Beethoven and other German composers. Beethoven and other German composers Brilliant German composer of the 19th century

What would our life be like without music? For many years, people have asked themselves this question and come to the conclusion that without the beautiful sounds of music, the world would be a very different place. Music helps us feel joy more fully, find our inner self and cope with difficulties. Composers, working on their works, were inspired by a variety of things: love, nature, war, happiness, sadness and much more. Some of the musical compositions they created will forever remain in the hearts and memories of people. Here is a list of ten of the greatest and most talented composers of all time. Under each composer you will find a link to one of his most famous works.

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Franz Peter Schubert was an Austrian composer who lived only 32 years, but his music will live on for a very long time. Schubert wrote nine symphonies, about 600 vocal compositions, and a large amount of chamber and solo piano music.

"Evening Serenade"

German composer and pianist, author of two serenades, four symphonies, as well as concerts for violin, piano and cello. He performed at concerts from the age of ten, and gave his first solo concert at the age of 14. During his lifetime, he gained popularity primarily due to the waltzes and Hungarian dances he wrote.

"Hungarian Dance No. 5".

George Frideric Handel was a German and English composer of the Baroque era; he wrote about 40 operas, many organ concerts, and chamber music. Handel's music has been played at the coronations of English kings since 973, it is also heard at royal wedding ceremonies and is even used as the anthem of the UEFA Champions League (with a small arrangement).

"Music on the water"

Joseph Haydn is a famous and prolific Austrian composer of the classical era, he is called the father of the symphony, as he made significant contributions to the development of this musical genre. Joseph Haydn is the author of 104 symphonies, 50 piano sonatas, 24 operas and 36 concertos

"Symphony No. 45".

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is the most famous Russian composer, author of more than 80 works, including 10 operas, 3 ballets and 7 symphonies. He was very popular and known as a composer during his lifetime, and performed in Russia and abroad as a conductor.

"Waltz of the Flowers" from the ballet "The Nutcracker".

Frédéric François Chopin is a Polish composer who is also considered one of the best pianists of all time. He wrote many pieces of music for piano, including 3 sonatas and 17 waltzes.

"Rain waltz".

Venetian composer and virtuoso violinist Antonio Lucio Vivaldi is the author of more than 500 concertos and 90 operas. He had a huge influence on the development of Italian and world violin art.

"Elf Song"

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is an Austrian composer who amazed the world with his talent from early childhood. Already at the age of five, Mozart was composing short plays. In total, he wrote 626 works, including 50 symphonies and 55 concertos. 9.Beethoven 10.Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organist of the Baroque era, known as a master of polyphony. He is the author of more than 1000 works, which include almost all significant genres of that time.

"Musical joke"

German composers made a great contribution to the development of world musical art. Among them are a huge number of those whom we call great. The whole world listens to their masterpieces. In music schools, the works of many of them are included in the curriculum.

Music of Germany

The heyday of music in this country began in the 18th century. Then such great German composers as Robert Schumann, Johann Sebastian Bach, Franz Schubert, Ludwig Van Beethoven began to create. They were the first representatives of romanticism.

Great composers who lived in Austria: Franz Liszt, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss.

Later, Carl Orff, Richard Wagner, and Max Reger became famous. They wrote music turning to their national roots.

Famous German composers of the 20th century: Arnold Schoenberg, Paul Hindemith, Karlheinz Stockhausen.

James Last

Famous German composer James Last was born in Bremen in 1929. His real name is Hans. He worked in the jazz genre. James first appeared on stage in 1946 as part of the Bremen Radio Orchestra. After 2 years, he created his own ensemble, which he led and performed with. In the 50s of the 20th century, Last was considered the best jazz bassist. In 1964, James created his own orchestra. He was involved in arranging popular melodies at that time. The composer released his first album in 1965, after which there were 50 more. They sold millions of copies. Eighteen discs went platinum, 37 went gold. James Last created arrangements for authors and performers working in completely different musical genres from folk music to hard rock. The composer died in the USA in June 2015.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Great German composers of the Baroque era: Georg Böhm, Nikolaus Bruns, Dietrich Buxtehude, George Frideric Handel and others. At the top of this list is Johann Sebastian Bach. He was a great composer, teacher and virtuoso organist. J. S. Bach is the author of more than a thousand works. He wrote music of different genres. Everything that was significant during his life, except operas. The composer's father was a musician, like many other relatives and ancestors.

