Who can live well in Rus' is a social problem. Theme and problems of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'
The problem of happiness is indeed stated in the poem. But there they also expand it, asking about fun and freedom. Yes, these are important parts of happiness.
All the characters have a hard time in the poem. It is especially difficult with will. For example, a priest (he is wealthy and respected), but someone dies in a distant village - you need to go there off-road. What is the will here?
And for a woman, even if she is happy for all her children, then there is always one thing and another. One child needs food, another needs new sandals. In general, there is no rest for a woman.
It is clear that the poet suggests that happiness is not in the usual peace and will, but in peace, that you are doing the right and good thing, for which you are even ready to give up your freedom. Don’t be selfish... Work for the good of the people, that same people’s happiness.
Just what is this? Before the abolition of serfdom, everyone said that this was the problem. They called for the abolition of slavery. And this is what happened after the cancellation! Everyone is unhappy: both men and gentlemen.
Perhaps misfortune comes from being forced. Now, if only men served their masters only because they love and respect them and want to help, and not because they don’t have a passport. And masters must take care of their subordinates sincerely and with love. Then there will be harmony! But this, probably, teachers and priests could only explain to everyone.
And the “happy” hero is a revolutionary, what will he achieve in the end? We went through history. And about the revolution, and about civil war... How many misfortunes there were! Where is the people's happiness? Again, not that.
And in my opinion, the walkers themselves are also happy in the poem. They obviously don't think so. In general, they associate happiness with prosperity. And they themselves are fire victims and tramps from villages with “telling” names. And then they had a goal! And a magical tablecloth from a bird appeared. No everyday life - no cooking, no washing... And they get acquainted with different people, see different landscapes. And they became friends with each other, although at first they were ready to fight! This is also happiness, although they have not understood it yet. But when they return to their poor villages, they will tell everyone, they will remember this big Adventure... And they will understand how happy they were!
I would also be interested in walking around Russia with friends and conducting such a “opinion survey.” And do not worry about everyday life, but seek the truth for the benefit of everyone. Class!
By the way, happiness is such a complex concept. So we wrote an essay on it. And everyone still has their own happiness. And here we are talking about the whole people's happiness. It's very difficult to put everything together. There, for the peasant there is one happiness (the harvest), and for the priest it is another (the parish). What if the happiness of one and the other contradicts? The peasant gets more freedom, and the master gets more servants. And how to connect it all?
The search for happiness, I believe, is also happiness. How preparing for a holiday is sometimes more enjoyable than the holiday.
The problem of national happiness in Nekrasov’s poem Who Lives Well in Rus' Essay 10th Grade
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, one of the most talented writers of the nineteenth century, began the poem in 1863 and composed it until the end of his life, until 1877. The writer devoted his life to poems about the tyranny of the Russian people. Even in deep childhood, he was not indifferent to the topic ill-treatment his father with the peasants. The poem was a continuation of the poem “Elegy”, where the question was posed:
"The people are liberated,
But are the people happy?
The poem was the result of Nekrasov’s reflection on the theme of poverty, tyranny of peasants by landowners, drunkenness in Rus', and the inability of peasants to stand up for themselves. After the abolition of serfdom, much in the life of the peasants had to change, because, it would seem, this is freedom, but the peasants are so accustomed to their life that they do not even know the meaning of the word “freedom.” And for them, little has changed in life: “Now, instead of the master, the volost will do the fighting,” writes the author.
The composition of the poem consists of separate chapters connected by the motives of the main characters' roads. It also contains fairy-tale elements and songs. Seven wanderers with names that already speak to us from the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryaevo, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo and Neurozhaiko - become truth-seekers of the world of a happy person. One claims that the happiest is the priest, another says that the boyar, the third that the king.
To dispel their dispute, the wanderers decide to conduct a survey of residents. They offer vodka for free in exchange for a story about their happiness. There were a lot of people willing. By this, the author also shows the problem of drunkenness in Rus'. And this is not surprising, because from such difficult life It's hard not to sleep. However, they claim to be happy. The sexton put it this way: for him, happiness is drunkenness, for which he is simply kicked out. The next soldier comes up, he says that he is happy as he served, but did not die. Then the grandmother is pleased with the harvest. The line continues to grow, but the travelers realize that they wasted their time.
