What does Tolstoy appreciate in people in the novel war and peace essay. Tolstoy's criteria in assessing a person: spiritual growth and justice What Leo Tolstoy valued in people
In the epic novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy depicts a huge period of Russian life, expounds his philosophical views. One of the most important problems of the novel is the question of a person's place in society, the meaning of his life. Revealing this problem, Tolstoy pays serious attention to the inner world of a person, the formation of his moral positions. The spiritual beauty of the author's favorite heroes is manifested in the internal struggle of thoughts and feelings, in the tireless search for the meaning of life. For Tolstoy, moral traits are not initially given. The author believes that in order “to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight and make mistakes, start and quit and start again, and quit again, and always fight and rush about. And peace is spiritual meanness.” Each of Tolstoy's favorite heroes forms his own moral image. His life path is a path of passionate searches leading to truth and goodness.
According to the author, many features of the future personality are already laid down in the family, which is why he pays so much attention to the depiction of the families of the Rostovs, Bolkonskys, and Kuragins. Tolstoy draws the Rostov family with great sympathy. He likes their attraction to the Russian people, contempt for predation and careerism. Innocence, wide hospitality, lack of petty prudence, the generosity of the Rostovs make this family very attractive. All the best features of this family were embodied in Natasha Rostova. The author especially appreciates in her naturalness, immediacy, the desire to live fully, interestingly. The wealth of her nature is manifested in the ability to understand, to come to the rescue. Natasha is a sensitive person, has a subtle intuition. She lives not with her mind, but with her heart, and this helps her to find deep spiritual connections with the world. All Tolstoy's favorite heroes strive to find harmony with the world. But if Natasha achieves this naturally, thanks to the fullness of her nature, then Prince Andrei and Pierre go through a whole series of serious trials and disappointments.
The most significant test for all the heroes was the war of 1812. It is in this critical situation that the best qualities of Tolstoy's heroes are most clearly manifested. Overwhelmed by a feeling of deep patriotism, Prince Andrei sacrifices his career, leaves the headquarters in order to honestly fulfill his military duty. On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, he tells Pierre: “Believe me that if anything depended on the orders of the headquarters, then I would be there ... but instead I have the honor to serve here in the regiment ... and I think that tomorrow will really depend on us, not from them." Both Pierre and Prince Andrei understand that the people are accomplishing a great feat in the fight against Napoleon's army. Both of them strive to be involved in this feat, to participate in the Battle of Borodino, but not for the sake of “their Toulon”, but sharing the fate of Russia. It was this battle that played a decisive role in shaping the moral character of the heroes. Pierre on the battlefield for the first time felt his spiritual unity with the people. “The hidden warmth of patriotism”, “the general spirit of the army” united both the “young officer”, and Pierre, and the “red-faced” soldier. It was this spiritual unity during the battle that allowed Tolstoy to assert that the Russian army won a moral victory on the Borodino field, one that “convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his impotence.” Having experienced spiritual unity with the people, Pierre strives to get closer to him, he decides: “To be a soldier, just a soldier!” Andrey Bolkonsky, after the Battle of Borodino and a mortal wound, rises to an understanding of the meaning of Christian love: “Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love, love for enemies - yes, the love that God preached on earth, which Princess Mary taught me and which I did not understand ... that's what was left for me if I was alive. The idea of Christian love underlies the image of Platon Karataev. The author writes: “He loved and lived lovingly with everyone with whom life brought him, and especially with a person.” Communication with Platon Karataev taught Pierre to appreciate the simplicity and naturalness of folk life. Simplicity is obedience to God; you won't get away from it. Unlike Platon Karataev, whose personality has disappeared into the people's environment, Pierre retains his individuality, he strives to “unite the meaning of everything in his soul”, and this helps him find harmony with the world.
Natasha also finds harmony in her closeness to the Russian people, she loves folk songs, customs, music. Emphasizing the spiritual connection of the heroine with the people, Tolstoy writes that she "knew how to understand everything that was in Anisya, and in Anisya's father, and in her aunt, and in her mother, and in every Russian person." The richness of the inner world of Tolstoy's beloved heroes he connects with their attitude to their native nature. Before the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei recalls how Natasha tried to convey to him “that passionately poetic feeling” that she experienced when she got lost in the forest and met an old beekeeper there. “This old man was such a charm,” Natasha says, “and it’s so dark in the forest ... and he has such kindness ... no, I don’t know how to tell.” Spiritual beauty, a sense of harmony with the world are the result of the constant internal development of these people. The author seeks to show the subtlest nuances of the heroes' spiritual life, to reproduce the "mental process itself" of their moral improvement. Various impressions constantly accumulate in the soul of the heroes, which then lead to drastic changes in their spiritual development.