Johann Sebastian loved music since childhood and never missed an opportunity to play music. The future composer sang in the choir, played the harpsichord and organ, and studied the works of composers. At about 15 years old he wrote his first works. After completing his studies, the young man served as a court musician, then as an organist in the church. Johann Sebastian Bach had seven children, two of them became famous composers. His first wife died and he married again. His second wife was a young singer with a magnificent soprano. In old age, J. S. Bach became blind, but continued to compose music, the notes were written down by the composer's son-in-law under dictation. The great Johann Sebastian is buried in the city of Leipzig. In Germany, his image is immortalized in a large number of monuments.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Many German composers were adherents of the Viennese classical school. The most striking figure of them is Ludwig Van Beethoven. He wrote music of all genres that existed at the time he lived. He even composed works for drama theaters. L. Beethoven is a composer whose works are performed by all musicians in the world. The instrumental works of L. Beethoven are considered the most significant.

The composer was born in 1770. He was the son of a court chapel singer. The father wanted to raise his son as a second W. Mozart and taught him to play several musical instruments at once. At the age of 8, Ludwig first appeared on stage. Contrary to his father's expectations, L. Beethoven did not become a miracle boy like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. When the future great composer was 10 years old, his father stopped teaching him on his own, and the boy got a real teacher - composer and organist - K. G. Nefe. The teacher immediately recognized talent in L. Beethoven. He taught the young man a lot, introduced him to the work of the great composers of that time. L. Beethoven performed for W. A. ​​Mozart, and he highly appreciated his talent, expressing confidence that Ludwig had a great future ahead of him, and he would make the world talk about himself. At the age of 34, the composer became deaf, but continued to write music because he had excellent inner hearing. L. Beethoven had students. One of them is the famous composer Carl Czerny. L. Beethoven died at the age of 57 years.

Kurt Weill

Many German composers of the 20th century are considered classics. For example, Kurt Weill. He was born in 1900 in Germany. His most famous work is The Threepenny Opera. K. Weil was the son of a cantor in the synagogue. The composer received his education in Leipzig. He introduced elements of jazz into many of his works. Kurt Weill collaborated with playwright B. Brecht and wrote music for a large number of productions based on his plays. The composer also composed 10 musicals. Kurt Weill died in 1950 in the USA.

The World's Greatest Composers of All Time: Lists in Chronological and Alphabetical Order, Reference Books and Works

