nose, under the evening;

- BY: along the forest, along the floor, along the nose, along the sea, along the field, along the ear;

- FROM: from the forest, from the house, from the nose, from the sight;

- WITHOUT: no news, no year a week, no use;

- FROM: hour by hour, from birth.

6) In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the stress is at the end, less often based on. Wed:

- I took, was heard, removed, slept, etc.;

- bla, brula, dula, sting, lay, stole, wings, we?la, my?la, fell, gave birth, walked.

7) Many passive past participles have an accent based, except for the feminine singular form in which it is carried at the end, For example:

- taken - taken - taken? then - taken? you; started - started - started - started; prúdan - pridaná - prúdano - prúdana; adopted - accepted - adopted - adopted; sold - soldá - sold - sold; lived - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from the sacraments - swearing, - tattered, - called the feminine form is accented based. Wed:

- selected, selected, selected, created, selected, selected, selected, selected etc.;

- ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped etc.;

- called, called, called, called etc.

4.3. Pronunciation norms

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and provide a uniform and obligatory for all literate native speakers of the sound of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as a uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of those or other linguistic units in accordance with the norms of pronunciation for the literary language that have historically developed and entrenched in public language practice.

The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may refer to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to a phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct stress). Thus, the main orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine:

Pronunciation of vowels (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress);

Pronunciation of consonants (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowels, in different grammatical forms).

Vowel pronunciation

In the field of vowels, modern pronunciation is associated with acan and hiccup.

When akanye, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [ó] and [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired hard ones in the sound [a]: embankment).

When hiccupping, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [and?], [eh?], [ó], [á], coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft ones in the sound [and]: h[i] tát = h[i] r i´k = h[i]rnet = h[i]s s´ (cf. test read, worm, black, hour).

Another way of pronouncing unstressed vowels, characterized by the opposition of i-shaped and e-shaped sounds, is called ekan: h [i] tát / h [ie] rv y´k \u003d h [ie] rnet \u003d h [ie] with s ´ (in transcription used the icon "and, prone to e"). This norm is obsolete and is not currently used.

In the position of the first pre-stressed syllable, after the letter a, solid hissing in place, the vowel [a] is pronounced: w [a] rá heat, sh [a] gát to walk, sh [a] mpanskoe champagne. However, there are a few exception words that sound [s]: losh[s] dey of horses, well [s] to regret, unfortunately, twenty [s] twenty. The words jacket and jasmine allow for a double pronunciation.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some more pronunciation norms in the field of vowels:

• In some words of both Russian and foreign origin, there are fluctuations in the choice of [e] or [o] after soft consonants and hissing: maneuvers - maneuvers, bile - bile, faded, but faded.
• Some words allow the variance of the sound design of the root: zero - zero, plan - plan, tunnel - tunnel, condition - condition.
• In some cases, in words of foreign origin, the corresponding laws of the phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while in unstressed syllables, sounds [o], [e], [a] may appear: b[o]á (boa), b[o]leró (bolero), r[o]k[o]ko (rococo).
• In some cases, in the first stems of complex and compound words, the laws of vowel behavior may be violated, while sounds may appear in unstressed positions. [o], [e], [a]: g[o] szakaz (government order), [o] rgtékhnika (office equipment).
• In some unstressed prefixes of both foreign and Russian origin, the corresponding laws of the phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while in an unstressed position, sounds [o], [e], [a] can be pronounced: p[o]stmodernism (postmodernism), pre[o]Islamic (pro-Islamic).
• In some unstressed prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles adjacent to the stressed word, the corresponding phonetic laws for the implementation of vowels may be violated: n[o] i (but i), n[a] w site (our site).

Pronunciation of consonants

It is necessary to distinguish between orthoepic norms in the sphere of consonants regarding their voiced/deafness and hardness/softness.

1. By loudness / deafness.

1) In Russian literary pronunciation, voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are stunned, and voiceless consonants are voiced before voiced ones. There is no positional change of consonants in terms of deafness-voicing before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v']: [zu?p], [p'yr'ievo?sk], , [vo?dy], [sl' o?t], [sva?t].

