Amazing examples of heroism. Literary arguments: the problem of heroism Works about heroism in war

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Introduction

1 The heroism of the Soviet man during the Great Patriotic War

2 The origins of the mass heroism of the Soviet people

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The Soviet people were seriously alarmed by the war, by the sudden attack of Nazi Germany, but they were not spiritually depressed and confused. He was confident that the insidious and powerful enemy would receive a proper rebuff. All means and methods of spiritual influence, all branches and sections of spiritual culture and art immediately began to work to raise the people for the Patriotic War, to inspire their Armed Forces to selfless struggle. “Get up, huge country, get up for a mortal battle with the dark fascist force, with the damned horde,” the song called to everyone. The people felt themselves to be full-fledged subjects of the spiritual life of humanity; they took upon themselves the mission of fighting the fascist invasion not only as a defense of their historical existence, but also as a great saving universal task.

The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 clearly showed that the spiritual struggle significantly influences the entire course of the military struggle. If the spirit is broken, the will is broken, the war will be lost even with military-technical and economic superiority. And vice versa, the war is not lost if the spirit of the people is not broken, even with great initial successes of the enemy. And this was convincingly proven by the Patriotic War. Every battle, every operation of this war represents a most complex military and spiritual action at the same time.

The war lasted 1418 days. All of them are filled with the bitterness of defeats and the joy of victories, large and small losses. How much and what kind of spiritual strength was required to overcome this path?!

May 9, 1945 is not only a victory of arms, but also a victory of the people's spirit. Millions of people never stop thinking about its origins, results and lessons. What was the spiritual power of our people? Where to look for the origins of such mass heroism, perseverance and fearlessness?

All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.

Purpose of the work: study and analysis of the reasons for the heroism of Soviet people on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

The work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The total volume of work is 16 pages.

1 The heroism of the Soviet man during the Great Patriotic War

The Great Patriotic War was a difficult test that befell the Russian people. From the very first days of the war, we had to deal with a very serious enemy who knew how to wage a major modern war. Hitler's mechanized hordes, regardless of losses, rushed forward and put to fire and sword everything that came along the way. It was necessary to turn the entire life and consciousness of the Soviet people around, to organize morally and ideologically and mobilize them for a difficult and long struggle.

All means of spiritual influence on the masses, agitation and propaganda, political-mass work, print, cinema, radio, literature, art - were used to explain the goals, nature and features of the war against Nazi Germany, to solve military problems in the rear and at the front, to achieve victory over the enemy.

Exciting documents have been preserved - the suicide notes of some Soviet soldiers. The lines of the notes resurrect before us in all their beauty the appearance of people, courageous and infinitely devoted to the Motherland. The collective testament of 18 members of the underground organization in Donetsk is imbued with an unshakable belief in the strength and invincibility of the Motherland: “Friends! We are dying for a just cause... Don’t fold your arms, rise up, beat the enemy at every step. Farewell, Russian people."

The Russian people spared neither strength nor life in order to hasten the hour of victory over the enemy. Our women also forged victory over the enemy shoulder to shoulder with men. They bravely endured the incredible hardships of wartime, they were unparalleled workers in factories, on collective farms, in hospitals and schools.

The people's militia divisions created by the working people of Moscow fought heroically. During the defense of Moscow, the capital's party and Komsomol organizations sent up to 100 thousand communists and 250 thousand Komsomol members to the front. Almost half a million Muscovites came out to build defensive lines. They surrounded Moscow with anti-tank ditches, wire fences, trenches, gouges, pillboxes, bunkers, etc.

The motto of the guardsmen - to always be heroes - was vividly embodied in the immortal feat of the Panfilovites, which was accomplished by 28 soldiers of the 316th division of General I.V. Panfilov. Defending the line at the Dubosekovo crossing, this group under the command of political instructor V.G. Klochkov on November 16 entered into single combat with 50 German tanks, accompanied by a large detachment of enemy machine gunners. Soviet soldiers fought with unparalleled courage and tenacity. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat. Moscow is behind us,” the political instructor addressed the soldiers with such an appeal. And the soldiers fought to the death, 24 of them, including V.G. Klochkov, died the death of the brave, but the enemy did not pass here.

The example of Panfilov’s men was followed by many other units and units, crews of airplanes, tanks and ships.

The legendary feat of the airborne detachment under the command of Senior Lieutenant K.F. Olshansky appears before us in all its grandeur. A detachment of 55 sailors and 12 Red Army soldiers in March 1944 made a daring raid on the German garrison in the city of Nikolaev. Eighteen fierce attacks were repelled by Soviet soldiers within 24 hours, destroying four hundred Nazis and knocking out several tanks. But the paratroopers also suffered huge losses, their strength was running out. By this time, Soviet troops, advancing on Nikolaev bypassing, achieved decisive success. The city was free.

All 67 landing participants, 55 of them posthumously, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. During the war years, 11,525 people were awarded this high title.

“Win or die” was the only question in the war against German fascism, and our soldiers understood this. They consciously gave their lives for their Motherland when the situation demanded it. The legendary intelligence officer N.I. Kuznetsov, going behind enemy lines on a mission, wrote: “I love life, I’m still very young. But because the Fatherland, which I love like my own mother, requires me to sacrifice my life in the name of liberating it from the German occupiers, I will do it. Let the whole world know what a Russian patriot and Bolshevik is capable of. Let the fascist leaders remember that it is impossible to conquer our people, just as it is impossible to extinguish the Sun.”

A striking example that personifies the heroic spirit of our soldiers is the feat of the Komsomol Marine Corps fighter M.A. Panikakhin. During an enemy attack on the approaches to the Volga, he, engulfed in flames, rushed to meet a fascist tank and set it on fire with a bottle of fuel. The hero burned down along with the enemy tank. His comrades compared his feat with the feat of Gorky’s Danko: the light of the Soviet hero’s feat became a beacon to which other heroic warriors looked up.

What strength of spirit was demonstrated by those who did not hesitate to cover with their bodies the embrasure of the enemy bunker that was spewing deadly fire! Private Alexander Matrosov was one of the first to accomplish such a feat. The feat of this Russian soldier was repeated by dozens of fighters of other nationalities. Among them are the Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, the Estonian I.I. Laar, the Ukrainian A.E. Shevchenko, the Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, the Moldovan I.S. Soltys, the Kazakh S.B. Baitagatbetov and many others.

Following the Belarusian Nikolai Gastello, Russian pilots L.I. Ivanov, N.N. Skovorodin, E.V. Mikhailov, Ukrainian N.T. Vdovenko, Kazakh N. Abdirov, Jew I.Ya. Irzhak and other.

Of course, selflessness and contempt for death in the fight against the enemy do not necessarily entail the loss of life. Moreover, often these qualities of Soviet soldiers help them mobilize all their spiritual and physical strength to find a way out of a difficult situation. Faith in the people, confidence in victory, in the name of which the Russian man goes to death without fear of it, inspires the fighter, pours new strength into him.