Interestingly, none of the characters morally alien to Tolstoy is shown in development. The inner world of these people is very poor, and the author does not consider it necessary to reproduce it. Thus, for Tolstoy, the moral value of a person is due to his ability to a great spiritual life.
Clear-no-no.
Com-men-ta-rii to co-chi-no-ni-yam
2.1. What are the moral lessons of the un-successful Prince Igor? (According to the "Word about the regiment of Igo-re-ve".)
The main idea of the "Words ..." is the idea of the unity of the Russian land. The author turns to Igor's way in order to passionately, to-ka-for-tel-but protect this idea. The look of the au-to-ra you-ra-zh-et is above all in-te-re-sy Ro-di-na as a whole, and not the honor of the princes. Since Igor’s boug-de-ni-em was for-shi-ta Ro-di-na, in ho-de the prince showed masculinity, loyalty to his brother in captivity, the author of "The Tale of the Regiment of Igo-re-ve" praises the prince, although he does not greet his campaign. The prince is a man of his era. Attractive qualities of his personality enter into pro-ty-in-re-speech with no-race-judgment and ego-out-of-mom, insofar as the prince cares about his honor more than about the honor of the ro-di-na. That's why, despite the vi-di-muyu personal sim-patiyu to Prince Igor, the author is still under-cher-ki-va-et in the hero is not in-di-vi -du-al-noe, but the common thing is that he is kindred with others like-we-we-mi to him prince-zya-mi, sa-mo-love-bee and not-far-but-view -ness of something-ryh-ve-whether to the inter-communal struggle-be, times-to-frames and in the end to the sort of unity of Russia as a go- su-donation.
2.2. In what does V.V. Ma-ya-kov-sky see the pre-significance of the poet?
At Ma-ya-kov-sko-go in the verse "Un-usual-tea-noe-klu-che-nie ..." the theme of two suns sounds - the sun of light and the sun -tsa in e-zii, some-paradise once-vi-va-et-sya in pro-from-ve-de-nii and further, on-ho-dya very accurate and well-aimed in-flate-ing in the e-ti-che-sky ob-ra-ze “two-barrels of suns”, from one stem-la you-ry-va -yut sheaves of light, and from the other - light in e-zia. Before the power of this weapon, pa-da-et prostrate "a wall of shadows, a prison of nights." The poet and the sun act together, replacing each other. The poet reports that when he is "tired" and wants to "lay down" with the Sun, then he "in all the light is able - and again the day calls nope."
For a hundred-ver-no-sti, the poet calls for a specific place of action. The sun in verse-cho-your-re-nii is-la-et-sya in a meta-for-ri-che-sky way of the poet (“We, then-var-rishch, two”) . The poet calls “Shine always, shine everywhere ...”, seeing in this the main pre-meaning of the poet. So, poetry is needed, moreover, it is simply not-about-ho-di-ma for people, like the sun. And here it’s not a case, but compare-not-on-a-hundred-I-shchi in e-zia with light, someone from-da-was considered a symbol - scrap of life on earth, without someone there would be neither heat nor light. Poems co-gre-va-yut the soul of every man-lo-ve-ka, filling it with the eternal fire of life, forcing you to realize yourself not-wean-le -my part of the vast world.
2.3. The meaning of the name of the ro-ma-na A. S. Push-ki-na “Ka-pi-tan daughter”.
In the very name of the “Ka-pi-tan daughter”, there is a combination of two worlds: private and general. In-west-in-va-nie about-le-che-but in the form of "family-s-mei-s-for-pi-juice." The name of the ro-ma-na is under-cher-ki-va-et oblique from-no-she-nie of the central heroes to is-to-rii: Masha - Ka-pi-Tan daughter, Gri-ne-va - noble son. All pro-going-dya-shchie-beings are evaluated, first of all, from a moral, human-ve-che-s point of view, that very important for sa-mo-go av-to-ra. The name-of-ve-sti is closely connected with the image of Masha Mi-ro-no-howl. In the pro-of-ve-de-nii, faith is affirmed in the person-lo-ve-ka, in the unconditional value of his feelings, in the goodness of the good, honestly -sti, bla-go-kinship. All these qualities are in the form of a simple de-vush-ki - do-che-ri ka-pi-ta-na Mi-ro-no-va.