2) Before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v '], a voiced explosive consonant [g] is pronounced. When stunned at the end of a word and before deaf consonants, in place of the voiced [r], a deaf [k] is pronounced: [p'irLga?], [gra?t], [gro's't'], [p'iro?k] . Only in the interjection God, in the word god, the fricatives [γ] and [x] are preserved:

2. By hardness / softness.

1) In the modern language, before [e], the appearance of both hard and soft consonants is possible: mo [d] el, ti [r] e, an [t] enna, but [d '] espot, [r '] els, [tenor. In a number of words, variable pronunciation is allowed, for example: prog [r] ess / prog [r '] ess, k [r] edo / k [r '] edo, etc.

2) The combination of letters ch in some cases corresponds to the sequence [shn], in others - [h’n]. So, for example, of course, boring, scrambled eggs are pronounced with [shn], and accurate, excellent student, eternal - with [ch'n]. In some words, both options are correct: decent, bakery, milkman. There are also examples in which the choice between [shn] and [ch'n] depends on the meaning: a friend is heart[shn], but a heart attack; shapo [shn] th acquaintance, but shapo [ch'n] th workshop.

3) The consonant [w: '] is a very rare sound. It is pronounced in place of the letters zhzh, zzh in such words as yeast, reins, ride, splashes, rattles, later and some others. However, even in these words, the soft [zh: '] is gradually lost, being replaced by a hard [zh:]. In the case of rain, the rain consonant [zh: '] is displaced by the sound combination [zhd '].

4) In the modern language, the rules for positional softening of consonants before soft ones are characterized by particular variability and instability. Consistently, only the replacement of [n] with [n '] before [h '] and [sh¯ '] takes place: diva [n'h '] ik sofa, deception [n 'w: '] ik deceiver. In other groups of consonants, softening either does not occur at all (la [fk '] and benches, rubbing [pk '] and rags), or it is associated with the choice of positions, with the representation in speech of not all native speakers. So, most people soften the teeth before the teeth not only in the middle of the word (ko[s’t’] bone, ne[s’n’] I song), but also at the beginning of the word and at the junction of the prefix with the root, i.e. in “unstable” positions: [s’t’]ena wall, ra[z’n’] to smash. Softening the consonant in other combinations is more an exception than a rule: [dv '] er door (less often [d'v '] er), [cj] eat (less often [c 'j] eat), e [sl '] and if (less often e [s'l'] and).

5) Adjectives in -ky, -gy, -hy are pronounced with soft back-lingual consonants: Russian [k '] y Russian, strict [g '] y strict, ti [x '] y quiet.

6) In the overwhelming majority of cases, the consonant turns out to be soft in the postfixes -sya / -s of verbs: I’m learning, I’ve raised [s ’] I rose.

Date: 2010-05-18 00:49:35

Views: 12260

Topic: The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation.

Goals and tasks:

give an idea of ​​the subject of study of orthoepy;

to acquaint with the features of Russian stress;

introduce the concept of orthoepic norm;

summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations;

Developing:

develop cognitive abilities;

develop logical thinking (the ability to analyze, compare, generalize and identify the main thing);

develop the ability to coherently and competently express their thoughts;

Educational:

to form a respectful, careful attitude to the native language;

to form a sense of responsibility for the preservation of the Russian language as an integral part of the national culture;

influence the motivational sphere of the personality of students;

to form the ability to rationally use time;

Lesson progress

Org. moment

Announcement of goals and objectives, lesson plan. Formulation of the problem.

Frontal discussion with the class.

In "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin there is an episode that tells about the first meeting of the heroes with the princess, remember:

"The elder said:" What a marvel! Everything is so clean and beautiful. Someone tidied up the tower Yes, the owners were waiting. Who? Come out and show yourself, Be honest with us."

Did you notice that the princess in the forest tower of the heroes did not behave like the daughter of the king, but rather like a peasant girl?

"And the princess came down to them, Honored the hosts, Bowed low from the waist; Blushing, she apologized, She came to visit them, Although she was not invited."

But how did the heroes guess that the king's daughter was in front of them?