Thanks to these same reasons, thanks to iron discipline and military skill, millions of Soviet people, who looked death in the face, won and remained alive. Among these heroes are 33 Soviet heroes, who in August 1942, on the outskirts of the Volga, defeated 70 enemy tanks and a battalion of their infantry. It is almost incredible, but, nevertheless, a fact that this small group of Soviet soldiers, led by junior political instructor A.G. Evtifev and deputy political instructor L.I. Kovalev, having only grenades, machine guns, petrol bottles and one anti-tank rifle , destroyed 27 German tanks and about 150 Nazis, and she herself emerged from this unequal battle without losses.

During the war years, such qualities of our soldiers and officers as perseverance and inflexibility of will in the performance of military duty, which constitute an important element of true heroism, were very clearly manifested. Even in the most difficult conditions of the initial period of the war, the bulk of our soldiers did not become despondent, did not lose their presence of mind, and retained firm confidence in victory. Courageously overcoming “fear of tanks and planes,” inexperienced soldiers became seasoned fighters.

The whole world knows the iron steadfastness of our soldiers in the days of the heroic defense of Leningrad, Sevastopol, Kyiv, and Odessa. The determination to fight the enemy to the end was a mass phenomenon and was expressed in the oaths of individual soldiers and units. Here is one of these oaths taken by Soviet sailors during the defense of Sevastopol: “For us the slogan is “Not a step back!” became the slogan of life. We are all, as one, unshakable. If there is a lurking coward or a traitor among us, then our hand will not waver - he will be destroyed.”

The actions of Soviet soldiers in the historical battle on the Volga were marked by great tenacity and courage. There was essentially no leading edge - it was everywhere. There was a fierce bloody struggle for every meter of land, for every house. But even in these incredibly difficult conditions, the Soviet soldiers survived. They survived and won, first of all, because a united military team was formed here, there was an idea. It was the common idea that was the cementing force that united the warriors and made their resilience truly ironclad. The words “Not a step back!” for all soldiers and officers they became a requirement, an order, the meaning of existence. The defenders of the military stronghold were supported by the whole country. 140 days and nights of continuous battles for the city on the Volga is a true epic of folk heroism. The legendary resilience of the city on the Volga is personified by its famous heroes, among them Sergeant I.F. Pavlov, who led a handful of brave men who penetrated one of the houses. This house, turned into an impregnable fortress, entered the annals of the war as Pavlov's House. The memory of the feat of signalman V.P. Titaev, who, dying, clamped the broken ends of the wire with his teeth and restored the broken connection, will never fade. Even when he was dead, he continued to fight the Nazis.

Kursk Bulge - here the Nazi command wanted to take revenge and change the course of the war in their favor. However, the heroism of the Soviet people knew no bounds. It seemed that our soldiers had turned into fearless heroes and no force could keep them from carrying out the orders of the Motherland.

The 3rd Fighter Brigade alone repelled 20 attacks and destroyed 146 enemy tanks in four days of fighting. Captain G.I. Igishev’s battery heroically defended its combat positions near the village of Samodurovka, towards which up to 60 fascist tanks rushed. Having destroyed 19 tanks and 2 infantry battalions, almost all the batteries died, but did not let the enemy through. The village where the battle took place is named after Hero of the Soviet Union Igishev. Guard pilot Lieutenant A.K. Gorovets on a fighter plane, the fuselage of which was decorated with the inscription “From collective farmers and collective farmers of the Gorky Region,” alone entered into battle with a large group of enemy bombers and shot down 9 of them. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In the battles near Orel, pilot A.P. Maresyev showed an example of valor and courage, returning to duty after being seriously wounded and amputated on both legs and shooting down 3 enemy aircraft.

The enemy was stopped along the entire front and Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive. On this day, near the village of Prokhorovka, the largest oncoming tank battle in history took place, in which about 1,200 tanks took part on both sides. The main role in launching a counterattack against the advancing enemy belonged to the 5th Guards Tank Army under the command of General P.A. Rotmistrov.

Having liberated Ukraine and Donbass, Soviet troops reached the Dnieper and immediately began crossing the river simultaneously in many areas. Advance units using available means - fishing boats, rafts, planks, empty barrels, etc. - overcame this powerful water barrier and created the necessary bridgeheads. It was an outstanding feat. About 2,500 soldiers and officers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the successful crossing of the Dnieper. Access to the lower reaches of the Dnieper allowed our troops to block the enemy in Crimea.

A striking example of courage and extraordinary bravery is the combat activities of the intelligence officer Hero of the Soviet Union V.A. Molodtsov and his comrades I.N. Petrenko, Yasha Gordienko and others. Having settled on the instructions of the state security authorities in the catacombs of Odessa, occupied by the enemy, and experiencing the greatest difficulties (there was not enough food, the Nazis poisoned them with gas, walled up the entrances to the catacombs, poisoned the water in the wells, etc.), Molodtsov’s reconnaissance group for seven months regularly transmitted valuable intelligence information about the enemy to Moscow. They remained loyal to their homeland to the end. When asked to submit a petition for clemency, Molodtsov stated on behalf of his comrades: “We do not ask for clemency from our enemies on our land.”

Military skill greatly enhanced the resilience and other moral and combat qualities of our soldiers. That is why our soldiers put their whole soul into mastering weapons, equipment, and new fighting techniques. It is known how widespread the sniper movement became at the front. There were so many famous names here that received well-deserved fame!

One of the most characteristic features of the spiritual appearance of our soldiers is a sense of collectivism and camaraderie.

Soviet partisans provided great assistance to the Red Army. 1943 was a time of unprecedented heroic mass partisan movement. Coordination of interaction between partisan detachments and their close connection with the combat operations of the Red Army were characteristic features of the nationwide struggle behind enemy lines.

By the end of 1941, 40 partisan detachments, numbering up to 10 thousand people, were operating near Moscow. In a short period of time, they destroyed 18 thousand fascist invaders, 222 tanks and armored vehicles, 6 aircraft, 29 warehouses with ammunition and food.

Like the soldiers at the front, the partisans showed unprecedented heroism. The Soviet people sacredly honor the memory of the fearless patriot - eighteen-year-old Komsomol member Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who voluntarily joined the ranks of the defenders of the Motherland and carried out the most dangerous tasks behind enemy lines. During an attempt to set fire to an important military facility, Zoya was captured by the Nazis, who subjected her to monstrous torture. But Zoya did not betray her comrades to the enemy. Standing at the gallows with a noose around her neck, Zoya addressed the Soviet people herded to the place of execution: “I’m not afraid to die, comrades! It’s happiness to die for your people!” Thousands of other Soviet people behaved just as heroically.

By the end of 1943, there were more than 250 thousand people in partisan detachments. In the occupied territory, entire partisan regions existed in the Leningrad and Kalinin regions, in Belarus, Oryol, Smolensk and other regions. Over 200 thousand km 2 of territory were under the complete control of the partisans.