100 Great Composers of the World

List of composers in chronological order

1. Josquin Despres (1450 –1521)
2. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525 –1594)
3. Claudio Monteverdi (1567 –1643)
4. Heinrich Schütz (1585 –1672)
5. Jean Baptiste Lully (1632 –1687)
6. Henry Purcell (1658 –1695)
7. Arcangelo Corelli (1653 –1713)
8. Antonio Vivaldi (1678 –1741)
9. Jean Philippe Rameau (1683 –1764)
10. George Handel (1685 –1759)
11. Domenico Scarlatti (1685 –1757)
12. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 –1750)
13. Christoph Willibald Gluck (1713 –1787)
14. Joseph Haydn (1732 –1809)
15. Antonio Salieri (1750 –1825)
16. Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (1751 –1825)
17. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 –1791)
18. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 –1826)
19. Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778 –1837)
20. Nicollo Paganini (1782 –1840)
21. Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791 –1864)
22. Carl Maria von Weber (1786 –1826)
23. Gioachino Rossini (1792 –1868)
24. Franz Schubert (1797 –1828)
25. Gaetano Donizetti (1797 –1848)
26. Vincenzo Bellini (1801 –1835)
27. Hector Berlioz (1803 –1869)
28. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804 –1857)
29. Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809 –1847)
30. Fryderyk Chopin (1810 –1849)
31. Robert Schumann (1810 –1856)
32. Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 –1869)
33. Franz Liszt (1811 –1886)
34. Richard Wagner (1813 –1883)
35. Giuseppe Verdi (1813 –1901)
36. Charles Gounod (1818 –1893)
37. Stanislav Moniuszko (1819 –1872)
38. Jacques Offenbach (1819 –1880)
39. Alexander Nikolaevich Serov (1820 –1871)
40. Cesar Frank (1822 –1890)
41. Bedřich Smetana (1824 –1884)
42. Anton Bruckner (1824 –1896)
43. Johann Strauss (1825 –1899)
44. Anton Grigorievich Rubinstein (1829 –1894)
45. Johannes Brahms (1833 –1897)
46. ​​Alexander Porfirievich Borodin (1833 –1887)
47. Camille Saint-Saens (1835 –1921)
48. Leo Delibes (1836 –1891)
49. Mily Alekseevich Balakirev (1837 –1910)
50. Georges Bizet (1838 –1875)
51. Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839 –1881)
52. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 –1893)
53. Antonin Dvorak (1841 –1904)
54. Jules Massenet (1842 –1912)
55. Edvard Grieg (1843 –1907)
56. Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844 –1908)
57. Gabriel Fauré (1845 –1924)
58. Leos Janacek (1854 –1928)
59. Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov (1855 –1914)
60. Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (1856 –1915)
61. Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857 –1919)
62. Giacomo Puccini (1858 –1924)
63. Hugo Wolf (1860 –1903)
64. Gustav Mahler (1860 –1911)
65. Claude Debussy (1862 –1918)
66. Richard Strauss (1864 –1949)
67. Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov (1864 –1956)
68. Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (1865 –1936)
69. Jean Sibelius (1865 –1957)
70. Franz Lehár (1870 –1945)
71. Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin (1872 –1915)
72. Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninov (1873 –1943)
73. Arnold Schoenberg (1874 –1951)
74. Maurice Ravel (1875 –1937)
75. Nikolai Karlovich Medtner (1880 –1951)
76. Bela Bartok (1881 –1945)
77. Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (1881 –1950)
78. Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky (1882 –1971)
79. Anton Webern (1883 –1945)
80. Imre Kalman (1882 –1953)
81. Alban Berg (1885 –1935)
82. Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev (1891 –1953)
83. Arthur Honegger (1892 –1955)
84. Darius Milhaud (1892 –1974)
85. Carl Orff (1895 –1982)
86. Paul Hindemith (1895 –1963)
87. George Gershwin (1898 –1937)
88. Isaac Osipovich Dunaevsky (1900 –1955)
89. Aram Ilyich Khachaturian (1903 –1978)
90. Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906 –1975)
91. Tikhon Nikolaevich Khrennikov (born in 1913)
92. Benjamin Britten (1913 –1976)
93. Georgy Vasilievich Sviridov (1915 –1998)
94. Leonard Bernstein (1918 –1990)
95. Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin (born in 1932)
96. Krzysztof Penderecki (born 1933)
97. Alfred Garievich Schnittke (1934 –1998)
98. Bob Dylan (b. 1941)
99. John Lennon (1940–1980) and Paul McCartney (b. 1942)
100. Sting (born 1951)

MASTERPIECES OF CLASSICAL MUSIC

The most famous composers in the world

List of composers in alphabetical order

Max Bruch's symphonies are not as popular as his violin concertos or the Scottish Fantasy and are performed quite rarely. However, Harmony reigns supreme in them, awakening in the soul of the listener the aspiration for wisdom and strength, strengthening the spirit and helping to cope with all difficulties. Notable recordings of Bruch's works, in addition to his major concert works, include a set of three of his rarely performed symphonies; a project carried out by conductor Kurt Masur. One of these recordings will now be played - a very beautiful Adagio from the Third Symphony in E major

