Compositional connection between the parts of a complex sentence. Complex sentences with different types of connection

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The syntactic analysis of the sentence should begin with a thorough study of the theoretical material on this topic. This is the main component of a positive result. The most voluminous in terms of practical skills will be the analysis of a complex sentence, for example, with different types of communication.

First of all, it is necessary to characterize the entire syntactic model as a whole, and then each part individually. For clarity, we will analyze a compound sentence with various types of communication.

Anguish suddenly overwhelmed me, as if it wanted to finish me off completely, and in order not to succumb to despondency, I plunged into work, which, it seemed to me, was supposed to distract me.

We build a scheme and bring that we are dealing with complex sentence with different types of connection:

[Melancholy suddenly piled up] 1, [as if she wanted to finish me off completely] 2, and, (in order not to succumb to despondency) 3, [I plunged into work] 4, (which, as it seemed to me, should have distracted me) 5.

We argue: 5 grammatical foundations, i.e. 5 simple ones make one complex one. We conditionally divide them into 2 segments: 1 and 2 simple sentences (BSP) + 3, 4 and 5 (SPP with two subordinate clauses), the connection between which is carried out by the conjunction and. Thus, we observe a non-union subordinating and coordinating (main) connection between the parts of a complex sentence.

│ 1, 2 │, and, │(to…) 3, [n.] 4, (which) 5.

Let's give a description of the whole proposal. We are dealing with narrative, complex, with different types of connections. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

The first block, consisting of two simple sentences (BSP), is not complex in characterization, so we will pay more attention to the second block - SNP with two subordinate clauses.

In this SPP, we see a clear example of parallel subordination, because both subordinate clauses refer to more than one word of the main part and answer different questions. in order not to succumb to despondency, the subordinate goal (dipped into the work for what purpose?), It refers to the whole sentence and is introduced by the subordinating union “to”; ... which, it seemed to me, should have distracted me - the attributive clause (what kind of work?), Corresponds with the noun “work” in the main part of the sentence and joins with the allied word “which”.

And now we give a description of each simple, which is part of our complex.

Tosca suddenly hit...

... as if she wanted to finish me off completely ... Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.

... to not give in to discouragement ... Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, one-part (impersonal), non-spread, incomplete, uncomplicated.

… I plunged into work… Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.

... which, as it seemed to me, should have distracted me ... Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, complicated by an introductory phrase.

Thus, the analysis of the complex sentence is completed in full. According to this principle, analysis of the compound should also be performed. Once again, we draw your attention to the fact that you need to know the theoretical part thoroughly, since the analysis of the complex is closely intertwined with the characteristics of the simple.

We are convinced that the above analysis of the sentence will help in working on similar syntactic constructions.

Good luck in mastering the basics of Russian syntax.

The parts of a complex sentence must be connected with each other using a coordinating or subordinating connection. Which connection is used in a complex sentence can be determined by the union and some other important details. So they distinguish (BSC) and complex sentences (CSP).

To begin with, it should be remembered that a complex sentence consists of two or more grammatical bases that have a single semantic meaning. How these stems interact with each other determines the type of sentence and the required punctuation.

For example, the sentence "I'll go for a walk" is simple, it has one grammatical basis. But if you add one more part to it (“I will go for a walk, but first I will do my homework”), then you get an MTP with two bases “I will go for a walk” and “I will do my homework”, where “but” acts as a coordinating union.

What is a writing connection? This is the interaction of two or more parts that are equal and independent of each other. Coordinating sentences are defined in two simple ways.

Necessary:

Asking a question from one grammatical basis to another is usually impossible in SSP: “It was a cool morning, but I went for a bike ride.”
Try to divide the SSP into two separate sentences without losing the meaning: “The sun disappeared behind the hill, and the heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly” - “The sun went down” and “The heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly.” The meaning is not lost, while one sentence turned into two separate ones.

Vivid examples can be found in Russian folklore: “The hair is long, but the mind is short”, “The woman is dancing, and the grandfather is crying”, “The woman is with a cart, but the mare is easier”, they are also found in descriptions of nature and reflection texts.

Parts of the SSP are usually connected by unions of the same name, which are divided into types: connecting (and, also, etc.), separating (or, or, not that ... not that, etc.) and adversarial (but, but, but, etc.).

It is important to know! A coordinative connection can be used not only to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one, but also to connect homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases.

subordination

If two or more grammatical bases are used, while they are not equal, but depend on each other in some order, then this is a complex sentence with.

NGN necessarily has a main part and a subordinate one, and from the first to the second one can ask a defining question.