Soon, researchers of human happiness go to Matryona Kochergina, she says that for her happiness is her children. With this, the writer paints the image of a Russian woman, describing her difficult fate. “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women,” declares Matryona.
Grisha can be considered a truly happy person. From his song you can understand that he is truly the most happy man. Grisha is the main character in the poem. He is honest, he loves the people and understands them. Grisha connects his happiness with the fate of the people; he is happy when others are happy. In the image of Dobrosklonov, the author sees hope for the future of Russia. And yet there are happy people in Rus', it’s a pity that the wanderers never knew this.
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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is one of the greatest Russian poets. The main theme of his works is the hard life of the common Russian people, peasants. In his poems and poems, he describes the heavy burden of serfs. The poet worries about their fate and with all his heart wants to make it easier. Nikolai Alekseevich is trying to convey this idea to other people with the help of his works.
The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” is also dedicated to the theme of the peasantry, it raises the theme of people's happiness.
In the poem, Nekrasov paints a portrait of a poor, dark, downtrodden Rus'. The abolition of serfdom did not change the situation in the country; corruption among high officials, drunkenness among peasants and other vices still flourish. To make the description colorful, the author uses many descriptive names of villages and surnames. The villages are called “Zaplatovo”, “Dyryavino”, “Razutovo” and so on, which once again emphasizes the destruction of the country. The main characters of the poem set off on a journey through impoverished and downtrodden Rus', trying to find a happy person.
For her, happiness is Friendly family and voluntary marriage for love. Nose early childhood she had to share hard fate Russian peasants. She did not marry for love, tragically lost her child and was worried about long separations from her husband, who went to work. In Matryona Timofeevna, the author reflected all the problems and difficulties of life ordinary women that time. Being the weakest and most unprotected layer of the population, even among peasants, they could not always cope with the hardships of life. And even the abolition of serfdom had almost no effect on their situation.
Another significant image in the poem - Ermil Girin. For him, happiness is honor and respect gained by intelligence and kindness. He runs a mill where he works honestly, never deceiving anyone. Also being a literate person, he taught people writing. Thanks to his kindness, honesty and sincerity, Girin won the trust of people, he is respected and appreciated.
Fortunately, there are two possible roads. One of them is the path of personal enrichment. Nobles and officials follow this path to happiness. For them, wealth and power are the most important things in life. But I believe that this path cannot lead to true happiness, since it cannot be built on selfishness. Grigory Dobrosklonov chose a different path for himself - the path of intercession. He understands that this is a difficult, but beautiful and correct path, and this path will definitely lead him to happiness.
Nekrasov is the greatest Russian poet, singer of the people. When you read his beautiful poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'?”, you get the feeling that these are the peasants themselves talking about their problems, experiences and thoughts. He very accurately described the state of the people during the period of the abolition of serfdom and the concept of happiness for this people. For each of them it is different, and they are slowly moving towards their own happiness.
Updated: 2017-03-15
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Subject
- The main theme of the work is Liberty- rests on the problem that the Russian peasant did not know what to do with it, and how to adapt to new realities. National character is also “problematic”: people-thinkers, people-seekers of truth still drink, live in oblivion and empty conversations. They are not able to squeeze slaves out of themselves until their poverty acquires at least the modest dignity of poverty, until they stop living in drunken illusions, until they realize their strength and pride, trampled upon by centuries of humiliating state of affairs that were sold, lost and bought.
- Happiness theme. The poet believes that a person can get the highest satisfaction from life only by helping other people. The real value of being is to feel needed by society, to bring goodness, love and justice into the world. Selfless and selfless service to a good cause fills every moment with sublime meaning, an idea, without which time loses its color, becomes dull from inaction or selfishness. Grisha Dobrosklonov is happy not because of his wealth or his position in the world, but because he is leading Russia and his people to a bright future.
- Homeland theme. Although Rus' appears in the eyes of readers as a poor and tortured, but still a beautiful country with a great future and a heroic past. Nekrasov feels sorry for his homeland, devoting himself entirely to its correction and improvement. For him, the homeland is the people, the people are his muse. All these concepts are closely intertwined in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” The author's patriotism is especially clearly expressed at the end of the book, when the wanderers find a lucky man who lives in the interests of society. In a strong and patient Russian woman, in the justice and honor of a heroic peasant, in sincere kindness folk singer the creator sees the true appearance of his power, full of dignity and spirituality.