Gewandhausorchester Leipzig

Kurt Masur, conductor

Music is the art of sounds and each sound in it has its own designation. A note (Latin nōta - “sign”, “mark”) in music is a graphic designation of the sound of a musical work, one of the main symbols of modern musical notation. Variations in…

The name of Max Bruch (1838-1920) does not sound as loud in the musical world as the names of Mendelssohn and Brahms. But his Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26, occupies its rightful place in the pedigree of great romantic masterpieces. Max Bruch was born in the same year that Mendelssohn made the first sketches of his Violin Concerto in E minor. Bruch's Concerto premiered ten years after Schumann's death. A decade later, Brahms' famous Violin Concerto appeared. However, there is another great musician whose art united these violin concertos into a tradition uninterrupted for a century. His name was Joseph Joachim. On the title page of the score of Bruch's Violin Concerto there is a dedication: to Joseph Joachim as a sign of friendship.

The sketches for the G minor concerto probably date back to 1857, when the 19-year-old Bruch graduated from the Cologne Conservatory, where his teachers were Ferdinand Hiller and Karl Reinecke. At the age of 20, Bruch was already teaching music theoretical subjects at the conservatory. One after another, the premieres of his operas, oratorios, symphonies, instrumental concerts, chamber ensembles, vocal cycles follow... Bruch choirs are especially popular in Germany. He conducts opera performances and symphony concerts in various cities in Germany and abroad. Among Max Bruch's students are representatives of national schools of composition, such outstanding masters of the 20th century as the Italian Ottorino Respighi and the Englishman Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Max Bruch / Max Bruch

Johann Philipp Kirnberger (German: Johann Philipp Kirnberger; baptized April 24 1721, Saalfeld - July 27, 1783, Berlin) - German music theorist, composer, violinist, teacher.

According to F. V. Marpurg, Kirnberger in 1739-41 studied in Leipzig with J. S. Bach, whom he considered the largest German composer. In 1741 - 50 he served as a music teacher and bandmaster in Polish aristocratic families, and was the bandmaster of a convent in Lviv. Since 1754, Kirnberger, a violinist and conductor of the court chapel in Berlin, taught composition to Anna Amalia of Prussia, the younger sister of the King of Prussia, Frederick the Great.
Kirnberger sought the publication of Bach's choral arrangements, about which he wrote in a letter to the Leipzig publisher Breitkopf:

Regarding the Bach chorales, numbering more than 400, which C. F. E. Bach collected and many of which were transcribed in his own hand, it is extremely important to me that these chorales, which are now in my possession, are preserved for future musicians, composers and music lovers .

Kirnberger bought the chorale manuscripts from C. F. E. Bach. To promote the publication, Kirnberger donated these manuscripts free of charge to Breitkopf's publishing house (which remained their owner after Kirnberger's death).

The most prominent representative of violin playing in Germany in the first half of the 19th century was the famous Ludwig Spohr.

The son of a doctor who lived in Brunswick, Spohr was placed in conditions extremely favorable for the development of his musical talent from a very early age. Spohr's father played the flute (!), and his mother was a singer and quite a good pianist. The boy listened to home music with particular pleasure and was very happy when they bought him a small violin: he could play by ear the songs and romances performed by his mother. The boy's talents were noticed by a French emigrant Dufour, who lived in the town where Spohr's parents moved from Braunschweig. Dufour, who himself played the violin and cello quite well, supervised Spohr’s classes and he began to write his own compositions (they say that Spohr’s violin duets date back to this time).

