Boris Vasiliev, “Not on the lists”: analysis of the work. Essay on story B

The story “Not on the Lists” was first published in 1974. This is one of the most famous works of Boris Vasiliev. Before analyzing the story “Not on the Lists,” we should recall the events that occurred in June 1941. Namely about the defense of the Brest Fortress.

Story

The defenders of the Brest Fortress were the first to take the blow of the fascist army. Many books have been written about their heroism and courage. The story “Not on the Lists”, an analysis of which is presented below, is far from the only work dedicated to the defense of the Brest Fortress. But this is a very poignant book, striking even the modern reader, who knows only a little about the war. What is the artistic value of the work “Not on the lists”? Analysis of the story will answer this question.

The assault was unexpected. It began at four in the morning, when the officers and their families were sleeping peacefully. The devastating targeted fire destroyed almost all ammunition depots and damaged communication lines. The garrison suffered losses in the first minutes of the war. The number of attackers was about 1.5 thousand people. The fascist command decided that this was enough to capture the fortress. The Nazis really did not encounter resistance in the first hours. The big surprise for them was the rebuff they experienced the next day.

The topic of the defense of the Brest Fortress was kept silent for a long time. It was known that the fighting lasted for several hours. The Germans managed to capture the fortress because a handful of its exhausted defenders could in no way resist an entire fascist division numbering 18 thousand people. Many years later, it turned out that the surviving soldiers, who managed to avoid captivity, fought the invaders in the ruins of the fortress. The confrontation continued for several months. This is not a legend or a myth, but the pure truth. The inscriptions on the walls of the fortress testify to it.

Vasilyev wrote the story “Not on the Lists” about one of these heroes. Analysis of the work allows you to appreciate the amazing talent of the writer. He knew how to simply, concisely, clearly, literally in two or three sentences, create a three-dimensional picture of the war. Vasiliev wrote about the war sternly, piercingly, clearly.

Kolya Pluzhnikov

When analyzing “Not on the Lists,” it is worth paying attention to changes in the character of the main character. How do we see Kolya Pluzhnikov at the beginning of the story? This is a young man, patriotic, with strong principles and considerable ambition. He graduates from military school with honors. The general invites him to remain as a training platoon commander. But Nikolai is not interested in a career - he wants to serve in the army.

“Not on the lists”: the meaning of the name

When analyzing, it is important to answer the question: “Why did Vasiliev call his story that way?” Pluzhnikov comes to Brest, here he meets Mirra. He spends several hours in the restaurant. Then he goes to the barracks.

Kolya has nowhere to rush - he is not yet on the lists. There is a sense of tragedy in this laconic phrase. Today we can learn about what happened at the end of June in Brest from documentary sources. However, not all. The soldiers defended themselves, performed feats, and the names of many of them are unknown to descendants. Pluzhnikov's name was absent from official documents. Nobody knew about the fight he waged one-on-one with the Germans. He did all this not for the sake of awards, not for the sake of honors. Pluzhnikov’s prototype is a nameless soldier who wrote on the walls of the fortress: “I’m dying, but I’m not giving up.”

War

Pluzhnikov is confident that the Germans will never attack the Soviet Union. In pre-war times, talk about the upcoming war was considered sedition. An officer, or even an ordinary civilian, who conducted conversations on a prohibited topic could easily end up behind bars. But Pluzhnikov is quite sincerely confident in the Nazis’ fear of the Soviet Union.

In the morning, a few hours after Nicholas arrived in Brest, the war begins. It begins suddenly, so unexpectedly that not only nineteen-year-old Pluzhnikov, but also experienced officers do not immediately understand the meaning of what is happening. At dawn, Kolya, in the company of a gloomy sergeant, a mustachioed foreman and a young soldier, drinks tea. Suddenly there is a roar. Everyone understands: the war has begun. Kolya is trying to get to the top, because he is not on the list. He has no time to analyze what is happening. He is obliged to report to headquarters about his arrival. But Pluzhnikov fails to do this.

June 23

Next, the author talks about the events of the second day of the war. What is especially important to pay attention to when analyzing Vasiliev’s work “Not on the Lists”? What is the main idea of ​​the story? The writer showed the human condition in an extreme situation. And in moments like these, people behave differently.

Pluzhnikov makes a mistake. But not because of cowardice and weakness, but because of inexperience. One of the heroes (senior lieutenant) believes that it was because of Pluzhnikov that they had to leave the church. Nikolai also feels guilty about himself, sits gloomily, not moving, and they think only about one thing, that he betrayed his comrades. Pluzhnikov does not look for excuses for himself, does not feel sorry for himself. He's just trying to understand why this happened. Even during the hours when the fortress is under constant fire, Nikolai thinks not about himself, but about his duty. The characterization of the main character is the main part of the analysis of “Not on the lists” by Boris Vasiliev.

In the basement

Pluzhnikov will spend the next weeks and months in the basements of the fortress. Days and nights will merge into a single chain of bombings and raids. At first he will not be alone - he will have comrades with him. Analysis of “Vasiliev was not on the lists” is impossible without quotes. One of them: “Wounded, exhausted, scorched skeletons rose from under the ruins, climbed out of the dungeon and killed those who stayed here overnight.” We are talking about Soviet soldiers who, when darkness came, made sorties and shot at the Germans. The Nazis were very afraid of the night.

Nikolai's comrades died before his eyes. He wanted to shoot himself, but Mirra stopped him. The next day he became a different person - more decisive, confident, perhaps a little fanatical. It is worth remembering how Nikolai killed a traitor who was heading towards the Germans who were on the other side of the river. Pluzhnikov fired completely calmly and confidently. There was no doubt in his soul, because traitors are worse than enemies. They must be destroyed mercilessly. At the same time, the author notes that the hero not only did not feel remorse, but also felt joyful, angry excitement.