During the period of preparation and during the Battle of Kursk, they disrupted the work of the enemy’s rear, conducted continuous reconnaissance, hampered the transfer of troops, and diverted enemy reserves to themselves through active combat operations. Thus, the 1st Kursk Partisan Brigade blew up several railway bridges and interrupted train traffic for 18 days.

Particularly noteworthy are the partisan operations under the code names “Rail War” and “Concert”, carried out in August - October 1943. During the first operation, in which about 170 partisan formations numbering 100 thousand people operated, many trains were wrecked, bridges were destroyed and station buildings. Operation Concert was even more effective: railway capacity was reduced by 35-40%, which significantly complicated the regrouping of Nazi troops and provided great assistance to the advancing Red Army.

Unwavering spirit, a proud consciousness of their strength and moral superiority over the enemy did not leave Soviet soldiers and officers even when they fell into the hands of the Nazis and found themselves in a hopeless situation. While dying, the heroes remained undefeated. They crucified Komsomol soldier Yuri Smirnov by driving nails into his palms and feet; they killed the partisan Vera Lisovaya by lighting a fire on her chest; They tortured the legendary General D.M. Karbyshev by dousing him with water in the cold, who, in response to the Nazis’ offer to serve them, answered with dignity: “I am a Soviet man, a soldier, and I remain true to my duty.”

Thus, in the harsh times of war, the spiritual power of our people, selflessly devoted to their Motherland, stubborn in battle for a just cause, tireless in work, ready for any sacrifices and hardships in the name of the prosperity of the Fatherland, was revealed in all its greatness.

2 The origins of the mass heroism of the Soviet people

Victory or defeat in a war is the result of a number of components, among which the moral factor occupies a paramount place. What did the Soviet people defend? The answer to this question largely explains the behavior of people at the front and in the rear, the incentives of their social consciousness of that time and their personal attitude towards the confrontation with the Nazis. The people stood up to defend their state, their Motherland. Millions of fallen and living invested in this concept all the best connected with the life of the country, their family, children, with a new just society, which they believed would be built. Pride in the country, involvement in its successes and failures is an important feature of public sentiment and personal actions of that time. They knew that they were waging a war for a just cause, and for the most part, even in the most hopeless conditions, they had no doubt about the final victory.

Albert Axel identifies love for the Motherland, for the Russian land as the main source of moral strength in the army, which during the Great Patriotic War manifested itself in “an atmosphere of universal heroism.” The historian consistently defends the thesis that the self-sacrifice of the Soviet people and their military exploits “changed the course of events in the Second World War.”

Today, many publications and books weighed in their assessments about the heroes of the past war and the nature of heroism are being published. Their authors deeply penetrate into the origins and essence of heroic deeds, understanding by this an act of a person or group of people when a step is consciously taken that goes beyond the usual norms of behavior. This heroism consists in resolving life's contradictions, which at the moment cannot be resolved by ordinary, everyday means. Of particular importance in this case are the content of the driving motive of the action, its compliance with the spiritual mood, ideological beliefs of people and the requirements of the situation.

The heroic in the behavior and actions of a person is necessarily associated with exceptional tension of thought, will, feeling, and is associated with risk, in most cases with mortal danger. However, during the war years, people consciously took any risk and any challenge. They were driven to this by selfless concern for the fate of the Motherland, its present and future, and a deep awareness of the terrible danger that German Nazism brought to our country. It is here that we must look for the source of that unprecedented mass heroism, which became the decisive driving force in the war, the most important factor in victory in it. It manifested itself in the activities of people of all ages and professions, men and women, representatives of all nations and nationalities of the USSR. More than 11 thousand became Heroes of the Soviet Union, hundreds of thousands became holders of orders and medals.

The origins of mass heroism are seen in the Russian national character, in patriotism, a sense of pride in one’s homeland, in the moral spirit of the people, in the fraternal friendship of people of different nationalities.

The forms of mass heroism were diverse. But especially characteristic was the collective feat of units, formations - at the front, factories, collective farms, and many other labor collectives - in the rear. This was heroism of a special kind: the long and highest intensity military labor of millions of Red Army soldiers in conditions of constant mortal danger, the selfless labor of millions of workers, peasants, employees, scientific and technical intelligentsia under the utmost strain of spiritual forces, often in conditions of hunger and cold.

The massive labor heroism of the Soviet people is also a historical phenomenon. With their selfless labor they won the battle for metal and bread, fuel and raw materials, for the creation of weapons of victory. People worked twelve or more hours a day, without days off or vacations. Even during German air raids on front-line cities, work did not stop. And if we take into account the lack of food, the most basic things, the cold in irregularly heated houses, it becomes clear in what harsh conditions people lived and worked. But they knew: the active army was waiting for planes, tanks, guns, ammunition, etc. And everyone tried to produce as much product as possible.

Thus, the patriotic spirit of the majority of the country’s population was convincingly confirmed by practical deeds at the front and in the rear, as well as in the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR.

And in this sense, we can talk about the moral and political unity of the Soviet people in those years. A deep sense of patriotism and at the same time hatred of the enemy was demonstrated by the overwhelming majority of the population of the USSR, regardless of nationality, political views and religion. This circumstance was reflected in the change in official ideological guidelines.

The gradual deep awareness of the above was the most important source of spiritual strength for the bulk of the Soviet people, which was so clearly manifested at the front, in the rear and in the occupied Soviet territory. They saw the main condition for the defeat of the aggressor, first of all, in their unprecedented fraternal unity as the sons of a single historically established people who built a powerful state. That is why the victory achieved by common forces and achieved at an extremely high price is the property of all the peoples of the former USSR, the natural pride of those who achieved this victory in bloody battles, and of those who inherited it from their fathers and grandfathers. At the same time, this is an instructive lesson for current generations - a lesson of selfless love for the Fatherland, a lesson of the selfless great struggle for its freedom and independence.

Conclusion

The Great Patriotic War showed all the depth, advanced character, and spiritual strength of the Soviet; showed the decisive role in the historical fate of the people of the quality of their spirituality, the importance of spiritual culture and ideology in its rise, in the mobilization of the people to fight for their historical existence.

This experience of war is extremely important in our time for people to gain faith in themselves, in their ability to solve problems that seem insurmountable. The Great Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany obliges and inspires us to solve such problems.

During the war there were situations when our troops clearly did not have enough physical strength to stop the fascist hordes. What saved him was his fortitude, which allowed him to make a turning point in a fierce struggle. Spiritual strength raised millions of soldiers to sacrificial service to the Fatherland on the endless fronts of the great war and in the vast expanses of the near and far rear. She united everyone and made them creators of the Great Victory. This is the greatest example for posterity of all time.

The people have not forgotten and glorify those who fought bravely and died a hero’s death, bringing the hour of our victory closer, glorify those who survived, who managed to defeat the enemy. Heroes do not die, their glory is immortal, their names are forever included not only in the lists of personnel of the Armed Forces, but also in people's memory. People make up legends about heroes, erect beautiful monuments to them, and name the best streets of their cities and villages after them.