2.4. What does L. H. Tol-stand appreciate most in a person? (On example 1-2 pro-from-ve-de-ny according to you-bo-ru teaching-sche-go-sya.)
In the pro-from-ve-de-ni-yah of Russian pi-sa-te-lei, you can find from-ve-you to the most live-in-tre-ne-shchu-shchi-vo-pro-sy. In-pro-sy, not a single science can respond to someone, in-pro-sy of human-lo-ve-che-sky , mo-ra-li, morality-no-sti. Namely, but in this way, whether-te-ra-tu-ra is a special combat art.
In the story of L. Tol-hundredth "After the ball" pi-sa-tel for-becoming-la-et chi-ta-te-lei for-du-mother-sya over ta-ki-mi disposition -stven-us-mi ka-te-go-ri-i-mi, like honor, duty, conscience, someone at all times-me-on de-la-li from-responsible- nym che-lo-ve-ka for everything about-is-ho-dying with him and with society. To these times-mouse-le-ni-pits, we are sub-in-dit by the com-po-zi-tion ras-ska-za, built-en-naya on the pro-ti-in-by-stav-le -nii car-tin of the ball and on-ka-za-niya run-lo-go sol-yes-ta, re-re-given-nyh through the perception of mo-lo-to-go-lo -ve-ka Ivan Wa-si-le-vi-cha. Namely, he has to understand “what is good, what is bad”, give an assessment to see-den-no-mu and make a choice of his future fate .
Hot-hot, impressive-chat-li-tel-ny young man for the first time in his life collided with the same injustice, with uni-no -eat a man-lo-ve-che-th-to-a-hundred-in-stva, pro-yav-len-us-mi, even not in relation to him. He saw that a terrible race-right over a person was usually-den-but, with-calculation-but a person-lo-ve-com, someone ry himself, not long ago, but at the ball was kind, cheerful.
Horror from seeing-den-no-go entered the living soul of the young man, he “was so ashamed to such a degree” that he “lowered his eyes”, “leave home". For some reason, he didn’t interfere in pro-is-ho-dying, didn’t express his not-go-to-va-tion, didn’t vi-nil in the same hundred -ko-sti and without-soul-shii half-kov-no-ka? On-true, in a way, that such a terrible scene, for the first time you see-den-naya, just osh-lo-mi-la mo-lo-do-go-lo-ve -ka, and also embarrass-ti-la that sparkle-ness, the colonel-kov-nick behaved with someone at the same time on-ka-za-nii. “Obviously, he knows something that I don’t know, - once-du-we-val Ivan Vasi-lievich. “If I knew what he knows, I wouldn’t be small even what I saw, and it wouldn’t mu-chi-lo me.” From the story, we learn that Ivan Vasi-le-vi-chu failed to “get to the root” in his thoughts. But his conscience doesn’t allow him to become a military man in his later life, because he couldn’t, like that, “for-to-well” race hang out with a person, serve the same hundred.
The author of the raz-ob-la-cha-et ob-ek-tiv-nye so-qi-al-nye conditions, at-vi-va-yu-che-lo-ve-ku false morals -nye ka-te-go-rii, but the accent in this ras-ska-ze is made in names, but on the responsibility of each one for being co-ver -sha-et in life.
Every writer, creator is, first of all, a person. Of course, he has his own passions, his own views on life, principles. Therefore, the heroes he created for him, like living people, are also divided, as for us readers, into loved ones - that is, into those who share his thoughts, and into strangers. And the point is not only that there are main characters, a lot of space is given to such, a lot of attention is paid to the pages of the work, and secondary ones. So it is in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I believe that both Captain Tushin and Timokhin, although they participate only in certain episodes, are also "from Tolstoy's camp." The author treats them with respect and sympathy, for they, in his opinion, make up the best part of the Russian people.