"In an instant, from the speech, they recognized that they received the princess:"

Conclusion: It turns out that sometimes it is enough to hear how a person speaks in order to understand who he is, what he is. It is the pronunciation that we will devote our lesson today. A studies this branch of linguisticsorthoepy. So we will consider the object of study of orthoepy, get acquainted with the features of Russian stress, with such a concept as the orthoepic norm; summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations; we systematize and generalize knowledge about the placement of stress in adjectives, verbs, and some participles. During the lecture, take brief notes to create reference materials for yourself that you can use in the following classes when completing test tasks.

III. Teacher lecture with conversation elements

Classification of norms of oral speech

Speech rules include:

orthoepic norms.

Accent rules.

intonation norms.

1. Orthoepic pronunciation norms

Orthoepy - the system of pronunciation norms of the language.

[G] pronounced like[X] in combinations gk And hh (light - le [x] cue, lighter - le [x] che).

Assimilation when combinedssh, And zsh . They are pronounced like a long hard consonant.[w¯] (lower - not [shsh] y, highest - you [shsh] y, make a noise - ra[shsh] be able to)

Similar assimilation in combinationsSJ And Learn - [and] (unclench - ra [lzh]at, with life - [lzh] life, fry - [lzh] fry).

Combination MF And ZCH pronounced like [sch ] (happiness - [w] astier, score - [w] et), (prikazchik - prik [sh] ik, sample - obraz [sh] ik) .

Combinations PM And DC- How [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] k).

Combinations Tts And DC- How [ts ] (twenty - two [ts]at , gold - gold [ts] e).

Combinations PM And DC- How [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] ik).

Combinations Stn And Zdn - they have consonant soundsT And d fall out (charming - charming, late - knowledgeable, honest - che [sn], sympathetic - teaching [sleep] ive).

9. In modern Russian pronunciation[SHN] considered obsolete, the norm -[H`N].

Combination CHN , usually pronounced according to the spelling(anti [h`n] yy, ve [h`n] yy, yes [h`n] yy, ka[h`n] ut, milky [h`n] yy, but [h`n] oh, different [h`n] oh, poro [h`n] yy, then [h`n] yy).

There are traditional deviations from the norm, legitimized by modern dictionaries and reference books.

Exception : In some words[sn] : kone[shn] o, sku[shn] o, naro[shn] o, yai[shn]itsa, empty[shn], square[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, Savvi[shn]a, Nikiti[ shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, etc.

double pronunciation allowed in the words:bulo [shn] ([ch]) th, drain [shn] ([ch]) th, yai [shn] ([ch]) th, sin [shn] ([ch]) left.

10. Combination Thu , basically the same as the pronunciation(ma[th]a, me[th]a, not [th]o, nothing [anything], after [th] and, about [th] and, at [th] and)

But: in union What and in the pronoun that (to, something, something) pronounced [PCS].

11. In reflexive verbs at the end is written– to be or – tsya , but pronounced the same[tsa]

12. Features of the transition [E] to [O] in the modern language.

The general trend - the transition of E into O under stress after soft consonants (Russification).Whitish - whitish, crossbill - crossbill, firebrand - firebrand, faded - faded.

Along with this, there are numerous facts of conservation of [E](Expired, deadwood, guardianship, fishing line).

Words of foreign origin:

Softening consonants before E .

In accordance with the norms of pronunciation in Russian before a vowelE pronounced soft consonant : text [t´e], brunet [n´e], term [t´e] , specifically [r´e], therapist [t´e].

But usually in book words and terminology continues to be pronouncedwith a hard consonant (integral [te], tendency [te], artery [te], asepsis [se], phonetics [ne], Voltaire [te], Descartes [de], Chopin [pe], La Fontaine [te], steak [te] , scarf [ne], timbre [te], thermos [te]).

In many foreign words, after consonants, it is writtenE , and consonants are pronouncedfirmly (atelier [te], atheist [te], dandy [te], scarf [ne], cafe [fe], desk [te], resume [me], stand [te], masterpiece [she]).

But in a number of words, consonants are pronounced softly.(decade [d´e], academy [d´e], demagogue [d´e], museum [z´e], plywood [n´e], flannel [n´e])

A double consonant is pronounced double in one word (va [nn] a, ka [ss] a, ma [ss] a, cape [ll] a) , in others - like a single (neatly - a [k] hurriedly, accompaniment - a [k] accompaniment, chord - a [k] ord, allocate - a [s] ignore, gram - gra [m]).