List of used literature

1. Aksel A. Heroes of Russia. 1941-1945 / A. Aksel. – M.: Interstamo, 2002.

2. Bagramyan I.Kh. This is how we went to victory. Military memoirs / I.Kh. Bagramyan. – M.: Voenizdat, 1990.

3. Dmitrienko V.P. The history of homeland. XX century: A manual for students / V.P. Dmitrienko, V.D. Esakov, V.A. Shestakov. – M.: Bustard, 2002.

4. Brief world history. In 2 books / Ed. A.Z. Manfreda. – M.: Publishing house Nauka, 1996.

5. Paderin A.A. War and peace: the role of spiritual culture in the education of patriotic consciousness / A.A. Paderin // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. – Moscow: Silver Threads Publishing House, 2005.

Self-sacrifice does not always involve risking one's life
Love for the Motherland motivates a person to perform heroic deeds
A man is ready to sacrifice himself for the one he really loves.
To save a child, sometimes it is not a pity to sacrifice the most valuable thing a person has - his own life.
Only a moral person is capable of performing a heroic act
Willingness to self-sacrifice does not depend on income level or social status
Heroism is expressed not only in actions, but also in the ability to be true to one’s word even in the most difficult life situations
People are ready to sacrifice themselves even in the name of saving a stranger

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Sometimes we do not suspect that this or that person can commit a heroic act. This is confirmed by an example from this work: Pierre Bezukhov, being a rich man, decides to stay in Moscow, besieged by the enemy, although he has every opportunity to leave. He is a real person who does not put his financial situation first. Without sparing himself, the hero saves a little girl from the fire, performing a heroic act. You can also turn to the image of Captain Tushin. At first he does not make a good impression on us: Tushin appears before the command without boots. But the battle proves that this man can be called a real hero: the battery under the command of Captain Tushin selflessly repels enemy attacks, without cover, sparing no effort. And it doesn’t matter at all what impression these people make on us when we first meet them.

I.A. Bunin "Lapti". In an impenetrable blizzard, Nefed went to Novoselki, located six miles from home. He was prompted to do this by the requests of a sick child to bring red bast shoes. The hero decided that “he needs to get it” because “the soul desires.” He wanted to buy bast shoes and paint them magenta. By nightfall Nefed had not returned, and in the morning the men brought his dead body. In his bosom they found a bottle of magenta and brand new bast shoes. Nefed was ready for self-sacrifice: knowing that he was putting himself in danger, he decided to act for the benefit of the child.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Love for Marya Mironova, the captain’s daughter, more than once prompted Pyotr Grinev to put his life in danger. He went to the Belogorsk fortress captured by Pugachev to snatch the girl from Shvabrin’s hands. Pyotr Grinev understood what he was getting into: at any moment he could be caught by Pugachev’s people, he could be killed by the enemies. But nothing stopped the hero; he was ready to save Marya Ivanovna even at the cost of his own life. The readiness for self-sacrifice also manifested itself when Grinev was under investigation. He did not talk about Marya Mironova, whose love led him to Pugachev. The hero did not want to make the girl involved in the investigation, although this would allow him to justify himself. Pyotr Grinev showed by his actions that he was ready to endure anything for the sake of the happiness of the person dear to him.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The fact that Sonya Marmeladova went with the “yellow ticket” is also a kind of self-sacrifice. The girl decided to do this herself, consciously, in order to feed her family: her drunkard father, stepmother and her little children. No matter how dirty her “profession” is, Sonya Marmeladova is worthy of respect. Throughout the entire work she proved her spiritual beauty.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". If Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, turned out to be a traitor, then Ostap, the eldest son, proved himself to be a strong personality, a real warrior. He did not betray his father and homeland, he fought to the last. Ostap was executed in front of his father. But no matter how hard, painful and scary it was for him, he did not make a sound during the execution. Ostap is a real hero who gave his life for his homeland.

V. Rasputin “French Lessons”. Lydia Mikhailovna, an ordinary French teacher, was capable of self-sacrifice. When her student, the hero of the work, came to school beaten, and Tishkin said that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna was in no hurry to tell the director about it. She found out that the boy was playing because he did not have enough money for food. Lidia Mikhailovna began teaching the student French, which he was not good at, at home, and then offered to play “measures” with her for money. The teacher knew that this should not be done, but the desire to help the child was more important to her. When the director found out about everything, Lydia Mikhailovna was fired. Her seemingly wrong action turned out to be noble. The teacher sacrificed her reputation to help the boy.

N.D. Teleshov "Home". Semka, so eager to return to his native land, met an unfamiliar grandfather along the way. They walked together. On the way, the boy fell ill. The unknown person took him to the city, although he knew that he could not appear there: his grandfather had escaped from hard labor for the third time. Grandfather was caught in the city. He understood the danger, but the child's life was more important to him. The grandfather sacrificed his quiet life for the future of a stranger.

A. Platonov “Sandy Teacher”. From the village of Khoshutovo, located in the desert, Maria Naryshkina helped create a real green oasis. She devoted herself entirely to work. But the nomads passed - not a trace remained of the green spaces. Maria Nikiforovna left for the district with a report, where she was offered to transfer to work in Safuta in order to teach the nomads who were transitioning to sedentary life the culture of the sands. She agreed, which demonstrated her readiness for self-sacrifice. Maria Naryshkina decided to devote herself to a good cause, not thinking about her family or the future, but helping people in the difficult struggle against the sands.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". For the sake of the Master, Margarita was ready to do anything. She decided to make a deal with the devil and was the queen at Satan’s ball. And all in order to see the Master. True love forced the heroine to make self-sacrifice, to go through all the tests prepared for her by fate.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The main character of the work is a simple Russian guy who honestly and selflessly fulfills his soldier’s duty. His crossing of the river was a real heroic act. Vasily Terkin was not afraid of the cold: he knew that he needed to convey the lieutenant’s request. What the hero did seems impossible, incredible. This is a feat of a simple Russian soldier.

The school year has come to an end. It's exam time for 11th grade students. As you know, in order to obtain a school certificate, you need to pass two main exams: in mathematics and the Russian language. But there are also a few more items to choose from.

Nuances of essays on the Russian language on the Unified State Exam

To get maximum marks for passing, you need to write the essay correctly, that is, the third part. Part C has a lot of essay topics. The exam organizers offer written work about friendship, love, childhood, motherhood, science, duty, honor and so on. One of the most difficult topics is the problem of courage and perseverance. You will find arguments for it in our article. But that is not all. We also present to your attention a plan according to which you need to write an essay for the Russian language exam in 11th grade.

Many authors wrote about the war. But, unfortunately, these works, like many others, do not linger in the memory of children. We suggest recalling the most striking works in which you can find examples of courage and feat.

Plan for the final essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian

Testing teachers award a large number of points for essays that have the correct composition. If you use our courage writing plan, your teachers will appreciate your work. But don't forget about literacy.