Myrrh

Pluzhnikov knew the first and last love of his life in the basements of a destroyed fortress.

Autumn is coming. Mirra admits to Pluzhnikov that she is expecting a child, which means she needs to get out of the basement. The girl tries to mix with the captive women, but she fails. She is severely beaten. And even before her death, Mirra thinks about Nikolai. She tries to move away to the side so that he doesn’t see anything and doesn’t try to interfere.

I am a Russian soldier

Pluzhnikov spent ten months in the basements. At night he made forays in search of ammunition, food and methodically, stubbornly destroyed the Germans. But they found out about his whereabouts, surrounded the exit from the basement and sent an interpreter, a former violinist, to him. From this man Pluzhnikov learned about the victory in the battles near Moscow. Only then did he agree to go out with the German.

When making an artistic analysis, it is imperative to cite the characteristics that the author gave to the main character at the end of the work. Having learned about the victory near Moscow, Pluzhnikov left the basement. The Germans, the women prisoners, the violinist-translator - they all saw an incredibly thin man without age, completely blind. The officer’s question was translated to Pluzhnikov. He wanted to know the name and rank of the man who had fought the enemy for so many months in the unknown, without comrades, without orders from above, without letters from home. But Nikolai said: “I am a Russian soldier.” That said it all.

3. Problems of the work

4. Main content

5. My rating of the book

6. List of used literature

1. Description of books

For my work, I decided to take Boris Vasiliev’s book “Not on the Lists.” This is a fiction novel from the “Military Literature” series. The book consists of 5 parts, 3 chapters in each part. The book was written in 1974. Historians do not like legends, but the book tells in the best possible way about the first minutes of the Great Patriotic War, about an unknown soldier, about the defender of our homeland, whom the Germans managed to capture only in the tenth month of the war in April 1942. He courageously and courageously defended the Brest Fortress, time has not brought to us either his name or rank, but we know one thing - he was a Russian soldier who steadfastly and courageously defended his homeland, at the cost of his life.

The author of the book, Boris Lvovich Vasiliev, was born on May 21, 1924 in Smolensk. He belongs to the generation of young men who were destined to step into the heat of war from school. He fought in the airborne forces, and after the Great Patriotic War he graduated from the Military Technical Academy of Armored and Mechanized Forces in 1948. Until 1954, Boris Vasiliev was an engineer, testing tanks, then he left the army and began to engage in literary activities. B. Vasiliev’s literary debut took place in 1955, when the play “Officer” was published, then the following ones - “Knock and it will open” (1939), “My Fatherland, Russia” (1962). The writer’s first major work (the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”, published in 1969) brought him fame and love from readers. The theme of the Great Patriotic War was developed in the story “Not on the Lists” (1974). One of the best works of the “perestroika” era was the story “Tomorrow There Was War,” published in 1984, which takes place on the eve of the Patriotic War. Based on this story in 1987, director Yuri Kara made a film of the same name. In addition, based on his own story, Boris Vasiliev created the script for the film “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. For this film, its creators were awarded the USSR State Prize, and in 1973 it was nominated for an Oscar. In 1991, two stories “Drop by Drop” and “Carnival” were published, the following year - a new work - “The House That Grandfather Built”, in 1990 - the essay “There is such a profession”. I recently finished a new historical novel, Yaroslav and His Sons, dedicated to the time of Alexander Nevsky. Boris Vasiliev also wrote the historical novels “They Happened and Never Were” and “Quench My Sorrows” and the novel “Greetings to You from Baba Lera...”

3 Problems of the work

Is it possible to use works of fiction in history lessons? There is no clear answer to this question. But, in my opinion, works such as the story “Not on the Lists” are possible. The current generation of children is very difficult to interest; in the era of computer technology, books have faded into the background. It is becoming increasingly difficult to study history; the volume of material, dates and events does not arouse interest in modern children. The work “Not on the Lists” tells about the events of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War; the novel is based on the real story of the defense of the Brest Fortress. In modern children it is necessary to cultivate love for the homeland, the desire to accomplish feats, and courage. The author of the work is one of those writers who themselves went through the difficult roads of war, who defended their native land with arms in hand. His work is about the path of maturity that nineteen-year-old lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov goes through during the short period of defense of the Brest Fortress. The writer shows the heroism and inner beauty of Soviet soldiers. After the first three days of fierce battles, “the days and nights of the defense of the fortress merged into one single chain of forays and bombings, attacks, shelling, wandering through dungeons, short battles with the enemy and short, fainting-like minutes of oblivion and constant, exhausting, never-ending even in a dream the desire to drink.” Feat is not only the greatness and spirit of heroism, but also the greatness of morality. An immoral person is capable of an act, perhaps equal in the power of its impact on others to a feat. But this “feat” turns out to be either a crime, or betrayal, or something worse. In the novel “Not on the Lists,” Nikolai Pluzhnikov proved that he cannot be frightened, broken, or made a slave. He remains human in any situation: in relation to his beloved woman, under continuous German bombing, and even in relation to his enemy. And remaining human in conditions of war is true heroism. Pain and pride - these feelings cover the reader when he delves into the description of the battles, thinks about the thoughts of the heroes, imagines himself in their place. Many, many feats were accomplished during the war, but it is enough to read the stories and novels of Boris Vasiliev to begin to understand the origins of this mass heroism, which came from selfless love for the Motherland, from hatred of evil, from high moral principles.