Accentological norms/mistakes. The main trends in the development of stress norms.

Accent options:

Accent options – double stress :

A short list of equal accentological options:

apartments - apartments;

basilica - basilica;

barge - barge;

bijouterie - bijouterie;

delusional - delusional;

rustyAvet - rusty;

Otherwise - otherwise;

sparkle - sparkle;

kirza - kirza;

dropped - armored;

loop - loop;

meatballs - meatballs.

Semantic variants - these are pairs of words in which the heterogeneity of stress is intendedto distinguish the meaning of words (homographs - the same in spelling, different in stress).

A short list of words that differ in their meaning depending on the stress:

Book (assign something to someone) - book (cover with armor);

armor - armor;

busy (person) - busy (house);

salted (about vegetables) - salted (about soil);

sharpened (pencil) - sharpened (prisoner);

naked (cut) - naked (hold checkers);

bypass (leaf, path) - bypass (maneuver);

portable (radio receiver) - portable (value);

transitional (score) - transitional (age);

submerged (on the platform) – submerged (in water);

close (to something) - close (close);

draft (age) - draft (calling);

damned (cursed) - damned (hated);

developed (child) - developed (mentally) - developed (hair);

inclined (to something) - inclined (in front of someone);

folded (from details) - folded (having one or another physique);

haos (in ancient Greek mythology) - haos and haos (disorder);

characteristic (person) - characteristic (act);

linguistic (verbal expression of thoughts) - linguistic (related to the organ in the oral cavity);

Bite (common word) - bite (special);

silk (common) - silk (poetic).

Normative-chronological options are pairs of words in which heterogeneity is associated withtime period the use of this word in speech:

spare (modern) - spare (obsolete);

Ukrainian (modern) - Ukrainian (obsolete);

angle (modern) - angle Urs (obsolete).

"Dictionary Words". Basic accentological norms.

Trends in norms at the place of stress:

nouns - tendency towardsmobile stress (folk language invades literary);

at verbs - trendanchoring accents onroot syllable (influence of South Russian dialects);

general trends - is detectedmultidirectional movement of the accent :

regressive - moving the stress from the last syllable to the beginning or closer to the beginning of the word;

progressive - moving the stress from the first syllable closer to the end of the word.

3. Intonation norms/mistakes.

Intonation - this is a rhythmic-melodic and logical articulation of speech.

Intonation is one of the means of expressive speech.

But the intonational norms in the Russian language concern, first of all,correct rise / fall / intonation towards the end of the sentence depending on the purpose of the statement and the correct setting of the logical stress in the phrase.

Towards the end of the declarative sentence, the intonation drops.

Nurse Natasha had a very hard day today.

By the end of the interrogative sentence, the intonation, on the contrary, rises.

She is tired?

intonation errors.

1. Intonation errors are relatedwith wrong intonation (inappropriate increase or decrease in intonation).

2. In addition, intonation errors include:incorrect setting of pauses and logical stress. This often leads to a distortion of meaning, especially in poetic works, for example:

For example: Setting pauses.

Wrong: In the heavens / the earth sleeps solemnly and wonderfully / in the radiance of blue.

Right: In the heavens / solemnly and wonderfully / / the earth sleeps in a blue radiance.

IV. Orthoepic workout. ).

Key

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Go through the customs check. The customs office has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the conveyor. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. Arriving at the place of destination, get your luggage.

Test yourself

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Have you passed customs clearance? Customs has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the transporter. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. When you arrive at your destination, don't forget to collect your luggage.

V. Performing training exercises.

Exercise 1. Read correctly.

A)

live for / city,

climb on / mountain,

deliver to / house,

pull for / leg,

take under / hands,

walk on / forest.

b)

Alive - alive, alive, alive.

Right - right, right, right.

Pitiful, pitiful, pitiful, pitiful.

Green - green - green - green.

Tough - tough, tough, tough.

V)

Accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted.

Raised - lifted, lifted, lifted

Sold - sold, sold, sold.

Given - given, given, given.

Busy - busy, busy, busy.

V. Independent work (ex. ____)

VI . Teacher's word. In the first part of our lesson, we noted that the subject of the study of orthoepy is also "literarypronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations. Let's pay attention to the pronunciation rules of some combinations. We will take them into account in everyday life.