Remember that an essay in the Russian language on the unified state exam differs significantly from written works in social studies, history and literature. It must be compositionally correctly designed.

And we are moving on to the plan for a future essay on the issue of courage and perseverance. The arguments will be given below.

1. Introduction. Why do you think it is needed? The whole point is that the graduate needs to lead the examiner to the main problem that is discussed in the text. As a rule, this is a small paragraph consisting of 3-5 sentences on the topic.

2. Statement of the problem. In this part, the graduate writes that he identified the problem. Attention! When you indicate it, think carefully and find arguments in the text (there are about 3 of them in the fragment).

3. Alumni comment. At this point, the student explains to the reader the problem of the text read, and also characterizes it. The volume of this paragraph is no more than 7 sentences.

5. Own point of view. At this point, the student must write whether he agrees with the author of the text or not. In any case, you need to justify your answer, in our case on the issue of courage and perseverance. The arguments are given in the next paragraph.

6. Evidence from works of art or arguments from life. Most teachers insist that graduates present 2-3 arguments from works of fiction.

7. Conclusion. As a rule, it consists of 3 sentences. At this point, the graduate’s task is to draw a conclusion to everything said above, that is, to sum up a certain conclusion. The conclusion will be more effective if you end your essay with a rhetorical question.

Many examinees note that the most difficult part for them is the argumentation item. Therefore, we have selected examples of courage in literature for you.

Mikhail Sholokhov. The story “The Fate of Man”

You can show resilience even in captivity. Soviet soldier Andrei Sokolov is captured. Then he ends up in a death camp. One evening the camp commandant calls him and invites him to raise a glass of vodka to the victory of fascist weapons. Sokolov refuses to do this. Among them was a drunken Muller. He invites the prisoner to drink to his own death.

Andrey agreed, took the glass and drank it right away, without taking a bite. Exhaling heavily, he said: “Sign me up.” A company of drunken German officers appreciated the courage and fortitude. Argument No. 1 for your essay is ready. It should be noted that this story ended successfully for the captured soldier Sokolov.

Lev Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"

It was considered not only in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century, but also a century earlier. When we read this novel in literature lessons, we unwittingly became witnesses to the courage and perseverance of the Russian people. Leo Tolstoy wrote that during the battle the command did not tell the soldiers what to do. Everything went by itself. Wounded soldiers were taken to medical aid stations, the bodies of the dead were carried behind the front line, and the ranks of the soldiers closed again.

We see that people did not want to say goodbye to life. But they overcame fear and maintained their fighting spirit under flying bullets. This is where courage and perseverance were manifested. Argument #2 is ready.

Boris Vasiliev. The story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”

We continue to consider. This time, a brave girl during the Great Patriotic War will demonstrate a lesson of courage to readers. In this story, Boris Vasiliev writes about a detachment of girls who died, but still managed to win because they did not allow a single enemy warrior to enter their native land. This victory took place because they selflessly and sincerely loved their Motherland.

Komelkova Evgenia is the heroine of the story. A young, strong and courageous girl from the fighters of the story. Comic and dramatic episodes are associated with her name. Her character displays traits of benevolence and optimism, cheerfulness and confidence. But the most important trait is hatred of the enemy. It is she who attracts the attention of readers and arouses their admiration. Only Zhenya had the courage to call on enemy fire in order to avert the mortal threat from the wounded Rita and Fedot. Not everyone can forget such a lesson of courage.

Boris Polevoy. "The Tale of a Real Man"

We present to your attention another vivid work that tells about the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and strength of character of the Soviet pilot Maresyev.

In general, Boris Polevoy’s arsenal contains many works where the author examines the problem of courage and perseverance.

Arguments for the essay:

In this story, the author writes about the Soviet pilot Maresyev. It so happened that he survived the plane crash, but was left without legs. This did not stop him from returning to life. The man stood on his prosthetics. Maresyev returned to his life's work - flying.

We have discussed the problem of courage and perseverance. We have presented the arguments. Good luck on the exam!

Heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Alexander Matrosov

Submachine gunner of the 2nd separate battalion of the 91st separate Siberian volunteer brigade named after Stalin.

Sasha Matrosov did not know his parents. He was brought up in an orphanage and a labor colony. When the war began, he was not even 20. Matrosov was drafted into the army in September 1942 and sent to the infantry school, and then to the front.

In February 1943, his battalion attacked a Nazi stronghold, but fell into a trap, coming under heavy fire, cutting off the path to the trenches. They fired from three bunkers. Two soon fell silent, but the third continued to shoot the Red Army soldiers lying in the snow.

Seeing that the only chance to get out of the fire was to suppress the enemy’s fire, Sailors and a fellow soldier crawled to the bunker and threw two grenades in his direction. The machine gun fell silent. The Red Army soldiers went on the attack, but the deadly weapon began to chatter again. Alexander’s partner was killed, and Sailors was left alone in front of the bunker. Something had to be done.

He didn't have even a few seconds to make a decision. Not wanting to let his comrades down, Alexander closed the bunker embrasure with his body. The attack was a success. And Matrosov posthumously received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Military pilot, commander of the 2nd squadron of the 207th long-range bomber aviation regiment, captain.

He worked as a mechanic, then in 1932 he was drafted into the Red Army. He ended up in an air regiment, where he became a pilot. Nikolai Gastello participated in three wars. A year before the Great Patriotic War, he received the rank of captain.

On June 26, 1941, the crew under the command of Captain Gastello took off to strike a German mechanized column. It happened on the road between the Belarusian cities of Molodechno and Radoshkovichi. But the column was well guarded by enemy artillery. A fight ensued. Gastello's plane was hit by anti-aircraft guns. The shell damaged the fuel tank and the car caught fire. The pilot could have ejected, but he decided to fulfill his military duty to the end. Nikolai Gastello directed the burning car directly at the enemy column. This was the first fire ram in the Great Patriotic War.

The name of the brave pilot became a household name. Until the end of the war, all aces who decided to ram were called Gastellites. If you follow official statistics, then during the entire war there were almost six hundred ramming attacks on the enemy.

Brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade.

Lena was 15 years old when the war began. He was already working at a factory, having completed seven years of school. When the Nazis captured his native Novgorod region, Lenya joined the partisans.

He was brave and decisive, the command valued him. Over the several years spent in the partisan detachment, he participated in 27 operations. He was responsible for several destroyed bridges behind enemy lines, 78 Germans killed, and 10 trains with ammunition.

It was he who, in the summer of 1942, near the village of Varnitsa, blew up a car in which was the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. Golikov managed to obtain important documents about the German offensive. The enemy attack was thwarted, and the young hero was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for this feat.

In the winter of 1943, a significantly superior enemy detachment unexpectedly attacked the partisans near the village of Ostray Luka. Lenya Golikov died like a real hero - in battle.

Pioneer. Scout of the Voroshilov partisan detachment in the territory occupied by the Nazis.