This was followed by years of study, work as a soloist in the chapel of the Duke of Brunswick, and tours of European cities. For example, in Denmark Spohr happened to talk with a lady who was a great admirer of his talent. She asked him to tell her some details from his past life and, among other things, asked whether Spohr would have done better by taking up his father’s craft. Spohr responded this way:

Christian Kannabich (German: Christian Cannabich; December 28th 1731 - January 20, 1798, Frankfurt am Main) - German bandmaster, violinist and composer, representative of the Mannheim school.

Pupil of J. Stamitz, N. Jommelli (composition). He worked in the orchestras of Mannheim and Munich. Violinist of the Mannheim Court Chapel (since 1774 its director). From 1778 he lived in Munich. After the death of J. Stamitz, he was recognized as the head of the Mannheim School. Friend V.A. Mozart. Kannabikh applied new principles of orchestration, based on an equal distribution of thematic material between all orchestral groups, and was one of the first to introduce clarinets into the symphony orchestra. The leading genre of creativity is the symphony. Author of about 90 symphonies, 40 operas and ballets, concerts for violin and orchestra, chamber and instrumental ensembles. Mozart in his letters praises Kannabikh's talent. Be that as it may, Mozart describes him as the best music director he has ever seen.

Carl Orff (Carl Orff; Carl Heinrich Maria Orff, July 10, 1895, Munich - March 29, 1982, Munich) was a German composer and teacher, best known for the cantata Carmina Burana (1937). As a major composer of the 20th century, he also made a major contribution to the development of music education.

Carl Orff's father, an officer, played the piano and several string instruments. His mother was also a good pianist. It was she who discovered her son’s talent for music and began teaching him.

Orff learned to play the piano at age 5. At the age of nine he was already writing long and short pieces of music for his own puppet theater.

From 1912 to 1914, Orff studied at the Munich Academy of Music. In 1914 he continued his studies with Hermann Zilcher. In 1916 he worked as conductor at the Munich Chamber Theater. In 1917, during the First World War, Orff volunteered for military service in the First Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment. In 1918 he was invited to the position of conductor at the National Theater Mannheim under the direction of Wilhelm Furtwängler, and then he began to work at the Palace Theater of the Grand Duchy of Darmstadt.

In 1923, he met Dorothea Günther and in 1924, together with her, he created the Günther-Schule school of gymnastics, music and dance in Munich. From 1925 until the end of his life, Orff was the head of the department at this school, where he worked with aspiring musicians. Having constant contact with children, he developed his theory of music education.

Karl (Heinrich Karsten) Reinecke(German) Carl (Heinrich Carsten) Reinecke ; June 231824, Altona, now part of Hamburg - March 10, 1910, Leipzig) - German composer, conductor and pianist.

From the age of six he studied music with his father, Johann Rudolf Reinecke. IN 1835 debuted in his hometown as a pianist, then toured Europe, where he gained fame as a “graceful performer of works Mozart " The young men's musical idols were Clara Wieck and Franz Liszt; Due to his timid character, Reinecke was not well suited for the role of a touring virtuoso pianist.

WITH 1843 to 1846 Thanks to a scholarship from King Christian VIII of Denmark, he studied piano and composition at the Leipzig Conservatory. Felix Mendelssohn, who was the bandmaster of Gewandhaus at that time, organized public performances for him. During the same period, Reinecke met Robert Schumann. Reinecke was greatly impressed by the works of Mendelssohn and Schumann, which greatly influenced his own writings.

Richard Wagner had a significant influence on the development of not only the music of the European tradition, but also world artistic culture as a whole. Wagner did not receive a systematic musical education and in his development as a master of music owes a decisive degree to himself. The composer's interests, entirely focused on the opera genre, emerged relatively early.