1. Combinationmid orzch (at the junction of the root and the suffix starting with the letterh) usuallypronounced like a lettersch , that is, like a long soft [u"u"] - ra[u"u"] from, [u"u"] astute, different [u"u"] ik, sign [u"u"]ik, uka[ u "u"] ik.

2. In place of the letterG at the end-th (-his) the sound [in] is pronounced: big [in] o, blue [in] o, ko [in] o, th [in] o, second [in] o, other [in] o, revived [in] o. Consonant [in] in place of a letterG also pronounced in wordsToday, today, total .

3. The combination of consonants in verbs in-tsya And- be pronounced as double [ts].

4. Combinationch has an interesting history. "Back in the 18th century, the spelling combination ch was consistently pronounced as [shn], as evidenced by the phonetic spellings recorded in the dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794): tie, cap, kopeeshny, lavoshnik, button, factory, etc. However, over time, this option begins to be supplanted by the pronunciation [h "n], which arose under the influence of writing. "Today, words with a combinationch are pronounced differently: 1) as a rule, the pronunciation corresponds to the spelling, that is, it is pronounced [h "n]:durable, country, eternal, start, swing ; 2) in some words in placech pronounced [shn], for example:of course, boring, on purpose, birdhouse, Savichna, Fominichna (the number of such words is decreasing); 3) in a number of cases today both options are considered normative - [h "n] and [shn], for example:candlestick, bakery, dairy (note that in some cases the pronunciation [shn] becomes obsolete:creamy, brown ). "In some cases, pronunciation options distinguish between different lexical meanings:cordial [h "n] attack - friendcordial [shn];pepper pot [h "n] (pepper vessel) - damnpepper pot [shn] (about an evil, grumpy woman)."

5. "Combinationthu pronounced like [pcs] in a wordWhat and its derivative forms (something, something ). In the word something is pronounced [h "t], in the wordnothing both options are acceptable" [Ibid.].

6. "Fricative"[?] in the literary language is allowed in wordsOh God, accountant, yeah, by God, Lord .

7. The final [r] is replaced by the sound [k] (not [x]!): creative [k], dialogue [k], the exception is the wordGod [boh]". [Ibid.]

VII. Exercises for the pronunciation of individual sound combinations.

1. Read the given words aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of ch as [ch] or [sh]. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?

Bakery, mustard plaster, cream, shopkeeper, comic, maid, milkmaid, of course, laundry, boring, match, penny, loser, bachelorette party, on purpose, bribe taker, trifling, decent, unprofitable, Ilyinichna.

2. Based on the rhymes of poetic texts taken from the works of A.S. Pushkin, determine the pronunciation of the combination of ch. How would you explain the discovered orthoepic phenomenon?

1.

On the winter road, boring
Troika greyhound runs
Single bell
Tiring noise.

2.

It's sad, Nina: my way is boring.
Dremlya fell silent my coachman,
The bell is monotonous
Foggy moon face.

VIII. Summarizing.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds:

Remember a few rules that reflect modern orthoepic norms.

Rule 1: letterG at the end of a wordGod pronounced like [x].

Rule 2: -th/-his in masculine and neuter adjectives are pronounced likeo [c] o / e [c] o.

Rule 3: zzh Andszh pronounced like[and] (at the junction of morphemes or

official word with a significant one).

Rule 4: AF Andmid pronounced like [w "] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 5: dh Andpm pronounced like [h "] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 6; -tsya And- be pronounced like[ca] (in verbs).

Rule 7: ds Andts pronounced like[c] (before k in adjectives).

Rule 8: train pronounced like[PC"] And[w "] (in the word rain and derivatives). The pronunciation of such combinations in case of difficulties should be clarified in the spelling dictionary.

Rule 9: h pronounced like [h "n] - in most words, but pronounced like[sn] in wordsboring [shn] o, kone [shn] o, na-ro [shn] o, laundry [shn] aya, square [shn] ik, Ilyini [shn] a and etc.

Rule 10: Thu" pronounced like [pcs](for what etc.), butsomething [Thurs].

Rule 11: gk pronounced like [x "k"] - in wordslight, soft.