- Theme of labor. Useful activity elevates Nekrasov's poor heroes above the vanity and depravity of the nobility. It is idleness that destroys the Russian master, turning him into a self-satisfied and arrogant nonentity. But the common people have skills and true virtue that are really important for society, without them there will be no Russia, but the country will manage without noble tyrants, revelers and greedy seekers of wealth. So the writer comes to the conclusion that the value of each citizen is determined only by his contribution to the common cause - the prosperity of the homeland.
- Mystical motive. Fantastic elements appear already in the Prologue and immerse the reader in fabulous atmosphere epics, where you need to monitor the development of the idea, and not the realism of the circumstances. Seven eagle owls on seven trees - magic number 7, which promises good luck. A raven praying to the devil is another mask of the devil, because the raven symbolizes death, grave decay and infernal forces. He is opposed good power in the form of a warbler bird that equips men for the journey. Self-assembled tablecloth – poetic symbol happiness and contentment. "Wide path" - symbol open final poems and the basis of the plot, because on both sides of the road travelers are presented with a multifaceted and authentic panorama of Russian life. The image of an unknown fish in unknown seas, which has absorbed “the keys to female happiness,” is symbolic. The crying she-wolf with bloody nipples also clearly demonstrates the difficult fate of the Russian peasant woman. One of the most bright images reform is a “great chain”, which, having broken, “split one end to the master, the other to the peasant!” The seven wanderers are a symbol of the entire people of Russia, restless, waiting for change and seeking happiness.
Issues
- In the epic poem Nekrasov touched upon a large number of acute and topical issues of the time. the main problem in “Who can live well in Rus'?” - the problem of happiness, both socially and philosophically. She is connected with social issue abolition of serfdom, which greatly changed (and not in better side) traditional way of life of all segments of the population. It would seem that this is freedom, what else do people need? Isn't this happiness? However, in reality, it turned out that the people, who, due to long slavery, do not know how to live independently, found themselves thrown to the mercy of fate. A priest, a landowner, a peasant woman, Grisha Dobrosklonov and seven men are real Russian characters and destinies. The author described them based on his rich experience of communicating with people from the common people. The problems of the work are also taken from life: disorder and confusion after the reform to abolish serfdom really affected all classes. No one organized jobs or at least land plots for yesterday's slaves, no one provided the landowner with competent instructions and laws regulating his new relations with workers.
- The problem of alcoholism. The wanderers come to an unpleasant conclusion: life in Rus' is so difficult that without drunkenness the peasant will completely die. He needs oblivion and fog in order to somehow pull the burden of a hopeless existence and hard labor.
- The problem of social inequality. The landowners have been torturing the peasants with impunity for years, and Savelia has had her whole life ruined for killing such an oppressor. For deception, nothing will happen to the relatives of the Last One, and their servants will again be left with nothing.
- The philosophical problem of searching for truth, which each of us encounters, is allegorically expressed in the journey of seven wanderers who understand that without this discovery their lives become worthless.
Nekrasov conceived the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” as “ folk book" He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry.
At the center of the poem - collective image Russian peasantry, the image of a guardian native land. The poem reflects a man's joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, thirst for freedom and happiness. All major events The lives of a peasant fit into this work. The plot of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set out on the journey are not pilgrim pilgrims. They are a symbol of awakening Russia.
Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. First of all, these are seven men. Their the main objective- find “man's happiness.” And until they find him, the men decided
Don't toss and turn in the houses,
Don't see your wives
Not with the little guys...
But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter “Drunken Night”. This is Yakim Nagoy. In his appearance and speech one can feel his inner dignity, unbroken by either hard work or a powerless situation. Yakim argues with the “smart master” Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends men from the reproach that they “drink until they stupefy.” Yakim is smart, he understands perfectly why life is so difficult for peasants. His rebellious spirit does not resign himself to such a life. A formidable warning sounds in the mouth of Yakim Nagoy:
Every peasant
Soul, like a black cloud,
Angry, menacing - and it should be
Thunder will roar from there...
The chapter “Happy” tells about another man - Ermil Girin. He became famous throughout the region for his intelligence and selfless devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Ermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's litigation with the merchant Altynnikov over the orphan mill. Ermila turns to the people for help.