For example, "Vasya went out for a walk because his mother started a general cleaning." The main part “Vasya went out for a walk”, from which we ask the question “why did he do this?” and in the subordinate part the answer is “because mom started a general cleaning.”

A secondary or subordinate part can act as a circumstance, definition or addition.

You can define this type of interaction:

By asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
Highlighting the grammatical foundations and identifying the main one.
Determine the type of union.

In writing, such a relationship of parts is distinguished by punctuation marks, and in oral speech - by an intonational pause.

Types of subordination

In order to correctly parse the sentence into parts and determine the types of subordination, it is necessary to correctly determine the main part and ask a question from it to the subordinate clause.

An adjective can be of several types:

The determinant answers the questions: which one? which? whose?
The indicative answers the questions of indirect cases, i.e. everything except the nominative.
The circumstantial answers the questions: where? Where? For what? where? Why? When? How?

Since the group of adverbial clauses is very voluminous, there are more subgroups among them. The question also helps to determine the type.

The adverbial clause is of the following types:

time (when? how long?);
places (where? where? from where?);
reasons (why?);
goals (for what? for what purpose?);
mode of action and degree (how? to what extent? to what extent?);
comparisons (how?);
consequences (what follows from this?);
conditions (under what condition?);
concessions (against what?).

Important! The type of subordinate clause is determined precisely by the question, and not by the type of subordinating union or allied word. So, for example, the allied word "where" can be used not only in adverbial clauses of the place, but also in the attributive clause: "I'm in a hurry to that house (what?) where I used to live."

Communication types in NGN

Since such a sentence often contains several subordinate clauses at once, it should also define subordinate relations:

Consistent submission. Each clause refers to a word from the preceding clause ("I was humming a song I heard yesterday when we were walking in the park").
Homogeneous submission. The structure resembles homogeneous members of a sentence. The subordinate parts answer one question and refer to the same word in the main clause, while the subordinating conjunctions can be different (“After what happened, I did not understand how to live and what to do next, how to forget everything and start life anew”). Punctuation marks follow the same rule as punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence.
parallel submission. The subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause, but answer different questions: "I was bored there, despite the crowd of people, because no one was interesting to me there."

Important! There may be proposals with combined submission.

Subtleties of punctuation

It is equally important to know what punctuation marks should be put in SSP and SPP, because the parts are necessarily connected by a union - a service part of speech that does not decline, does not conjugate and connects homogeneous members or simple sentences as part of a complex one. It is the union that helps to understand what type of connection is used in the sentence.

The coordinating and subordinating connection in sentences involves the use of unions of the same name. Moreover, any of them is necessarily distinguished by a comma on paper, and when reading - by an intonational pause.

Subordinating conjunctions include: what, how, to, barely, only, when, where, from where, so much, to what extent, as if, as if, because, if, despite that, although etc.

The coordinative connection in a sentence and a phrase determines the use of conjunctions: and, yes, not only, also, but also, also, like ..., and, or, either, then, but, however, also, also, that is, etc.

But sentences can also be unionless, in which case its parts are separated not only by a comma (“The sun has risen, the roosters habitually sang morning songs”), but also by other punctuation marks:

colon: “I told you: you can’t be late!”
semicolon: “The stars lit up in the sky, filling the night with light; sensing the night, a wolf howled in the distance on a high hill; a night bird screamed in a tree nearby.
dash: "It's pouring down the street like a bucket - it's impossible to go out for a walk."

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Summing up

The presence of complex sentences makes written and oral speech bright and expressive. They can often be found in fiction and journalistic articles. The presence of complex structures allows a person to correctly and consistently express his thoughts, as well as show his level of literacy. Punctuation errors, on the contrary, testify to low speech culture and illiteracy.

For the correct formulation and presentation of their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in written speech. If in life we often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connection. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.

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Classification

What types of communication proposals used in Russian :

coordinative with and without unions, when the components of the syntactic construction are independent, equal in relation to each other;
subordination, unionless and allied, when one part of the structure is the main one, and the second is dependent;
allied, coordinating and subordinating, expressed with the help of coordinating or subordinating unions and allied words;

Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical bases. When meeting them, do not be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types of communication.

The main types of complex sentences with examples:

Unionless.
Compound.
Complex sentences.
Structures with different types of connection.

An example of a unionless relationship: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.

It is necessary to note the main feature of constructions with a coordinative connection. The function of a coordinative connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, it is done with the help of intonation and the use of coordinating conjunctions. Unionless communication can also be used.

How are compound sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :

The firmament cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.

The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.

Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts that are connected to each other in different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connection are built and grouped. Often, sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without union or with the help of a coordinating connection, while each of the parts represents a simple or complex sentence.

Dependent parts can have different semantic meanings, according to this feature complex sentences are divided into several groups.

Determinants

They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main clause. Join with and : where, from where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main or after it. Questions can be posed to them: what?, whose?

Examples:

How painfully hot in those hours when noon hung in silence and heat.

For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who thought, not noticing anything around.

Explanatory

They refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (to reflect), feelings (to be sad), speech (answered, said), in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, to clarify, to supplement. They also include demonstrative words - that, that, that, to which the dependent clause is attached. Connected by unions what, to, as if, as if.

Examples:

The guy quickly realized that the girlfriend's parents are not particularly smart, and thought out a further strategy.

This could be seen from the fact that he drove several times with his cart around the yard until he found the hut.

circumstantial

They are related to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of attaching to the main word:

time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary unions are used for communication: when, until what time (When it was about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
places, talking about the place, are connected with the main word with allied words-adverbs: where, where, from where (Leaves, wherever you look, were yellow or golden);
conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if ..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I in question, you can put questions to them: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
goals, they tell what goal the action pursues and is connected by target unions: so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
reasons, union is used for joining - because(He did not complete the task because he fell ill);
the manner of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating unions: as if, as if, exactly (the Forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
consequences serve to clarify the result of an action, you can ask them a question - as a result of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone brighter in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
concessions, unions are used to join them: let it, although, despite. Allied words can be used (how, how much) with a particle neither (No matter how hard you try, nothing will work without knowledge and skills).

Building offer schemes

Let's take a look at what an offer scheme is. This is a graphic showing the structure proposals in a compact form.

Let's try to draw up schemes of sentences, which include two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's turn to examples with different inflected parts of speech.

Complicated sentences may consist of several subordinate clauses, which have a different relationship with each other.

There are the following types of offer links:

homogeneous or associative;
parallel (centralized);
sequential (chain, linear).

Homogeneous

Characterized the following signs:

all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the whole main thing or to one of the words;
subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, answer one question;
coordinating unions are connected or unionless communication is used;
intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.

Examples and offer linear schemes:

I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a coolness swept by with a light breath (2).

, (how how…).

Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word in the main part:

It is not known where she lived (1), who she was (2), why a Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the picture (4).

, (where ...), (who ...), (why ...) and (about what ...).

Parallel

Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different meanings belonging to several types

Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:

When our boat sailed from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.

(When that…).

Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause: tense and explanatory.

Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:

In some places, houses were crowded, which in their color were similar to the surrounding rocks, that one had to be closer to distinguish them.

, (which ...), (what ...), (to ...).

Possible and another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, linking with one subordinate clause within another.

At first, the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised his devil so high that nothing could be seen below, and rushed under the very moon so that he could catch it with his hat.

, (when…, (what…), and…), (what…).

The proposals use various punctuation marks:

comma, example: The final remark of the sister-in-law ended already on the street, where she went on her urgent business;
semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
dash: Thick hazel bushes will block your path, if you hurt yourself on a prickly thorn bush - stubbornly go forward.

consistent

Simple structures are connected to one another in a chain:

There is a known knot on a tree trunk, on which you put your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.

, (on which ...), (when ...).

Determination procedure

What plan determines the types of communication of sentences in a letter. We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:

read the offer carefully;
highlight all grammatical bases;
divide the structure into parts and number them;
find allied words and conjunctions, in their absence, take into account intonation;
determine the nature of the relationship.

If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence names the reason for what is being discussed in another, then this is a complex sentence with subordination.

Attention! Adventitious constructions can be replaced either by adverbial turnover. Example: In the black sky dotted with myriads of small stars, soundless lightning appeared here and there.

Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connection

Types of communication in complex sentences

Conclusion

The types of connection of sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of a proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and correctly punctuate.

In this article, we will look at what complex sentences with different types of connections are, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to be clear, let's start from afar.

What is a complex sentence

In syntax, a sentence is a word united by a common meaning and connected with the help of the laws of grammar, having a common theme, purpose of expression and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, present any material. Thought can be expressed briefly, but it can be expanded. Accordingly, the proposals can be concise or widespread.

Each sentence has its "heart" - a grammatical basis, i.e. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it, what is it?). If the grammatical basis in the sentence is one, it is a simple sentence, if there are two or more of them, then it is complex.

(JV) may include two parts, three, four and even more. Relations in meaning between them, as well as the means of their connection with each other, can be different. There are complex allied proposals and non-union ones. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.