Rule 12: hh pronounced like [hh "] - in wordslighter, softer.

Rule 13: stn, ntsk, stl, ndsk, zdn, rdts, lnts, stv, lvs - contain

unpronounceable consonant. In case of difficulty, please contact

spelling dictionary.

Rule 14: double consonants in loanwords are pronounced

usually as a long consonant, but a number of words can be pronounced

double consonant as one sound(bath [n],flu [P]).

Rule 15: in an unstressed position, the sound [o] is not pronounced. After

hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of a word in

the place of the letter o is pronounced [a](kSchza -k [o \ zy, [writing - [o] writing).

Therefore, for example, they are pronounced the same way, with the sound [a], the wordsoxen And

shafts, catfish Andherself, although spelled differently.

Homework._________ ex. ___________

The orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and separate words. A distinctive feature of pronunciation is uniformity. Orthoepic errors can adversely affect the perception of speech by listeners. They can distract the interlocutor's attention from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to orthoepic pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more effective.

Orthoepic norms determines the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws that govern the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.

The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called "junior" and "senior" norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to the old Moscow orthoepic norms.

Basic pronunciation rules

In Russian, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose definition and clarity. This is the law of reduction. So, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: from (a) rock, in (a) ron. In unstressed syllables, an obscure sound can be pronounced in place of the letter "o", for example, as the first syllable in the word "head".

The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “ы” after a preposition, a solid consonant, or when two words are pronounced together. For example, "pedagogical institute", "laughter and tears".

As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of stunning and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a deaf sound are deafened, which is a characteristic feature of Russian speech. An example is the word "pillar", the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like "p". There are many, many such words.

In many words, instead of the sound “h”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in the endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “no one” and others).

As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms available in the language, and only sometimes they can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is softening consonants before "e". This can be seen in such words as "faculty", "cream", "overcoat" and others. At the same time, in some words, the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).

Orthoepic norms- these are also the norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical forms of the word, the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _

9. Norms of stress in modern Russian

stress is an obligatory feature of the word. This is the selection of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, movement of tone. Russian stress is non-fixed (various places) and mobile (it moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word (homographs) differ. In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. A proclitic is an unstressed word adjoining the stressed word in front. An enclitic is an unstressed word adjoining a word at the back. In addition, there are words in the language with the so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one can be preferred.

Classical ("old Moscow") Russian pronunciation is determined by the following basic rules.

In the region of vowels, it is obligatory to observe two degrees of reduction of vowels in the form described in § 19.

The pronunciation of [o] in unstressed syllables is allowed by the norm only for individual borrowed words, most often for those that contain vowel confluences unusual for the Russian language:,, [Ysao],

hissing before hissing (fs: yt Y), stunning and voicing (, but, but), as mentioned in § 24

There are also some grammatical features of Moscow speech, which, according to tradition, are usually considered together with questions of orthoepy. This is, firstly, that verbs with unstressed endings are all conjugated according to the 1st conjugation, i.e. in the 3rd person plural, numbers have an ending ~ut: , , , like t , , and with a stem into soft - /*-"/: , , , , , And , . Thirdly, the fact that in the verbal suffix of multiplicity after solid, in particular back-lingual ones, is pronounced [d]: , , . Fourthly, the fact that endings and suffixes with vowels after soft case forms in stressed syllables are aligned according to the pattern of endings with vowels after hard ones: [рѴд] - as in im.-vin. case cf. kind of unit numbers; [rdGt], - as in creative work. case cf. and husband. kind of unit numbers; [gys'dk], [klr 'ё] dk] - as in the genus. case of wives. genus pl. numbers. Fifth, the fact that the reflexive affix of verbs has a solid [s]: , . (For more on these forms, see the Morphology section.)

Such, in general terms, is the classical Russian pronunciation, as it developed by the beginning of the 19th century and as reflected in the works of A. S. Griboedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov.

But already during the 19th century (and not in the post-October period, as is often believed), some new features appeared and accumulated in the Russian pronunciation norm, gradually replacing the old ones, but nevertheless continuing to coexist with them. They arose partly under the influence of the St. Petersburg pronunciation! somewhat more artificial and bookish compared to Moscow I, partly under the influence of vernacular and dialects, but mainly due to the internal development of the literary language system * - These new features are as follows.