Zina was born and went to school in Leningrad. However, the war found her on the territory of Belarus, where she came on vacation.

In 1942, 16-year-old Zina joined the underground organization “Young Avengers”. She distributed anti-fascist leaflets in the occupied territories. Then, undercover, she got a job in a canteen for German officers, where she committed several acts of sabotage and was only miraculously not captured by the enemy. Many experienced military men were surprised at her courage.

In 1943, Zina Portnova joined the partisans and continued to engage in sabotage behind enemy lines. Due to the efforts of defectors who surrendered Zina to the Nazis, she was captured. She was interrogated and tortured in the dungeons. But Zina remained silent, not betraying her own. During one of these interrogations, she grabbed a pistol from the table and shot three Nazis. After that she was shot in prison.

An underground anti-fascist organization operating in the area of modern Lugansk region. There were more than a hundred people. The youngest participant was 14 years old.

This underground youth organization was formed immediately after the occupation of the Lugansk region. It included both regular military personnel who found themselves cut off from the main units, and local youth. Among the most famous participants: Oleg Koshevoy, Ulyana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Vasily Levashov, Sergey Tyulenin and many other young people.

The Young Guard issued leaflets and committed sabotage against the Nazis. Once they managed to disable an entire tank repair workshop and burn down the stock exchange, from where the Nazis were driving people away for forced labor in Germany. Members of the organization planned to stage an uprising, but were discovered due to traitors. The Nazis captured, tortured and shot more than seventy people. Their feat is immortalized in one of the most famous military books by Alexander Fadeev and the film adaptation of the same name.

28 people from the personnel of the 4th company of the 2nd battalion of the 1075th rifle regiment.

In November 1941, a counter-offensive against Moscow began. The enemy stopped at nothing, making a decisive forced march before the onset of a harsh winter.

At this time, fighters under the command of Ivan Panfilov took up a position on the highway seven kilometers from Volokolamsk, a small town near Moscow. There they gave battle to the advancing tank units. The battle lasted four hours. During this time, they destroyed 18 armored vehicles, delaying the enemy's attack and thwarting his plans. All 28 people (or almost all, historians’ opinions differ here) died.

According to legend, the company political instructor Vasily Klochkov, before the decisive stage of the battle, addressed the soldiers with a phrase that became known throughout the country: “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind us!”

The Nazi counteroffensive ultimately failed. The Battle of Moscow, which was assigned the most important role during the war, was lost by the occupiers.

As a child, the future hero suffered from rheumatism, and doctors doubted that Maresyev would be able to fly. However, he stubbornly applied to the flight school until he was finally enrolled. Maresyev was drafted into the army in 1937.

He met the Great Patriotic War at a flight school, but soon found himself at the front. During a combat mission, his plane was shot down, and Maresyev himself was able to eject. Eighteen days later, seriously wounded in both legs, he got out of the encirclement. However, he still managed to overcome the front line and ended up in the hospital. But gangrene had already set in, and doctors amputated both of his legs.

For many, this would have meant the end of their service, but the pilot did not give up and returned to aviation. Until the end of the war he flew with prosthetics. Over the years, he made 86 combat missions and shot down 11 enemy aircraft. Moreover, 7 - after amputation. In 1944, Alexey Maresyev went to work as an inspector and lived to be 84 years old.

His fate inspired the writer Boris Polevoy to write “The Tale of a Real Man.”

Deputy squadron commander of the 177th Air Defense Fighter Aviation Regiment.

Viktor Talalikhin began to fight already in the Soviet-Finnish war. He shot down 4 enemy planes in a biplane. Then he served at an aviation school.

In August 1941, he was one of the first Soviet pilots to ram, shooting down a German bomber in a night air battle. Moreover, the wounded pilot was able to get out of the cockpit and parachute down to the rear to his own.

Talalikhin then shot down five more German aircraft. He died during another air battle near Podolsk in October 1941.

73 years later, in 2014, search engines found Talalikhin’s plane, which remained in the swamps near Moscow.

Artilleryman of the 3rd counter-battery artillery corps of the Leningrad Front.

Soldier Andrei Korzun was drafted into the army at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. He served on the Leningrad Front, where there were fierce and bloody battles.

On November 5, 1943, during another battle, his battery came under fierce enemy fire. Korzun was seriously injured. Despite the terrible pain, he saw that the powder charges were set on fire and the ammunition depot could fly into the air. Gathering his last strength, Andrei crawled to the blazing fire. But he could no longer take off his overcoat to cover the fire. Losing consciousness, he made a final effort and covered the fire with his body. The explosion was avoided at the cost of the life of the brave artilleryman.

Commander of the 3rd Leningrad Partisan Brigade.

A native of Petrograd, Alexander German, according to some sources, was a native of Germany. He served in the army since 1933. When the war started, I joined the scouts. He worked behind enemy lines, commanded a partisan detachment that terrified enemy soldiers. His brigade destroyed several thousand fascist soldiers and officers, derailed hundreds of trains and blew up hundreds of cars.

The Nazis staged a real hunt for Herman. In 1943, his partisan detachment was surrounded in the Pskov region. Making his way to his own, the brave commander died from an enemy bullet.

Commander of the 30th Separate Guards Tank Brigade of the Leningrad Front

Vladislav Khrustitsky was drafted into the Red Army back in the 20s. At the end of the 30s he completed armored courses. Since the fall of 1942, he commanded the 61st separate light tank brigade.

He distinguished himself during Operation Iskra, which marked the beginning of the defeat of the Germans on the Leningrad Front.

Killed in the battle near Volosovo. In 1944, the enemy retreated from Leningrad, but from time to time they attempted to counterattack. During one of these counterattacks, Khrustitsky's tank brigade fell into a trap.

Despite heavy fire, the commander ordered the offensive to continue. He radioed to his crews with the words: “Fight to the death!” - and went forward first. Unfortunately, the brave tanker died in this battle. And yet the village of Volosovo was liberated from the enemy.

Commander of a partisan detachment and brigade.

Before the war he worked on the railway. In October 1941, when the Germans were already near Moscow, he himself volunteered for a complex operation in which his railway experience was needed. Was thrown behind enemy lines. There he came up with the so-called “coal mines” (in fact, these are just mines disguised as coal). With the help of this simple but effective weapon, hundreds of enemy trains were blown up in three months.

Zaslonov actively agitated the local population to go over to the side of the partisans. The Nazis, realizing this, dressed their soldiers in Soviet uniforms. Zaslonov mistook them for defectors and ordered them to join the partisan detachment. The way was open for the insidious enemy. A battle ensued, during which Zaslonov died. A reward was announced for Zaslonov, alive or dead, but the peasants hid his body, and the Germans did not get it.

Commander of a small partisan detachment.

Efim Osipenko fought during the Civil War. Therefore, when the enemy captured his land, without thinking twice, he joined the partisans. Together with five other comrades, he organized a small partisan detachment that committed sabotage against the Nazis.