To a much greater extent than all European composers of the 19th century, Wagner saw his art as a synthesis and as a way of expressing a certain philosophical concept. Its essence is expressed in the form of an aphorism in the following passage from Wagner’s article “The Work of Art of the Future”: “Just as a person will not be freed until he joyfully accepts the bonds connecting him with Nature, so art will not become free until the reasons to be ashamed of connection with life.” From this concept stem two fundamental ideas: art should be created by a community of people and belong to this community; The highest form of art is musical drama, understood as the organic unity of word and sound. The first idea was embodied in Bayreuth, where the opera house for the first time began to be treated as a temple of art, and not as an entertainment establishment; the embodiment of the second idea is the new operatic form “musical drama” created by Wagner. It was its creation that became the goal of Wagner’s creative life. Some of its elements were embodied in the composer’s early operas of the 1840s - “The Flying Dutchman”, “Tannhäuser” and “Lohengrin”.

The theory of musical drama was most fully embodied in Wagner’s Swiss articles (“Opera and Drama”, “Art and Revolution”, “Music and Drama”, “Artwork of the Future”), and in practice - in his later operas: “Tristan and Isolde” ", the tetralogy "The Ring of the Nibelung" and the mystery "Parsifal". According to Wagner, musical drama is a work in which the romantic idea of ​​a synthesis of arts (music and drama) is realized, an expression of programming in opera. To implement this plan, Wagner abandoned the traditions of the operatic forms that existed at that time - primarily Italian and French. He criticized the first for its excesses, the second for its pomp. He fiercely criticized the works of the leading representatives of classical opera (Rossini, Meyerbeer, Verdi, Aubert), calling their music “candied boredom.” Trying to bring opera closer to life, he came up with the idea of ​​end-to-end dramatic development - from beginning to end not only of one act, but of the entire work and even a cycle of works (all four operas of the Ring of the Nibelung cycle).

In the classical opera of Verdi and Rossini, individual numbers (arias, duets, ensembles with choirs) divide a single musical movement into fragments. Wagner completely abandoned them in favor of large through vocal-symphonic scenes flowing into one another, and replaced arias and duets with dramatic monologues and dialogues. Wagner replaced overtures with preludes - short musical introductions to each act, inextricably linked with the action at a semantic level. Moreover, starting from the opera Lohengrin, these preludes were performed not before the curtain opened, but already with the stage open. External action in Wagner's later operas (especially in Tristan and Isolde) is reduced to a minimum; it is transferred to the psychological side, to the area of ​​​​the characters' feelings. Wagner believed that the word is not capable of expressing the full depth and meaning of internal experiences, therefore, it is the orchestra, and not the vocal part, that plays the leading role in the musical drama. The latter is entirely subordinate to orchestration and is considered by Wagner as one of the instruments of the symphony orchestra. At the same time, the vocal part in musical drama represents the equivalent of theatrical dramatic speech. There is almost no songfulness or ariosity in it. Due to the specific nature of vocals in Wagner's operatic music (exceptional length, mandatory requirement of dramatic skill, merciless exploitation of the extreme registers of voice tessitura), new stereotypes of singing voices were established in solo performing practice - Wagnerian tenor, Wagnerian soprano.

Wagner attached exceptional importance to orchestration and, more broadly, to symphonism. Wagner's orchestra is compared to an ancient choir, which commented on what was happening and conveyed the “hidden” meaning. Reforming the orchestra, the composer created a tuba quartet, introduced a bass tuba, a contrabass trombone, expanded the string group, and used six harps. In the entire history of opera before Wagner, not a single composer used an orchestra of such a scale (for example, “The Ring of the Nibelung” is performed by a four-piece orchestra with eight horns). Wagner's innovation in the field of harmony is also generally recognized. He greatly expanded the tonality he inherited from the Viennese classics and early romantics by intensifying chromaticism and modal alterations. By weakening (straightforward among the classics) the unambiguous connections between the center (tonic) and the periphery, deliberately avoiding the direct resolution of dissonance into consonance, he imparted tension, dynamism and continuity to the modulation development. The hallmark of Wagnerian harmony is considered to be the “Tristan chord” (from the prelude to the opera “Tristan and Isolde”) and the leitmotif of fate from “The Ring of the Nibelungs”. Wagner introduced a developed system of leitmotifs. Each such leitmotif (short musical characteristic) is a designation of something: a specific character or living creature (for example, the Rhine leitmotif in “Das Rheingold”), objects that often act as symbolic characters (ring, sword and gold in “The Ring” , a love drink in "Tristan and Isolde", places of action (leitmotifs of the Grail in "Lohengrin" and Valhalla in "Das Rheingold") and even abstract ideas (numerous leitmotifs of fate and fate in the cycle "The Ring of the Nibelung", longing, a loving gaze in "Tristan and Isolde")