4 Main content

The novel describes several peaceful days of the lieutenant, but for him they are full of important events. Nikolai graduated from military school, was appointed platoon commander and went to one of the units of the Special Western District.
The lieutenant has the clearest ideas about the war. He is confident that Hitler’s Germany will not dare to attack our homeland, and he considers conversations about this provocative, and does not doubt the strength and power of the Soviet army.
Late at night on June 21, 1941, he arrived at the Brest Fortress. His plans were to report to his superiors in the morning, enroll in the unit’s list and begin service.
But on June 22, at four hours and fifteen minutes in the morning, a heavy roar hit the Brest Fortress: Nazi Germany treacherously attacked the Soviet Union, the Great Patriotic War began, and the defense of the Brest Fortress began.
After 3 days of fierce battles, the days and nights of defending the fortress merged into a single chain of raids and bombings, attacks, shelling, wandering through dungeons, short battles with the enemy and a constant, debilitating desire to drink...
In the first battles with the Nazis, Pluzhnikov was lost, he lost command... Moreover, in these battles he twice chickened out. The defense of the Brest Fortress became for Pluzhnikov a cruel school of maturity and spiritual growth.
The lieutenant will continue to make mistakes. He received a cruel lesson, which taught him to distinguish true humanity from false, when he took pity and released the Nazi. Pluzhnikov became observant, cool-headed, calculating, learned to think and comprehensively assess the situation.
In the process of defending the Brest Fortress, he became one of its heroes, accomplished many feats, was the defender and “master” of the fortress until the spring of 1942, and in the last minutes of his life received military honors even from the enemy... “Brest did not surrender, did not fall fortress. They didn’t take it with bombs or flamethrowers. She just bled..."
Pluzhnikov’s words: “A person cannot be defeated if he does not want to. You can kill, but you cannot win.”

5 My assessment of the work

I really liked the book I read. It describes not only the problems that arose as a result of the sudden attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union, but also social relations within the military strata of society, as well as a love story. The patriotic mood of the population is very clearly shown, who defended every square centimeter, fighting to the last bullet, and often hand-to-hand or armed with bricks and reinforcement. The story is told from the perspective of a young man who hasn’t experienced much in life, who at the beginning behaves a little stupidly, but after living for a little over 15 months in the fortress, he becomes a professional warrior, smart, tactful and cold-blooded. The book is written in such a way that it does not give preference to anyone, neither Russians, nor Germans, nor commanders, nor ordinary privates. The book displays the events of the war in many ways, showing it from all sides. The history of this book instills in a person a sense of patriotism and justice, calls not to forget the feat accomplished by the Soviet people in the period 1941-1945, to remember and honor those who suffered and died in the war. I consider this book one of the best books I have read about the Great Patriotic War.

7. List of references

1. B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
2. Dementyev A. Military prose of Boris Vasiliev. (1983)

BIF(extramural)

Test on Russian history

Topic: “Review of the book by B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”

Completed by: 1st year student

Group 162

Adamova Ya. P.

Saint Petersburg

St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts

BIF(extramural)

In bibliology and book history

Topic: “The Beginning of Printing”

Completed by: 1st year student

162 groups

Adamova Ya. P.

Saint Petersburg

“Not on the Lists” is a novel by Boris Vasiliev about the heroism of the young Russian officer Nikolai Pluzhnikov, who had the opportunity to defend the Brest Fortress.

It so happened that Nikolai, having graduated from college, went to serve in the Brest Fortress and arrived there after dark. In search of an opportunity to register and register, he was caught by the first artillery shelling, with which the Germans began a terrible bloody war with the Soviet Union in the early morning of June 22, 1941. Kolya was not registered anywhere, he “was not on any lists” of the defenders of the fortress, but the thought that he could leave the fortress and not fight did not even occur to him.

Stoic defense of the Brest Fortress

From the moment the first shots were fired, the defenders of the fortress, waiting for reinforcements, entered into battle with the enemy. First, from minute to minute, then from day to day, they expected reinforcements from the army, gradually the hope for help melted away, but did not disappear, but only the hope for victory, the strength of spirit and will of each heroic defender of the Brest Fortress grew stronger every day. The fighters had little ammunition, often they had to fight only with knives; in battle, only a terrible animal roar was heard and distorted mouths were visible.

The battle for the fortress lasted nine months. During this time, the Nazi conquerors occupied a significant part of the territory of the Soviet Union, the blockade of Leningrad and the heroic defense of Sevastopol began. The enemy came close to Moscow, but through the incredible efforts of Soviet soldiers, he was driven back. The heroic defenders of the Brest Fortress until the end of 1941, throughout the winter and part of the spring of 1942, stoically defended their citadel. Gradually they ran out of food and ammunition, and one by one they died.

Last Hero

And so, on April 12, 1942, Nikolai Pluzhnikov was left alone in the fortress. By this time, Soviet troops had already liberated Moscow and Nikolai really wanted to “look the Germans in the eyes.”

Everyone who has read the words of the hero-defender of our Fatherland: “The fortress did not fall: it simply bled to death. I am her last straw,” she will never forget them.

This man, who was not even on the list of fighters of the Brest Fortress, heroically fought for it for nine months. When he left the fortress, the last and only surviving defender, the German soldiers standing outside the gates, saluted him; even they could not help but recognize and admire his steadfastness and greatest courage.

Nikolai Pluzhnikov is the personification of all those nameless and unknown soldiers who paid with their lives for the freedom of their Fatherland. Twenty million people gave their lives for our great Victory. The courage and heroism of the Soviet people, who defended our right to life and freedom in that war, will remain in the souls of all generations, present and future, that guiding star that will not allow any of us to stray from the path of light and goodness.