During one of the operations, it was decided to undermine the enemy personnel. But the detachment had little ammunition. The bomb was made from an ordinary grenade. Osipenko himself had to install the explosives. He crawled to the railway bridge and, seeing the train approaching, threw it in front of the train. There was no explosion. Then the partisan himself hit the grenade with a pole from a railway sign. It worked! A long train with food and tanks went downhill. The detachment commander survived, but completely lost his sight.

For this feat, he was the first in the country to be awarded the “Partisan of the Patriotic War” medal.

Peasant Matvey Kuzmin was born three years before the abolition of serfdom. And he died, becoming the oldest holder of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

His story contains many references to the story of another famous peasant - Ivan Susanin. Matvey also had to lead the invaders through the forest and swamps. And, like the legendary hero, he decided to stop the enemy at the cost of his life. He sent his grandson ahead to warn a detachment of partisans who had stopped nearby. The Nazis were ambushed. A fight ensued. Matvey Kuzmin died at the hands of a German officer. But he did his job. He was 84 years old.

A partisan who was part of a sabotage and reconnaissance group at the headquarters of the Western Front.

While studying at school, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya wanted to enter a literary institute. But these plans were not destined to come true - the war interfered. In October 1941, Zoya came to the recruiting station as a volunteer and, after a short training at a school for saboteurs, was transferred to Volokolamsk. There, an 18-year-old partisan fighter, along with adult men, performed dangerous tasks: mined roads and destroyed communication centers.

During one of the sabotage operations, Kosmodemyanskaya was caught by the Germans. She was tortured, forcing her to give up her own people. Zoya heroically endured all the trials without saying a word to her enemies. Seeing that it was impossible to achieve anything from the young partisan, they decided to hang her.

Kosmodemyanskaya bravely accepted the tests. Moments before her death, she shouted to the assembled locals: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender!” The girl’s courage shocked the peasants so much that they later retold this story to front-line correspondents. And after publication in the newspaper Pravda, the whole country learned about Kosmodemyanskaya’s feat. She became the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War.

heroism, self-sacrifice, feat, personality, war, victory, moral choice, spirit, will.

Annotation:

The article examines and analyzes examples of heroism and self-sacrifice in reality and fiction.

Article text:

In the modern world, spiritual values are being lost, so it is necessary to cultivate in oneself such qualities of the spirit as heroism and self-sacrifice, because over the centuries they have changed the course of history, the lives and destinies of people, nations, peoples.

The depiction of heroism and self-sacrifice of man in war has been traditional since the times of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and “Zadonshchina”. The personal heroism of a soldier and an officer in L. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” gives rise to a “hidden warmth of patriotism” that broke “the back of the enemy.” But in Russian literature of the 20th century, a person’s feat in war is depicted not only through the fight against the enemy and victory over him, but also through the struggle of each person in the war with himself in a situation of moral choice and victory over himself.

Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is an epic about the feat of the people, about the victory of their spirit in the war of 1812. Later, speaking about the novel, Tolstoy wrote that the main idea of the novel is “the thought of the people.” It lies not only and not so much in the depiction of the people themselves, their way of life, their life, but in the fact that every positive hero of the novel, in the end, connects his fate with the fate of the nation.

On the pages of the novel and especially in the second part of the epilogue, Tolstoy says that until now all history has been written as the history of individuals, as a rule, tyrants, monarchs, and no one has yet thought about what is the driving force of history . According to Tolstoy, this is the so-called “role principle”, the spirit and will of not one person, but the nation as a whole. And how strong is the spirit and will of the people, so probable are certain historical events. So Tolstoy explains the victory in the Patriotic War by the fact that two wills collided: the will of the French soldiers and the will of the entire Russian people. This war was fair for the Russians, they fought for their Motherland, so their spirit and will to win turned out to be stronger than the French spirit and will. Therefore, Russia's victory over France was predetermined.

The soldiers are aware that they may have to die defending their fatherland. And the moral strength of the people manifests itself most strongly in simple forms, largely related to folk concepts and customs. The militia put on clean shirts, the old soldiers refuse to drink vodka - “not such a day, they say.” The soldiers maintain good spirits and concentration on the main event even in the battle itself. Here the sense of camaraderie, the consciousness of the common cause, the moral fortitude of the soldiers, and the soldier’s humor are most clearly manifested. So, at the Raevsky battery “one felt the same and common to everyone, like a family revival.”

Assessing the role of the Battle of Borodino in the War of 1812, the writer argues that at Borodino, Napoleonic France for the first time experienced the hand of “the strongest enemy in spirit.” The flight of Napoleon's army from Moscow was a consequence of the blow it received in the Battle of Borodino.

Tolstoy shows how from the moment of the capture of Smolensk the war became a people's war. In the first battle of Smolensk, the French encountered popular resistance. “... We fought there for the first time for Russian land,” says Prince Andrei, “there was such a spirit in the troops that I have never seen.”

Tolstoy was the first in Russian literature to depict moments of change in the states of spirit of his heroes, and discovered what N. Chernyshevsky later called “the dialectics of the soul.” Tolstoy's favorite heroes are the flesh of nature. Everything that happens in nature resonates in their spirit. The heroes discover their “own” sky, which is associated with important, sometimes epoch-making changes in their spirits.

In his novel, Tolstoy depicted the events of 1812 as a victory of the Russian people - a victory of the spirit, that moral victory in which the writer saw the decisive force in the war. Before him, no one had so convincingly and vividly revealed the role of the moral factor in the outcome of the war.

Only the will of the people, only people's patriotism, the “spirit of the army” makes the army invincible. Tolstoy makes this conclusion in his immortal novel, the epic War and Peace.

One of the most striking examples of heroism and self-sacrifice of the spirit is the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The Soviet people were seriously alarmed by the war, by the sudden attack of Nazi Germany, but they were not spiritually depressed and confused. He was confident that the insidious and powerful enemy would receive a proper rebuff. All means and methods of spiritual influence, all branches and sections of spiritual culture and art immediately began to work to raise the people for the Patriotic War, to inspire their Armed Forces to selfless struggle. “Get up, huge country, get up for a mortal battle with the dark fascist force, with the damned horde,” the song called to everyone. The people felt themselves to be full-fledged subjects of the spiritual life of humanity; they took upon themselves the mission of fighting the fascist invasion not only as a defense of their historical existence, but also as a great saving universal task.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 clearly showed that the spiritual struggle significantly influences the entire course of the military struggle. If the spirit is broken, the will is broken, the war will be lost even with military-technical and economic superiority. And vice versa, the war is not lost if the spirit of the people is not broken, even with great initial successes of the enemy. And this was convincingly proven by the Patriotic War. Every battle, every operation of this war represents a most complex military and spiritual action at the same time.

May 9, 1945 is not only a victory of weapons, but also a victory of the people's spirit. Millions of people never stop thinking about its origins, results and lessons.