The Wagnerian system of leitmotifs received the most complete development in “The Ring” - accumulating from opera to opera, intertwining with each other, each time receiving new development options, all the leitmotifs of this cycle as a result unite and interact in the complex musical texture of the final opera “Twilight of the Gods”. Understanding music as the personification of continuous movement and the development of feelings led Wagner to the idea of ​​merging these leitmotifs into a single stream of symphonic development, into an “endless melody” (unendliche Melodie). The lack of tonic support (throughout the entire opera “Tristan and Isolde”), the incompleteness of each theme (in the entire cycle “The Ring of the Nibelung”, with the exception of the climactic funeral march in the opera “Twilight of the Gods”) contribute to a continuous increase in emotions that does not receive resolution, which allows keep the listener in constant suspense (as in the preludes to the operas “Tristan and Isolde” and “Lohengrin”). A. F. Losev defines the philosophical and aesthetic basis of Wagner’s work as “mystical symbolism.”

The key to understanding Wagner’s ontological concept is the tetralogy “The Ring of the Nibelung” and the opera “Tristan and Isolde”. Firstly, Wagner’s dream of musical universalism was fully realized in The Ring. “In The Ring, this theory was embodied through the use of leitmotifs, when every idea and every poetic image is immediately specifically organized with the help of a musical motif,” writes Losev. In addition, “The Ring” fully reflected his passion for Schopenhauer’s ideas. However, we must remember that we became acquainted with them when the text of the tetralogy was ready and work on the music began. Like Schopenhauer, Wagner senses the dysfunction and even meaninglessness of the basis of the universe. The only meaning of existence is thought to be to renounce this universal will and, plunging into the abyss of pure intellect and inaction, to find true aesthetic pleasure in music. However, Wagner, unlike Schopenhauer, believes that a world is possible and even predetermined in which people will no longer live in the name of the constant pursuit of gold, which in Wagner’s mythology symbolizes the world’s will. Nothing is known for sure about this world, but there is no doubt about its coming after a global catastrophe. The theme of global catastrophe is very important for the ontology of “The Ring” and, apparently, is a new rethinking of the revolution, which is no longer understood as a change in the social system, but as a cosmological action that changes the very essence of the universe.

As for “Tristan and Isolde,” the ideas contained in it were significantly influenced by a short-lived passion for Buddhism and at the same time a dramatic love story for Mathilde Wesendonck. Here the fusion of divided human nature that Wagner had been looking for for so long takes place. This connection occurs with the departure of Tristan and Isolde into oblivion. Thought of as a completely Buddhist fusion with the eternal and imperishable world, it resolves, in Losev’s opinion, the contradiction between subject and object on which European culture is based. The most important is the theme of love and death, which for Wagner are inextricably linked. Love is inherent in man, completely subjugating him, just as death is the inevitable end of his life. It is in this sense that Wagner's love potion should be understood. “Freedom, bliss, pleasure, death and fatalistic predestination - this is what the love potion is, so brilliantly depicted by Wagner,” writes Losev. Wagner's operatic reform had a significant impact on European and Russian music, marking the highest stage of musical romanticism and at the same time laying the foundations for future modernist movements. Direct or indirect assimilation of Wagnerian operatic aesthetics (especially the innovative “cross-cutting” musical dramaturgy) marked a significant part of subsequent operatic works. The use of the leitmotif system in operas after Wagner became trivial and universal. No less significant was the influence of Wagner’s innovative musical language, especially his harmony, in which the composer revised the “old” (previously considered unshakable) canons of tonality.