In the field of vowel pronunciation, the number is reduced

borrowed^-words from. unstressed [o] and [e]: for example, instead of the old one, [klya 7 * yt] is now pronounced, instead of

pronunciation of the type, the pronunciation of the type, [lіueG]ё] is spreading]. (Ko the most important change in the field of vowels is the replacement of yokany by chikany^ In the 19th century, hiccup was considered a colloquial feature, and in the middle of the 20th century it was recognized as a completely acceptable variant of literary pronunciation: so it is wide

If the number of vowels decreases and their positional dependence increases, and, conversely, the number of consonants increases and their positional dependence weakens, it becomes clear that these changes are not accidental.

At the same time, one should not prematurely write off the old Moscow pronunciation to the archive. It was reflected in Russian classical literature, and it must retain the status of a high standard as long as all other features of the language of Krylov and Griboyedov, Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Turgenev remain a model.

In conclusion, it should be emphasized once again that the development of the orthoepic norm is primarily and most clearly determined by the internal development of the phonetic system. Any external influences, such as the influence of spelling, are of secondary importance. It is completely unfounded that the widely held opinion is that in the era of universal literacy the leading

Even in this “we repeat” artificial text, there are more cases of discrepancy between the new pronunciation and spelling than cases of convergence (30 versus 25), while in natural texts this preponderance is apparently immeasurably greater, i.e.

K. is created mainly due to the transition from ekanya to hiccup, and cases of such a transition are found in a large number of words.

We did not say anything about the rules of Russian orthoepy in the area of ​​stress. At first glance, it seems that the Russian language has no rules at all in this area, since the stress can be on any syllable of a word. In reality, of course, this is not the case. All words of the Russian language are distributed according to the so-called accent paradigms - lists of word forms, taking into account the place of stress. Accent paradigms are distinguished within each part of speech and are indicated by Latin letters (sometimes with a digital index). Within each paradigm, the stress behaves in the same way: either it is constantly on the same syllable (as, for example, in the words cow, road, sopoma)> or moves according to a certain rule that operates within this particular paradigm.

From this it is clear that the rules for setting the stress, although they exist, do not lend themselves to any compact presentation, they are formulated very complicated and cumbersome, so that in practice, if you have difficulty in setting the stress, you have to turn to the dictionary every time. It is better to use special orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries, since in dictionaries of other types usually only the “initial”, dictionary form of the word is given (nominative case for inflected words, infinitive for verbs), and difficulties can also arise in the forms of indirect cases, various persons and tenses etc. For example, in verbs with roots -yes, -nya, -rarely there are errors in the pronunciation of an indefinite form (except perhaps for the pronunciation that is common in southern dialects, start instead of start). But in indirect forms, errors are constant, since in this group of verbs the stress moves quite difficult: in the infinitive, real participle, gerund participle, it is on the root (sell, start, hire; sold, started, hired; having sold, started, nanya "c), in the passive participle and in the past tense of the masculine and neuter gender and plural - on the prefix (sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired), and in in the past tense of the feminine and in the future tense - at the end (sold, started, hired; they will sell, start, hire.) Orthoepic dictionaries list all forms that are difficult from the point of view of the place of stress.

The intonational features of Russian literary pronunciation are not described with sufficient clarity, so listening to exemplary speech plays an important role in mastering literary intonation, as well as orthoepy in general. The main propagandist of the Russian orthoepic norm is the Maly Theater of Moscow. Actors of other leading theaters, announcers of Moscow television and especially radio are distinguished by a high speech culture.

Overcoming dialectal and vernacular features in pronunciation requires a lot of work on oneself, and for its success, one needs, first of all, a psychological attitude, the conviction that mastering the norm of literary pronunciation is the professional duty of everyone who has to teach a language or, for other purposes, communicate with a wide audience.

Literature

Main

Matusevich M.I. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. M, 1976. S. 6-7.9-10.

Avanesov R K Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950 and next. ed.

Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: Pronunciation. stress. Grammatical Forms / Ed. R. if Avanesova. M., 1983 and next. ed.

Additional

Gorbachevich K S Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. L., 1971. S. 41 - 107.