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. It is dedicated to military topics. Each problem has corresponding literary examples that are necessary to write a paper of the highest quality. The title corresponds to the formulation of the problem, under the title there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on complexity). You can also download these arguments in table form(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the Unified State Exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” Rybak betrayed his homeland, fearing torture. When two comrades, looking for provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, their enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them using violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punitive forces. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own people at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out Rybak’s future. Having knocked out the supports from under his comrade’s feet, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and disingenuous, rather than behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha’s parents were brutally killed, Alexey did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice completely repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In Valentin Rasputin’s work “Live and Remember,” Andrei deserts and runs to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in a nearby forest, and she carries everything he needs secretly from the neighbors. But Nastya’s absences became public knowledge. Fellow villagers swam after her in a boat. To save Andrei, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her person lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war destroyed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, having been captured by the mountaineers, bravely fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay the ransom. Fear clouds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their fight against his compatriots. For him, only his own fate comes first, and he doesn’t care about the interests of his homeland. Obviously, cowardice manifests itself in war and reveals such traits of nature as selfishness, weak character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin’s story “Coward,” the hero is afraid to perish in the name of someone’s political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will end up as just a last name and initials in a dry newspaper report. He doesn’t understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, what all these sacrifices are for. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but was happy, because he had taken a truly significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” Andrei Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink to the victory of the Third Reich, as the commandant demands. He already faces punishment for inciting rebellion and disrespecting his guards. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller’s toast, to betray the homeland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live and was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were more important to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought with the occupiers, even standing in front of the camp commander. And he defeated him by force of will, refusing to carry out his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to participate in hostilities: he is awkward, timid, weak, and not suited for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself; with his money and influence, he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people in some way. Pierre, of course, does not kill the French emperor, but saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He enjoys violence, while always demanding rewards and praise for his imaginary heroism, which contains more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who took him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply carried out their duty, Fedor boasted and boasted about his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving his homeland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, unreal heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that Napoleon, for example, received. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Finding himself on the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only ensured new losses. Having realized this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for it is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story “Sotnikov” by Vasil Bykov, Rybak was known as a strong and brave fighter. He was in good health and powerful in appearance. In fights he had no equal. But the real test showed that all his actions were just empty boasting. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy’s offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know whom they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev’s story “Not on the Lists,” the hero single-handedly defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolai Pluzhnikov himself can barely stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that this is reckless on his part. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his situation this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and join combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov’s act is a feat of a real man who faces the truth.
5. Victor Astafiev’s novel “Cursed and Killed” describes dozens of destinies of ordinary children whom the war drove into the most difficult conditions: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary residents of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, tight-fisted and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle; many are of no use. What motivates them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is reckless? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory were not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is not always controlled by a conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage to be genuine.

Mercy and indifference in an atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of people's grief and confusion by buying their rare and valuable items cheaper. He does not care about the fate of his fatherland, he only looks into his own pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and oppressed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants are burning all their property so that it does not fall to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, and destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite with the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” describes the unity of the people in the face of a mortal threat. In the chapter “Two Soldiers,” the old people welcome Vasily and even feed him, having spent precious food supplies on the stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero repairs the elderly couple's watches and other utensils, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to take out the treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how difficult life is for them in the village, where there is even no one to help chop wood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and have compassion for each other when clouds gather over their homeland. This unity was the author’s call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Demchikha hides partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being a frightened and persecuted village woman, not a heroine from the cover. Before us is a living person who is not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet, the woman’s compassion takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her and shift the blame onto himself. Thus, mercy in war begets mercy, and cruelty only leads to cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness towards prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his orderly from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer into the tent in their arms. But the occupiers were less compassionate: a Frenchman I knew did not stand up for Bezukhov when he saw him in the crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking in the cold on a leash. In such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev, to whom none of the enemies even thought of giving porridge with vodka, died. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that in war you need to remain human.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel “The Captain's Daughter”. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once gave him a short fur coat, not stinging in helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do good to him even after the “reckoning”, because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. During the war, she showed barbaric cruelty by arranging the execution of rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people rebelled against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral Choices in War

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at a crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His comrades did not accept his choice. The father was especially grieved, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was to kill the traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of the faith, Andriy trampled on holy vengeance, and for defending this idea Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice. He kills his son, proving to his fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as an ataman, is the salvation of his homeland, and not petty interests. Thus, he forever cements the Cossack partnership, which will fight the “Poles” even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy’s story “Prisoner of the Caucasus,” the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man who was forcibly held by her relatives, friends, and her people. She was faced with a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but help, because she understood that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he does not have money for ransom, and that is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice rather than cruelty. This probably expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who drafted high school students, still just boys, into the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people’s ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonest man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward hiding in the rear. He sends young men to their deaths, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He exposes this seemingly courageous officer as a weak-willed hypocrite.
4. In Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin,” the main character swims across an icy river to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He throws himself into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning after catching an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is larger than himself. He contributes to victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual assistance and selfishness on the front line

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova is ready to give up carts to the wounded in order to help them avoid persecution by the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and help a person out of trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained things cheaply from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war not everyone passes the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always reveal itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility, who found themselves at war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on the outing, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he won’t go anywhere, and he’s of little use. This man is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their frenzied nerves from the horror they saw. They will not be rewarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and runs away from a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under the protection of her brothers, who, unlike their relative, served to the last the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and consoled their abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, the commander Nai-Tours performs an outstanding feat, saving the cadets from imminent death in a futile battle. He himself dies, but helps innocent young men deceived by the hetman to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

Negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don,” the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of war. The former way of life is collapsing due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children become unruly, widows go crazy from grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the characters is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory is disappointed in life, lonely and forgotten Natalya dies, Mikhail becomes callous and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the land is orphaned, because in the heat of battle it was forgotten. As a result, the civil war led only to devastation and grief, and not to the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. A Russian military man picked him up, forcibly took him away from his home, and probably would have continued to control his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was destined for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never came to terms with the arbitrariness of his captors. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, and quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping he found himself back in his prison. This story is an echo of war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel “Dead Souls” there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he came to the capital and began visiting officials. However, they became bitter in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man, without making his life filled with suffering any easier. Alas, constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one particularly reacted to them. You can’t even definitely blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant worries and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov’s story “The Last Battle of Major Pugachev,” the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they had once been captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed mercy, but they were not guilty of being captured. And it’s not just about cruel and unjust politicians, it’s about the people, who have become hardened from constant grief, from inescapable deprivation. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run and shoot back, because the bloody massacre made them like that: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” the main characters are women. They, of course, were more afraid than men to go to war; each of them still had close and dear people. Rita even left her son to her parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, even though they are up against sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving her homeland. Their feat is taken especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and conquered the fear that constrained even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers see them off into German captivity; there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even expectant mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten to death with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war is that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In Arkady Gaidar's work “Timur and His Team,” the heroes are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While the fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to survive in trouble. The guys do the hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers who don’t even have anyone to chop wood. They secretly perform all these tasks without waiting for praise and honor. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to victory. Their destinies are also ruined by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of his older sister, but they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their small civic duty.

The problem of nobility and baseness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant with Nikolai’s child. There is no water or food in their shelter; the young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But a lame Jewish girl emerges from hiding to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is watching her vigilantly. However, she was unable to blend into the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by the rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they cover her body with bricks. There is so much nobility, so much love and self-sacrifice in this act of hers that it is difficult to perceive it without an internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the “chosen nation” and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in war conditions when he does not utter a single cry even under torture. He did not give the enemy spectacle and rejoicing by defeating him spiritually. In his dying word, he only addressed his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But I heard. And he realized that their cause was alive, which means he was alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley public is, how disgusting its murmur is. He contrasted her cruelty with Ostap’s virtue, and we understand whose side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person are truly revealed only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, and his duty out of fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades hang their former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, and avert trouble from the detachment. So he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Stories describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They just show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think at all about the outcome of the battle, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and receiving some benefits from his service. Having received a wound, he even refuses to bandage it so that everyone will be shocked by the sight of blood, because there is a reward for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely defeat. With such an attitude towards your duty to your homeland, it is impossible to win.
2. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” an unknown author tells about the instructive campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians. Striving to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against the nomads, neglecting the concluded truce. Russian troops defeat their enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, kill many, and take the rest prisoner. The young prince repented of his extravagance, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his estate was without an owner, his wife was in grief, like the rest of the people. The opposite of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and that you shouldn’t just meddle with your enemies. He takes his mission responsibly and condemns Igor’s vanity. His “Golden Word” subsequently became the basis of the political system of Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are contrasted with each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One takes care of his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, while the other thinks only about the quick success of the cause, and he does not care about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov’s tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader during the battle.

"JUST WAS CHOICE I OR MOTHERLAND"

( Lesson on a novel B. Vasilyeva “Not on the lists” was listed")

Concept of a person as she utis confirmed by Soviet literature, withmost convincingly revealedappears in works about the GreatPatriotic War. In a collisiontwo ideologies, two different moralsnational foundations and systems won theour system, our morality, osbased on humanity and awarenessdeepest responsibilitylove not only for himself, but also forthe fate of others.

Affirming the greatness and strength of spirit, according tosaying unlimited possibilitiespeople, literature not only elevatesnot the Soviet man, but also defendsthere is no person at all, claiming humanistic direction in developmentworld culture.

Works about the Great Fatherlandwar, telling about the militaryevents thirty years agoaddressed in our day, to those moralsvein-philosophical problems, whichothers have to decide and olderto schoolchildren. To the younger generation, stand upthose who strive for life need to determineyour attitude towards genuine and imaginedour values, and literature will helpcan begin this serious spiritualwork already at school.

Roman B. Vasilyeva “Not on the lists”was listed" is interesting because it promptedallows you to think about the questionswhich everyone strives to answerdy: how the appearance of the generation developedSoviet people who defeated fascism? Where did the young guys who came from all over the country come from?firing lines, those internalresistance forces that calland command the respect of all honorsnew people on earth?

Happy young man, justpromoted to the rank of lieutenant along withother military graduateslishcha, Nikolai Pluzhnikov arrived onappointment to the Brest Fortress inthe night that separated the world from the howlus. He did not have time to register, butAt dawn the battle began, which lastedfor Pluzhnikov continuously morenine months. Talking about shortwhat kind of life is the lieutenant to whomthe moment of death has barely passedtwenty years, the writer shows,how a young man becomes a hero, and that's ithis behavior in the fortress was a feat.

The author introduces us to the world of a maturingsouls. Development of Pluzhnikov's characteras if driven by events that accelerate the process of its formationpersonality. The author only indicateshee of the hero growing up. And we see howconsciousness of duty becomes the driving forcethe strength of his actions: do not think about itNo, the Fatherland is still in danger.