What are joint ventures

We have already begun to talk about the fact that joint ventures can be allied or non-union. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation, then the connection between them is called allied, and if only by intonation, then, accordingly, unionless.

In turn, allied sentences are divided into coordinating and subordinating - depending on whether their parts are in an "equal" position or one depends on the other.

Spring will come soon. This is a simple suggestion. the world will sparkle with bright colors again. This sentence is complex, while its parts are connected by intonation and union " When". We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors When? - when spring comes), which means that Spring will come soon and nature will bloom. This sentence also has two parts, but they are united by intonation and a coordinating union And. You cannot form a question between parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is a compound one. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly, it will become warm. There are four simple parts in this joint venture, but all of them are united only by intonation, there are no unions on the borders of the parts. This means that it is unionless. In order to compose complex sentences with different types of connection, it would be necessary to combine both allied and unionless relations in one sentence.

How many simple sentences can be in a complex one?

For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple, two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connection (we will see examples below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes there are about ten. But in this case, the proposal can be difficult to perceive. Such sentences combine allied and non-union communication, coordinating and subordinating in any combination.

He was surprised; a strange feeling filled his head and chest; the water ran with frightening speed, indomitably breaking through between the stones, and fell from a height with such force that it seemed that the mountain, along the slopes of which were full of mountain flowers, could not withstand this pressure ...

Here's a great example. Here are parts of complex sentences with different ones. In this sentence there are 5 predicative parts, between which all of the possible types of connection are presented. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.

allied coordinating link

Complex allied sentences are compound (CSP) or complex (CSP).

The coordinative connection (CC) connects "equal" simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the SSP can easily be made independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer from this and will not change.

Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect parts of such sentences. and, but, or etc. The sea was restless, and the waves crashed against the rocks with furious force..

allied subordination

With a subordinating relationship (PS), as its name implies, one part of the sentence "subordinates" the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate) only complements, specifies in something, you can ask a question about it from the main part. For subordinating communication, such unions and allied words are used as what, who, when, which, because, if etc.

But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her all the time, that she deceived us ...(A. Pushkin). This sentence has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it's sad to think (about what?), which is in vain ..."

If you try to divide the NGN into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be seen that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without clauses, but the clauses become incomplete in semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.

Unionless connection

Another type of joint venture is unionless. A complex sentence with different types of connection most often combines a connection without unions with one of the allied types or with both types at once.

Parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in union sentences only one sign is placed between their parts - a comma, then in this case you need to make a choice of one of four punctuation marks: a comma, a semicolon, a dash or a colon. In this article, we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of connections, exercises in their grammatically correct compilation and punctuation.

The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts connected by intonation and separated by commas.

So, we briefly gave a description of each of the possible types of connection between the parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.

Algorithm for parsing a joint venture with different types of communication

How to correctly place signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of connections? The most important thing is to determine how many parts it has and where exactly their boundaries pass. To do this, you need to find the grammatical foundations. How many of them - so many predicative parts. Next, we highlight all the minor members related to each of the bases, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and another begins. After that, you need to determine what types of connections between the parts (look for the presence of unions or their absence, try to ask a question or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).

And finally, it remains only to correctly punctuate, because without them it is very difficult to perceive complex sentences with different types of communication in writing (textbook exercises are precisely aimed at developing this skill).

How not to make a mistake in choosing punctuation marks?

Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Once the predicative parts are isolated and the types of connection are established, everything becomes very clear. We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rule relating to a particular type of communication.

Coordinating (SS) and subordinating connection (PS) require a comma before the union. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (with a coordinative connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas; a dash is possible if the parts are sharply contrasted or one of them contains an unexpected result).

With an allied connection, as mentioned above, there may be one of four punctuation marks, depending on what semantic relationships are between the parts of the sentence.

Drawing up schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication

This step can be done before punctuation, or after, to check their correctness. Schemes are used in punctuation to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.

The scheme helps to write complex sentences with different types of communication without punctuation errors. Examples of punctuation and charting will be given right now.

[The day was beautiful, sunny, surprisingly calm]; [a cozy shadow approached from the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of trees begins).

In this sentence, between the first and second parts, an allied connection is easily traced, between the second and third - a coordinating one, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected to them by a subordinating connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =,=,=]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication can be horizontal and vertical. We have given an example of a horizontal scheme.

Summing up

So, we found out what complex sentences with different types of connections are (their examples are very common in works of fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types of syntactic connection. SP with different types of communication may include NGN, SSP and BSP in various combinations. In order not to make mistakes in punctuation marks, it is necessary to designate simple sentences inside a complex one and determine the types of syntactic connection.

Be smart!