Among Russian musicians, Wagner’s friend A. N. Serov was an expert and promoter of Wagner. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, who publicly criticized Wagner, nevertheless experienced (especially in his late work) the influence of Wagner in harmony, orchestral writing, and musical dramaturgy. Valuable articles about Wagner were left by the prominent Russian music critic G. A. Laroche. In general, the “Wagnerian” is more directly felt in the works of “pro-Western” composers of Russia in the 19th century (for example, A. G. Rubinstein) than in the works of representatives of the national school. Wagner's influence (musical and aesthetic) is noted in Russia and in the first decades of the 20th century, in the works of A. N. Scriabin. In the West, the center of the Wagner cult became the so-called Weimar school (self-named New German School), which developed around F. Liszt in Weimar. Its representatives (P. Cornelius, G. von Bülow, I. Raff, etc.) supported Wagner, first of all, in his desire to expand the scope of musical expressiveness (harmony, orchestral writing, operatic dramaturgy).

Western composers influenced by Wagner include Anton Bruckner, Hugo Wolf, Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Béla Bartok, Karol Szymanowski, and Arnold Schoenberg (in his early work). The reaction to the cult of Wagner was the “anti-Wagner” tendency, which opposed itself to him, the largest representatives of which were the composer Johannes Brahms and the musical esthetician E. Hanslick, who defended the immanence and self-sufficiency of music, its disconnection from external, extra-musical “stimuli”

In Russia, anti-Wagner sentiments are characteristic of the national wing of composers, primarily M. P. Mussorgsky and A. P. Borodin. The attitude towards Wagner among non-musicians (who assessed not so much Wagner’s music as his controversial statements and his “aestheticizing” publications) is ambiguous. Thus, Friedrich Nietzsche wrote in his article “The Wagner Incident”:

“Was Wagner even a musician? In any case, he was more than something else... His place is in some other area, and not in the history of music: he should not be confused with its great true representatives. Wagner and Beethoven are blasphemy...” According to Thomas Mann, Wagner “saw in art a sacred mystery, a panacea against all the ills of society...”.

Wagner's musical creations in the 20th-21st centuries continue to live on the most prestigious opera stages, not only in Germany, but throughout the world (with the exception of Israel).Wagner wrote The Ring of the Nibelung with little hope that a theater would be found capable of staging the entire epic and conveying its ideas to the listener. However, contemporaries were able to appreciate its spiritual necessity, and the epic found its way to the viewer. The role of the “Ring” in the formation of the German national spirit cannot be overestimated. In the mid-19th century, when The Ring of the Nibelung was written, the nation remained divided; The Germans remembered the humiliations of Napoleonic campaigns and the Vienna treaties; Recently a revolution thundered, shaking the thrones of the appanage kings - when Wagner left the world, Germany was already united, became an empire, the bearer and focus of all German culture. “The Ring of the Nibelung” and Wagner’s work as a whole, although not only it, was for the German people and for the German idea that mobilizing impulse that forced politicians, intellectuals, military men and the whole society to unite.

In 1864, having achieved the favor of the Bavarian king Ludwig II, who paid his debts and continued to support him, he moved to Munich, where he wrote the comic opera Die Meistersinger of Nuremberg and the last two parts of the Ring of the Nibelungs: Siegfried and Twilight of the Gods. In 1872, the foundation stone for the Festival House was laid in Bayreuth, which opened in 1876. Where the premiere of the tetralogy The Ring of the Nibelung took place on August 13-17, 1876. In 1882, the mystery opera Parsifal was staged in Bayreuth. That same year, Wagner went to Venice for health reasons, where he died in 1883 of a heart attack. Wagner is buried in Bayreuth.