Pluzhnikov could still leave the fortressget together with your girlfriend. “And this would not be desertion or treasonno to the order: he was not listed in anyaccording to some lists, he was a free personcentury, but it is precisely this freedom that is behindput it on myselfmother the decision that was most expedient from a military point of viewvision." He understood freedom of choicelike the need to fight to the endtsa, as fulfilling a duty.

A feeling of unity with other defenders of the fortress, with all the peopledeepens in Pluzhnikov’s consciousness,when he reflects on the death of Vladimir Denishchik, who saved him, andrealizes that he only survivedbut because someone died for him,and when we meet in the dungeon of the fortresslooks forward to Sergeant Major Semishny.

When Pluzhnikov asked who he was,Semishny replies: “I thought who I amnow there is what to call yourself if you are dumbThey’ll find me, but I won’t have time to shoot myself. And I thought to say so: Russian soldierI. Russian soldier is my rank, Russian"Soldier is my last name." Semishny, osfacing death alone,feels himself part of the fighting people, and hence the strength of his spirit,contributing to the victorious outcome of the struggle.“Do you think we’re the only ones like this?beautiful?.. No, brother, I don’t believe inthis... How many miles to Moscow, I knoweat? Thousand. And at every mile there are people just like you and me. Notbetter and no worse."

Finding yoursI comes toPluzhnikov as self-awarenesshero of the Motherland, the people: “He is no longerfelt his “I”, he felt somethingmore: your personality, your personality, which has become a link between the pastlym and the future of his Motherland, a particlewhich warmed his chest with noblesilk banner. And calmly awareshaft that no one will ever haveit is important what exactly the name of this lich wasness, where and how she lived, who she lovedla and how she died. It was importantbut: it was important that the link, connectionsmerging past and future into onethe chain of time was strong. And hardbefore I knew that this link was strong andforever."

He went upstairs because he didn't havethere were no more cartridges, becauselearned: Moscow is ours and the Germans have brokenyou are near Moscow. "Now I cantee. Now I have to go out and look them in the eyes for the last time.”He went out to the enemies with the consciousness of youfull of duty: “The fortress did not fall:she just bled to death. I am byher last straw..."

Author's speech in the last partthe novel is filled with tragic pathossa. “At the entrance to the basement there was an incrediblebut thin, no longer having ageHuman. He was without a hat, longgray hair touched his shoulders... he was a hundredyawl, straight up, highthrowing up his head and not looking upstared at the sun with blinded eyes.”

At the request of the German generalstate the rank and surname of PluzhnyKov replied: “I am a Russian soldier.”He never identified himself. "Unknownhe suddenly slowly turned his head,and his unblinkingsight. And the thick beard will tremble a littlela in a strange triumphantchuckle: - What, general, now youdo you know how many steps there are in Russian verste? These were his last words."

The shocked German lieutenant gave the command, and the soldiers threw upweapons "on guard", general, "slightlyAfter hesitating, he raised his hand to his cap.”“And he, swaying, slowly walked throughbuild enemies who were giving him nowhighest military honors. But he doesn'tsaw these honors, and if you hadbusiness, he wouldn't care anymore. Hewas above all imaginable honors,higher than glory, higher than life and higherof death".

In the last part of the novel, Pluzhnikov is perceived as a symbolic imagethose known and unknown soldiers,who fought to the end and died, not counting on glory, but whoforever remained in people's heartsas the embodiment of the strength of spirit thatcommanded respect even from her enemies.

The story of Pluzhnikov appeared inthe novel as the story of a courageouscharacter developed in new, withcialistic conditions. PlowersKov is one of those Soviet soldiers,who, finding themselves “beyond the mercy line,” did not surrender the Brest Fortress,showing perseverance, greatness of spirit andfidelity to duty, understanding it as an obligationduty to defend the Fatherland to the end.

The Germans captured vast territoriestorii, approached Moscow, calculatedrushed for a quick victory, and at that time there lived in their rear, was bleeding, butthe fortress did not surrender, although in itthere was only one person left. Wassomething to think about for those who capturedhalf of Europe and nothing like it beforeI haven't met it yet.

Roman B. Vasiliev, as we see, yesThere is an opportunity to pose questions to students that will make them think about themselves in the context of historypeople, their spiritual life, as well asabout his place and purpose in modern timesminorities.

The lesson was calledsome from the poem “Requiem” by R. RozhdestViennese: “Everyone just had a choicebefore: me or the Motherland.”

The lesson was preceded by a longpreparation: students readnovel, were preparing an exhibition of books about the Great Patriotic War “It’s not the dead who need this!” We need this alive!”Collected photographic materials for the wallsDov "Brest Fortress" and "We are forThe homeland was fallen, but it was saved.” On levelwhere the documentary film “Hero-Fortress” was shown, playingla song by B. Okudzhava from the film“Belorussky Station”, read the openingwok from the poem by R. Rozhdestvensky"Requiem" performed by the author, soundbegan V. Vysotsky’s song “Brotherlygraves." The lesson endedsewing the song “For that guy” (mulanguage by M. Fradkin) to words by R. Rozhvirginal (“I am today before dawnI will rise...") and looking at the engravingsS. Krasauskas from the album “Foreveralive."

Two weeks before the lesson, studentsquestions were asked:

What is the historical background of the novel?

Which pages had the most impact on you?strong impression?

What gives Pluzhnikov the strength to endure everything?torture?

As B. Vasiliev shows, the maturation of the soulhero? What does it have to do with Nikolai Pluzhnykovu have the tragic fate of Denishchik SeMishny and other defenders of the fortress?