The foremost bearers of the heroic spirit of our army were the guards units, incl. tank, aviation, rocket artillery, this title has been awarded to many warships and naval units. The motto of the guardsmen - to always be heroes - was vividly embodied in the immortal feat of Panfilov’s men, which was accomplished by 28 soldiers of the 316th division of General I.V. Panfilova. Defending the line at the Dubosekovo crossing, this group under the command of political instructor V.G. On November 16, Klochkova entered into single combat with 50 German tanks, accompanied by a large detachment of enemy machine gunners. Soviet soldiers fought with unparalleled courage and tenacity. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat. Moscow is behind us,” the political instructor addressed the soldiers with such an appeal. And the fighters fought to the death, 24 of them, including V.G. Klochkov died a brave death, but the enemy did not pass through here. The example of Panfilov’s men was followed by many other units and units, crews of aircraft, tanks and ships.

A striking example that personifies the heroic spirit of our soldiers is the feat of the Komsomol member of the Marine Corps M.A. Panikahin. During an enemy attack on the approaches to the Volga, he, engulfed in flames, rushed to meet a fascist tank and set it on fire with a bottle of fuel. The hero burned down along with the enemy tank. His comrades compared his feat with the feat of Gorky’s Danko: the light of the Soviet hero’s feat became a beacon to which other heroic warriors looked up.

What strength of spirit was demonstrated by those who did not hesitate to cover with their bodies the embrasure of the enemy bunker that was spewing deadly fire! Private Alexander Matrosov was one of the first to accomplish such a feat. The feat of this Russian soldier was repeated by dozens of fighters of other nationalities. Among them are Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, Estonian I.I. Laar, Ukrainian A.E. Shevchenko, Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldavian I.S. Soltys, Kazakh S.B. Baytagatbetov and many others. Following the Belarusian Nikolai Gastello, Russian pilots L.I. sent their burning plane to the enemy. Ivanov, N.N. Skovorodin, E.V. Mikhailov, Ukrainian N.T. Vdovenko, Kazakh N. Abdirov, Jew I.Ya. Irzhak and others.

Thanks to these same reasons, thanks to iron discipline and military skill, millions of Soviet people, who looked death in the face, won and remained alive. Military skill greatly enhanced the resilience and other moral and combat qualities of our soldiers. That is why our soldiers put their spirit into mastering weapons, equipment, and new fighting techniques.

One of the most characteristic features of the spiritual appearance of our soldiers is a sense of collectivism and camaraderie. There are thousands of examples of military camaraderie. Soviet partisans provided great assistance to the Red Army. 1943 was a time of unprecedented heroic mass partisan movement. Coordination of interaction between partisan detachments and their close connection with the combat operations of the Red Army were characteristic features of the nationwide struggle behind enemy lines.

Unwavering spirit, a proud consciousness of their strength and moral superiority over the enemy did not leave Soviet soldiers and officers even when they fell into the hands of the Nazis and found themselves in a hopeless situation. While dying, the heroes remained undefeated, their spirit could not be broken. Despite the fact that the Germans crucified Komsomol soldier Yuri Smirnov by driving nails into his palms and feet; they killed the partisan Vera Lisovaya by lighting a fire on her chest; tortured the legendary general D.M. Karbyshev, dousing him with water in the cold, who, in response to the Nazis’ offer to serve them, answered with dignity: “I am a Soviet man, a soldier, and I remain faithful to my duty.”

The Russian people realized the terrible danger that German Nazism brought to our country. It is here that we must look for the source of that unprecedented mass heroism, which became the decisive driving force in the war, the most important factor in victory in it. It manifested itself in the activities of people of all ages and professions, men and women, representatives of all nations and nationalities of the USSR. More than 11 thousand became Heroes of the Soviet Union, hundreds of thousands became holders of orders and medals.

The years of the Great Patriotic War were years of difficult trials for our Motherland and a time of unparalleled heroism of the people. There is no doubt that the Soviet people played the main role in the victory. In this feat, the like of which history has never known, the high skill of military commanders, the greatest courage of soldiers, partisans, members of the underground, and the dedication of home front workers merged together.

The people have not forgotten and glorify those who fought bravely and died, with the death of a hero, having brought the hour of our victory closer, glorifies those who survived, who managed to defeat the enemy. Heroes do not die, their glory is immortal, their names are forever included not only in the lists of personnel of the Armed Forces, but also in people's memory. People make up legends about heroes, erect beautiful monuments to them, and name the best streets of cities and villages after them.

You can become a hero not only during war, but also in simple, everyday matters. Outstanding thinkers said: “Often, human courage is recognized more in small things than in great things,” “Courage is needed not only in battles, but also in simple everyday affairs.” But not every brave act can be called heroic. For example, in front of passers-by, running across the street in a dangerous, wrong place at a red light is not heroism, but stupidity, which can end very badly for the “hero”. An action can be called courageous when it is performed in the name of a noble goal. For example, if a person, risking his life, saves a drowning man, this is heroism. There are many heroes in the history of science. These are, for example, Russian nuclear physicists, doctors, polar explorers, who spend a long time in the endless ice. And the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl sailed across the Pacific Ocean on a light raft made of logs. People also know heroic doctors who deliberately infected themselves with dangerous diseases in order to learn how to treat them. What about the heroes of space or the underwater world? Who knows if the unexpected might be in store for them this time? And yet they go on a mission to reveal new secrets to humanity. There are professions that require heroism, so to speak, “in the blood” - these are firefighters, police officers, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. But they do not perceive their daily work as heroism, but consider it a normal occurrence. People in these professions do not understand the importance of their work - it has become the norm of their life. For the Russian people, in principle, this is the norm of life and character. Education of the spirit begins from an early age; every man is obliged to be a hero. The history of Russia itself forces a person to have the qualities of a hero, for example, perestroika, when deep, controversial changes took place in all spheres of life of Soviet society.

But there is heroism and self-sacrifice of a special kind - they lie in never, under any circumstances, changing the rules of honor, decency, friendship, and philanthropy. This is heroism, self-sacrifice of the spirit. A striking example of such heroism and self-sacrifice is in the destinies of people who, in the inhuman conditions of the Leningrad blockade, Hitler's and Stalin's camps and other similar trials, retained dignity, courage, goodwill - in a word, all truly human qualities. The deeds and exploits of heroes are remembered and highly revered; from their example they learn to live, fight and win. The history of every nation contains examples of remarkable heroism and self-sacrifice.

Literature.

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2. Bagramyan I.Kh. This is how we went to victory. Military memoirs / I.Kh. Bagramyan. M., 1990.

3. Dmitrienko V.P. The history of homeland. XX century: A manual for students / V.P. Dmitrienko, V.D. Esakov, V.A. Shestakov. M., 2002.

4. Brief world history. In 2 books / Ed. A.Z. Manfreda. M., 1996.

Paderin A.A. War and peace: the role of spiritual culture in the education of patriotic consciousness / A.A. Paderin // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. M., 2005.
Russian Soviet poetry. Ed. L.P. Krementsova. L., 1988.
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