L. N. Tolstoy embodies his understanding of the essence of man in the fate of the heroes of the work. Let us remember Andrei Bolkonsky, noble, intelligent and handsome in his actions and aspirations. After many ups and downs and catastrophic disappointments, he longs not for fame, but for a socially useful cause: “It is necessary that everyone knows me, so that my life goes on not only for me alone, so that they do not live independently of my life, so that it is reflected on everyone and so that they all lived with me." We see his arrogance in the salons of the capital and the beauty and concrete help in the smoke and gunpowder of Shengraben, when the battery of Captain Tushin is evacuated, we feel his personal high impulse, "his Toulon" during the battle of Austerlitz and pride because he "serves here in the regiment ", and not sitting at the headquarters. On the Borodino field, he is united with soldiers and officers by a sad, tragic sense of loss and, at the same time, anger at the enemy who invaded his homeland. With what bitterness he speaks about the death of his father, the ruin of the estate - he speaks in Russian, in the same words as a simple Russian soldier: "I am from Smolensk." Always attaching great importance to military strategy and tactics, before the battle of Borodino, he puts in the first place the feeling of offended pride of a patriot, discarding general phrases and speaking about the specific meaning of the word "Motherland" for each person: "... I still have a father, sister and son in the Bald Mountains. It is this understanding of one's unity with the people that fills the life of Prince Andrei with new content in a difficult time.
Let us recall Pierre Bezukhov with his thoughts: "What is bad? What is good? What should one love, what should one hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power rules everything?" So clumsy, in many ways naive, he becomes strong when he needs to protect a friend, when he realizes himself as the "Russian Bezukhov" - the winner of Napoleon, when he takes on solving important problems - how to improve life in the whole country. Natasha Rostova, with her lively, emotional face, which shines with a happy smile from love for people and the world. This face is distorted with rage and anger when she sees how many inhabitants of the capital, taking away things, leave their relatives in Moscow. Thanks to her perseverance, almost all the Rostovs' carts were given to the wounded soldiers and officers. The mercy of a Russian woman is embodied in this act, in her desperate cry-outburst: "Are we Germans?" In the final pages of the novel, Tolstoy portrays Natasha as a happy wife and mother. From the author's point of view, a happy family life is the ideal of the existence of a man and a woman. But we see Natasha and Pierre's happiness not only in prosperity and comfort at home, in the warmth of the family hearth, but above all in understanding each other, in the fact that Natasha lived "every minute of her husband's life."
Tolstoy's heroes live, develop, respond to events, strive for self-improvement, good for people. They live the life of their Motherland in important moments for her. They are really Tolstoy's favorite heroes, who believes: "In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and fight forever, and rush about. And peace is spiritual meanness."
Compare with them the beautiful, dissolute Helen with her mask on her face - an expression that she copies from the faces of respected persons, the tedious Julie Karagina, who, like fashion in a certain period, changes her mood and language and sets up nets of "Penza forests and Nizhny Novgorod estates" for beautiful suitors. And what is Berg worth, building his life in someone's image and likeness, down to a napkin on the table and a vase of cookies, and buying "a chiffonier and a toilet" during the general retreat from Moscow! And Boris Drubetskoy, climbing up the stairs of profitable acquaintances and patronage, not even disdaining to marry Julie, who is attractive to him ("I can always get a job so that I can see her less often"). He perceives even the announcement of the French attack not as stunning news, insulting and bitter for a real citizen, but as an opportunity to show others that he was the first to know about something.
Their way of life is a waste of time, and therefore it makes no sense to mention them in the epilogue, because what could seriously change in the life of these static mannequins of high society! Only Anatoly Kuragin, who did not even remember where he served, is listed as living only today, will be changed by fate, clearing him with participation in the Battle of Borodino and being seriously wounded. What was the reason for their static, stereotyped life, which does not arouse the interest of the reader? Let's turn to another hero, much more likeable and emotional, let's go through the stages of his life. Nikolai Rostov - talented and lively, very decent in his own way, because he cannot break his word given to Sonya, considers it his duty to pay his father's debts. At the call of romance, he leaves the university and goes to war as an ordinary cadet, contemptuously discarding letters of recommendation. He bullies the "staff" Bolkonsky, although he realizes that he would very much like to have him as his friend.