Why can we say that the defense of Brestwas the fortress a harbinger of victory?

Prepare to read expressivelycash novel.

How the immortality of the hero is stated in the datehis death - April 12?

Why was the novel first published inmagazine "Youth"?

Written on the boardtopic of the lesson andtwo epigraphs to it:

We weren't taught how to throw ourselves under a tank,

And how to close the enemy's embrasure with your chest,

And rush at the enemy like a living ram...

But we were taughtLove your homeland!

P. Bogdanov

But even the dead we will live

In a piece of your great happiness,

After all, we invested our lives in it.

Yu. Fuchik

The lesson begins with listeningsongs from the film “Belorussky Station”:

The birds don't sing here,

Trees don't grow...

And only we are shoulder to shoulder

We're growing into the ground here...

( to the words: And we need one victory,

One for all, we're after the price

let's not stand...)

After the introduction, teachabout the unparalleled heroism of the Sovietpeople, their patriotism and courage,about famous and unknown exploitson all fronts and in the rear, of whicha great Victory took shape, according toThe topic of the lesson is discussed.The conversation is preceded by a short storytoric reference preparedstudents based on the book by S. Smirnov"Brest Fortress", about the heroicdefense of the fortress, and a brief discussionteacher's opinion that in NikolaiPluzhnikov, the author summarized the featuresmany of her defenders: LieutenantAndrei Kizhevaty, head of the ninth border post, the first to receivebattle with the fascists, regimental commissionRa Efim Fomin, Komsomol organizer Samvel Matevosyan, unknown soldier,with the weakening hand of the one who wrote on the wallnot the words of the oath: “We will die, but from the“We won’t leave”, the lieutenant exclaimedwho defended the station, surnamewhose name remained unknown, and only the name of the protector is named on the obeliskka - Nikolai.

The documentary is shownfilm "Hero-Fortress"

On the screen are the bricks of the fortress, ohcaught by flamethrowers; Terespolskyand Kholm Gate; the faces of those who wrote the first with their blood and livesvictorious lines in the chronicle of the GreatPatriotic War. V. Vysotsky's song "Mass Graves" accompanied bygives footage.

Question: “Which pages produceAre you most impressed?nie? - makes it possible to highlight the main episodes of the narrative andestablish their sequence. Teachingpeople name scenes that are impossiblecan be read without trepidation: Denishchik’s injury and death, salvationSalnikov Pluzhnikov from captivity,Nikolai's meeting with Semishny, ficash These episodes were discussed collectivelyare given. Pre-prepared teacherNick reads the end of the novel from the words:“There, in the basement, sits a Russian fanatic...” - and ending with the words: “Fellfree even after life and deathtrample death." Well readpassage defines emotionalthe mood of the entire lesson.

The first part of the novel convincesbyat: Lieutenant Pluzhnikov is not a herofrom birth. The son of the deceased in the gripke with the Basmachis of Commissar Pluzhnikova, who considered himself an example ofneral school that participated inSpanish events, Nikolay, morebeing a cadet, I developed a sense ofSeverity of debt and personal responsibilityfor the present and future of the Motherland -qualities without which the feat would not have taken place.

Having met the war unfiredyoung men, he was forced to brutallyin the best conditions to accept oneselftelnye decisions that in anothertime would be mistaken for him as an adultgood people are commanders. Students aboutmonitored what was added to spiritualPluzhnikov's experience when he was notI was looking for an ammunition depot in the familiar surroundings of the fortress; when I realized thatviolated his duty by leaving the club underthe onslaught of the Germans, and decided to take itback; when I received the order to leavefell and did not leave the fortress.

The students realized that the solution was fordefend your honor in the fortress andthe honor of the Motherland is dictated by a sense of duty brought up by our actionsthe intensity that inspired NikoI have an idea of ​​the true pricesfacts of life. Pluzhnikov remainsfaithful to the end once chosen fromknowledgeable type of behavior.

In devoted, filial lovePluzhnikov to the Motherland, multipliedto a burning hatred for the fascists, according towho fell upon her, the disciples seethe origins of his heroism. They make surethat the soldier’s feelings were not coarsenedwar, that he remained a Man andthat real humanism is in the fight againstevil must be active. "KolyaPluzhnikov killed, like SeryozhaBruzjak to bring the time closer,when there will be no killing on earth,”they say.

It is important that students understandhero's standing, they see that duringfear overcomes him more than once during battles. Theyagree with the statementNits of the Patriotic War poetessYulia Drunina: “Who says that onwar is not scary, he knows nothingabout war,” they come to the idea: heroismnot that a person does not experiencefear, but in the ability to overcome it.

The teacher pays attentionclass discussion on the question: “Why does the authortalks in such detail about themilitary life of a hero? Students understand what it means to construct a novel according tocan understand the spiritual world not onlyto Pluzhnikov, but also to all Sovietpeople who so unanimously stood up fordefense of the Fatherland. An excerpt from an article by critic V. Chalmaev, which I quoteno words from Air Marshal A. Novikova, convinces eighth-graders of the rightthe correctness of their judgments. Thisfragment: “It is known that, when planning an attack on the Soviet country, Hitler’s strategists calculated everything,justifying the victory. But already the firstthe days of the war revealed the wretchedness of mechanical ideas about Soviet peopledyakh, and especially about our youth.Fascist theorists did not take into account the mostmain, immaterial, moralvalues ​​inherent in the Soviet peopleand youth. Younger generationsoldier 1941-1945 - flesh fromthe flesh of the native people. And it was himmoral strength, his ideals were revealed to the greatest extent in his workthe greatest fights of the Patriotic Warwe were covered, as Mar admittedaviation shal A. Novikov, “those gaps,which were formed then (in 1941year) in our defense capability.Soviet patriotism turned out to bethick force, multiplying the power beforesupposed divisions".