And a miracle happened
Throughout the market square
Every peasant has
Like the wind, half left
Suddenly it turned upside down!
Yermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he excluded “his younger brother Mitri from recruiting.” But this act cost him severe torment; in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Ermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of the truth and ends up in prison.
We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness differently. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is idle, well-fed, happy life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth and power, “a huge, greedy crowd is heading towards temptation,” writes Nekrasov.
In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov also touches on the problem of women’s happiness. It is revealed through the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, filled with self-esteem. On her shoulders fell not only the entire burden of peasant labor, but also responsibility for the fate of the family, for raising children. The image of Matryona Timofeevna is collective. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matryona Timofeevna gives her the right to say to wanderers on behalf of all Russian women:
The keys to women's happiness,
From our free will,
Abandoned, lost
From God himself!
Nekrasov reveals the problem of national happiness in the poem also with the help of the image people's defender Grisha Dobrosklonova. He is the son of a sexton who lived “poorer than the last shabby peasant” and “an unrequited farmhand.” A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood he decides that he will devote his life to the search for national happiness.
About fifteen years old
Gregory already knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark
Native corner
Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his entire life. Nekrasov writes what fate had in store for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
People's Defender,
Consumption and Siberia.
But he does not back down from the challenges ahead. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that millions of people are already awakening:
An innumerable host rises,
The strength in her will be indestructible!
And this fills his soul with joy. He believes in a happy future for his native land and this is precisely the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that fighters for people’s happiness live well in Rus':
If only our wanderers could be under their own roof,
If only they could know what was happening to Grisha.
He heard the immense strength in his chest,
The sounds of grace delighted his ears,
The radiant sounds of the noble hymn -
He sang the embodiment of people's happiness.
Nekrasov’s work is undoubtedly interesting to every reader, because the author managed to touch upon such important and relevant problems for our time. Here we can find the author’s arguments not only about folk hero and about happiness, but also to get acquainted with his opinion about universal human values.
I would like to consider how Nekrasov interprets such a concept as “happiness”, what he sees as its features and how he expresses it in his poem.
To begin with, it is worth noting the fact that since the author uses Russian folklore in his work and depicts fairy-tale heroes who go in search of happiness, we can conclude that for Nekrasov this concept is associated primarily with something magical, with faith, with higher powers.
We see that the main characters of the poem, the Nekrasovs, have set themselves an important goal - to find “peasant happiness.” And they decided to walk around Mother Rus' until they found someone “Who lives happily and at ease in Rus'.” In Nekrasov's poem, discussions about happiness are described in the form of an argument. Each of the travelers talks about happiness in his own understanding.
The first they met was a priest who sees happiness in peace, honor and wealth. So our heroes met many different people on their way, who, in turn, openly told the wanderers their perception of “happiness.” So, for the landowner Gavrila Afanasyevich, happiness lies in unlimited power over the peasant. For the peasants, it is to have a productive year, so that everyone is healthy and well-fed, the soldier considers himself happy because he was in twenty battles and survived, the old woman is happy because she had up to a thousand turnips born on a small ridge, For the Belarusian peasant, happiness is in the bread. Peasant Matryona Timofeevna, who carried through all the horrors of her life human dignity, nobility and rebellion. Ermil Girin - beloved by his fellow villagers for his honesty, intelligence and selfless devotion to the interests of the peasants - mayor. During seven years of fair service, Yermila “sinned” once: “...he shielded his younger brother Mitri from the recruiting force,” and instead of Mitri, he gave the widow’s son as a soldier. Out of remorse, Girin wanted to hang himself. But thanks to the prince, the widow’s son was nevertheless returned, and Mitri was sent to serve. Also, he sided with the rebellious peasants, for which he was sent to prison. Happiness for him is in helping people.
It is worth saying that Nekrasov’s question about who is happy smoothly flows into: “What is happiness?”
We see that for Nekrasov, happiness lies not only in making oneself happy, but in giving warmth and kindness to the people around him, so to speak, giving them a piece of happiness.
In conclusion, I would like to say that I fully share the position of the author of the work “Who Lives Well in Rus'?” It is unlikely that a person will fully feel happy when everyone around him is unhappy, which is why I believe that happiness lies in giving it to people.