But he will be frightened at Shengraben, run like a hare, ask with a slight wound to sit on the gun carriage. He does not understand the feat of Raevsky, who went ahead of the army with his teenage sons in order to raise the spirit of the army. Having set off to defend an innocently injured comrade, he will not complete the matter, because he will fall into an atmosphere of fanatical deification of the sovereign-emperor and will lose time in the crowd at the solemn meeting. By the way, Leo Tolstoy did not find a place for Nikolai Rostov on the Borodino field - it was at this time that he was engaged in horses and a buffet table in the rear. In difficult times, he will help Princess Marya, then, falling in love with her, will become her husband, will work hard on the estate, raising it after devastation, but he will not be able to fully understand his wife and children, like Pierre, will not love. And the author will not give him such family happiness as Natasha and Pierre have.
Many nobles, officers from 1812 began to treat their serfs in a new way, because together with them, privates, partisans and militias, they defeated the enemy. And Nikolai, irritated by household chores, beats his serf so that he breaks the stone on the ring. It may well be that he beats the one who went along with him to defend Russia. Many of the former officers thought about changing the state system, because "theft is in the courts, in the army there is only one stick: shagistics, settlements - they torture the people, they stifle education. What is young, honestly, is ruined!" Next to them are the future heroes of the Senate Square - Pierre, Nikolinka Bolkonsky. Vasily Denisov sympathizes with them and, probably, Vasily Denisov will join.
Nikolai Rostov does not doubt their decency, he could also go with them, but he takes the opposite side. According to Nikolai Rostov, nothing can be changed if there are government regulations, you don't even have to think about it. He has had this since his youth: to cut and not think, that's all! Therefore, he can, mindlessly following Arakcheev's order, "go with the squadron and cut down" against relatives and friends ...
According to Leo Tolstoy, it is the hard work of thought and heart that is the main sign of personality, the essence of man. So, thought, the search for the meaning of being, one's place in life, a lot of work on improving one's own personality - this is what makes up the core of a real person, this is what Leo Tolstoy appreciates and respects in people. This is what the author and his favorite characters bequeath to us - the mysterious path to the real happiness of man.
The first work of L.N. Tolstoy, the story "Childhood", was written during the Caucasian War. Having finished work on it, Tolstoy sends the story to Nekrasov for publication in the Sovremennik magazine. Tom liked it very much and wrote a rave review.
“In your story there is something that is so lacking in our society today: the truth and only the truth, which has remained so little in Russian literature since the time of Gogol”.
This assessment was the most important for Tolstoy, since this was his main literary goal - to show the world as it is, without embellishment. Later, a sequel was written, the stories "Boyhood" and "Youth".
According to the original plan, Tolstoy also wanted to write Molodist, but did not do this, because he decided that all the ideas of the alleged Molodost had already been embodied in his other work.
Features of the trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence" and "Youth"
The duration of each of these stories is a day or two, no more, because Tolstoy believed that it was the day that was the main unit of the life of a person or society. The day makes it possible to see the hero from all sides, to show him in all his glory. In a day, you can show both the hero’s conflict with the environment, and his conflict with his own shortcomings (Tolstoy showed this with the example of his diaries).
The main criterion in assessing a person is his capacity for spiritual growth. That is why Tolstoy considers it necessary to record all the moral mistakes made during the day - so as not to repeat them in the future. A person who is able to become better due to such an analysis of his behavior is a strong person.
Justice as a criterion for evaluating a person
Partly reminiscent of the trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth" and another work of Tolstoy, created at the dawn of his work - "Sevastopol Tales", dedicated to military events in the Caucasus. Also following here the principle of "truth and only truth", as Nekrasov called it, Tolstoy completely refuses to present the war in a romantic light, he seeks to show his reader that real war is only pain, blood, dirt and horror.
However, here it also appears another important evaluation criterion Tolstoy human personality - justice. Tolstoy in his narrative is practically devoid of evaluativeness and partiality, he writes with equal respect about his allies and opponents.
In his opinion, people cannot be divided into "good" and "bad", black and white. People are different and changing. Tolstoy compared people to rivers: a river is narrow in one place, wide in another; the water in it is sometimes muddy, sometimes clean, sometimes warm, sometimes cold. And one cannot categorically judge this, since each person can change, grow spiritually.