Answering the question what gives a herostrength to endure all trials, schoolchildrenki note how uplifting andturns out to be a lifesaver for PlujNikova awareness of his need for others, a feeling of unity with the people, a feeling of being a part of the Red Army, a defender of the most precious thing thata person has - a homeland. "Torn offaway from everyone, he felt witheveryone, this is the most important thing. Thisexplanation it seems all his behavior. After all, KolyaI just,Pluzhnikov behavesas ifhundreds of eyes would be watching him. Thisfrom a sense of responsibility,” says

student.

Question: “Why can we saythat the defense of the Brest Fortress would bea harbinger of victory? - no callingno difficulties. About readinesspeople fight until the endthere is a story about the deceased ser.Jeanne, who remained in the church whenothers retreated under enemy pressurebarracks; the paramedic's refusal will leave the fortress as ordered, because in itthere were wounded; feat of foreman Stepan Matveevich, who blew upa bunch of grenades for themselves and the Germans; verthe honor of the Semisha Banner of Honor,superhuman tenacity; finallythe struggle of Pluzhnikov, who remained infortress its last defender,his desire to live, to meet histhem, report that the fortress has not been surrendered...and together with the Red Army go farfurther, to the west, to Germany. Defensefortresses showed that in the Sovietpeople harbor such reserves of perseverance, determination to defend themselves to the end, ohwhich the Germans did not suspect andwhich ultimately determinedoutcome of the war.

The question aroused great interest: “How is the hero’s immortality established?in the date of his death - April 12?“It was on April 12, 1942, when the tenth month of the war was already underway,V odthe nom from the caponiers of the fortress rang outhoarse but triumphant laughterconquered It was Nikolai who saluted Moscow, having learned that they could not take herenemies. And on the same day he left,blind, exhausted, gray-haired, tosay goodbye to the sun. "The fortress is notfell: she simply bled to death,” andPluzhnikov was her last straw.And who knows if humanity couldthen celebrate April 12 - Daycosmonautics, if thousands of Pluzhnikovs had not died for their mission that daycountry in the Great Patriotic War“no” is the student’s answer.

Recording starts"Requiem". R. Rozhdestvensky cheatThere is an excerpt from the words: “Remember! WhichHappiness was won at a price..." - to the words:.“Leading the ship to the twinkling starsor, remember the dead!”

Here are some answers toquestion: “Why was the novel printedtan in the magazine "Youth"?

“On the day of his death, fulfill NicholasThe moose is only 20 years old. He was young andNaturally, I told him about hisroic life youth zhurcash".

“Kolya Pluzhnikov was ordinaryny young man who became a hero in "notordinary time. His example according tomaybe thousands of young readers will be assedswear at how we grow up inour "ordinary time".

. "You can't truly love RoDina, not knowing her heroic pastth. And to us, the generation of the 70s, through ourmagazine author passes the baton to mugestures, a relay of the feat of Komsomol members of the forties.”

Listening lesson endsI eat songs to the words of R. Rozhdestvensky"For that guy." I lie to all the studentsprinted on a typewritertext of the poem (“I’m up todayI will rise at dawn...") and is offered at homeanswer in writing the question in whichto the extent that the poem is consonant with their timesthoughts about the novel by B. Vasiliev“It wasn’t on the list.”

The task introduces students to goodgreat poem, makes me even moreonce again refer to the rum you readwell, to think not only about the fate of Nikolai Pluzhnikov and many other young and middle-aged soldiers, I don’t believethose who left the war and gave their livesfor us to live happily, butand about yourself, about the responsibility of livingin memory of the fallen. Teachershowed a wonderful album"Forever Living" with engravings by StasisKrasauskas and said that poetry andengravings will help them complete the tasktion.

The writings indicate thathow reasonable was the teacher's intention to take the eighth grade students out?kov beyond the boundaries of a specific productiondevelopments and give them a new directionthoughts and emotions. Let's give nohow many interesting, in our opinion,judgments that indicatethat the emotional mood is uroka created by its content anddesign, caused a lively response.

Why we shouldn’t forget people like Plujnicks? Not only because they died forus, but also because they are helping us now
understand what a real person should be likeage and how difficult it is to become one. And Pluzhnikov to themwas. Even the Germans were amazed whenoh, blind, exhausted man sostood before them that they saluted him.There are, there are such actions of people in front of whichwhere the wildest barbarism is powerless: EvPatiy Kolovrat, Andrey Sokolov, now NiKolay Pluzhnikov...

I was struck by the words of the poet: “I am heavierI'm so hunched over, But there's no other way to live,if everything calls me his voice, everything sounds in
his song for me." This “heaviness” is our conscienceand a sense of responsibility towards memorydead. Both Pluzhnikov and the hero of the poem
stayed there forever so that we could live on"good" land, and they were only twentyyears. How can you forget about this! I can'tGu listen to this song calmly and think thatothers too.

I've seen Krasausk's drawings beforesa, but only now I realized why on everyone of them lies in the ground as a soldier, or rather, I seethis soldier's affairs before he was killed.His name could have been Kolya Pluzhnikov. Everything, thatshows the artist in the cycle “Struggle”, everythingThe hero of the novel experienced: fierce resistance to enemies, the death of comrades, the pangs of hunger.The drawings give you a lot to think about.poems from the sections “Memory” and “Dreams”. They seem to continue the novel by B. Vasiliev...