Nazarov Alexander Dmitrievich, associate professor, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences lectures (1). Download consolidated norms of water consumption and sanitation for various industries

Section content

The amount of water required for each production, as well as the amount of waste water generated, is established by technological calculation or adopted on the basis of best practices. They can be adopted according to current departmental technological or consolidated standards. Water consumption rates for sanitary and domestic needs (including its consumption for washing floors, watering green spaces, enterprise territories), for fire protection systems are given in.

The scheme and composition of the equipment of the water supply system significantly depend on the type and type of boiler house (boiler house of a thermal power plant, industrial enterprise or housing and communal services).

Depending on the purpose, water supply can be:

a) industrial - for supplying industrial (technical) water to an industrial enterprise and power plants; *

b) household and drinking - for supplying drinking (purified and disinfected) water to employees of enterprises and the population of nearby towns or cities;

c) fire-fighting - to extinguish a fire.

There is no independent fire-fighting water supply at industrial enterprises, therefore, water for extinguishing a fire is taken from industrial or domestic drinking water supply, or from local water bodies, for example, spray pools, recycled water cooling ponds, etc.

Water used by consumers and diverted from them for reuse or into a body of water is called wastewater. All wastewater can be separated:

a) polluted waters, i.e. containing mechanical or chemical impurities. These waters, when reused, as well as when released into a reservoir, need to be cleaned;

b) water is conditionally clean, not requiring any purification before reuse or before discharge into a reservoir.

Domestic wastewater and most industrial wastewater are contaminated.

Conditionally clean include, as a rule, cooling water after different kind heat exchange and electromechanical equipment.

Part of the water used by industrial and domestic consumers is consumed irretrievably, i.e., there are water losses that range from 5 to 70% or more, depending on the processes being serviced. The rest of the water goes to the drain. For example, part of the water (up to several percent) cooled in cooling towers or artificial and natural reservoirs is irretrievably lost due to its evaporation and droplet entrainment. There are water losses with exhaust ventilation air in showers and. etc.

At TPPs, the total water consumption is determined mainly by the consumption for the condensation of steam exhausted in turbines.

The maximum cooling water flow in the surface condenser of the unit is

G max = D(h – ct) ,

Where D is the steam flow rate at the condenser inlet; h is the enthalpy of steam, With And t- heat capacity and condensate temperature

In addition, water is used to cool the steam (see paragraph 4.7.3) of deaerators, air, gases, oil in the lubrication systems for bearings of auxiliary mechanisms and oil systems for automatic control of turbogenerators. Water is also required to replenish steam and condensate losses both inside the power plant and boiler houses, and from external heat consumers (for replenishing condensate losses and preparing feed water for boilers, steam converters and evaporators, taking into account the own needs of the chemical workshop; for feeding both closed and open systems heat supply (see); to replenish cooling water losses in water recycling systems), as well as to move ash and slag to be removed through pipes (see Section 5). Finally, water is used to satisfy economic and domestic needs (drinking water, sanitary facilities, showers, etc.).

The amount of water consumption listed above depends on the purpose and type of the power plant or boiler house, the facilities connected to them, the type and amount of fuel burned, the type and capacity of the installed main and auxiliary boiler and turbine equipment, the temperature of the water used for cooling, as well as the operating conditions of the equipment.

Approximate data for calculating the total need of a condensing power plant (CPP) for water with a once-through water supply system are given in Table. 3.1.2. The initial value is taken as the hourly steam flow to the turbine D, t/h

Table 3.1.2. Estimated water consumption at IES

Name of water flow	The amount of water used
For the condensation of the exhaust steam in the turbine	(50 - 60)D
For turbine oil cooling	(2 - 3) D
For cooling the bearings of auxiliary mechanisms (mills, fans, smoke exhausters, pumps, etc.)	(0,1 - 0,5)D
To feed the boilers	(0,05 - 0,1)D
For hydraulic ash removal	(1,0 - 1,5)D
For business needs	Up to 0.1 D

At combined heat and power plants (CHP), water is required, in addition, to feed heating networks 0.05 - 0.4 D, and for the supply of boilers. Therefore, the water flow increases to 0.3 D and more. Consequently, the total water consumption for the condensing power plant (when operating on a direct-flow water supply system) is 55-65 D. For a condensing power plant with a capacity of about 1 million kW, this flow rate will be 40 - 50 m 3 / s, which corresponds to the flow rate of water, for example, r. Moscow.

With a circulating water supply system, depending on the adopted cooling method, only 2 - 3.5 D. Other water costs will be the same (Table 3.1.2). Thus, the total water consumption during recycling water supply will be 3 - 5.5 D, i.e., about 12 - 15 times less than with direct-flow water supply.

Foreword
a common part
Terminology
Appointment of norms
The role of water in production
Water use patterns
Loss of water in the water supply system
Water quality requirements
Criterion of rational use of water
Use of norms
I. Fuel industry
A. Coal and shale enterprises
1. Coal and shale mines and cuts
2. Coal and oil shale enrichment plants
3. Coal briquetting factories
B. Peat industry enterprises
4. Plants of peat briquettes
5. Factories of peat thermal insulation boards
6. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of output in the fuel industry
II. Thermal power industry
1. Condensation (CPP and NPP), gas turbine and combined cycle power plants, combined heat and power plants (CHP)
2. Aggregated rates of water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of output in the heat and power industry
III. Ferrous metallurgy
A. Mining
1. Careers
2. Mines (mines)
3. Crushing and screening plants
4. Processing plants for ores and non-metallic minerals
5. Pellet factories
B. Metallurgical plants and workshops
6. Sinter production
7. Domain production
8. Steelmaking
9. Rolling production
10. Pipe plants
11. Ferroalloy plants
12. Hardware factories
13. Coke plants
14. Mines. Factories and workshops of refractory products
15. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the ferrous metallurgy
IV. Non-ferrous metallurgy
1. Mining enterprises
2. Processing plants
3. Metallurgical plants
4. Aggregated rates of water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in non-ferrous metallurgy
V. Oil and gas industry
A. Oil industry
1. Oil fields and primary oil treatment
B. Gas industry
2. Gas producing enterprises
3. Gas processing plants
4. Compressor stations for gas transportation
5. LPG cluster bases
6. Aggregate norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the oil and gas industry
VI. Oil refining and petrochemical industry
1. Oil refineries
2. Petrochemical enterprises
3. Production of synthetic fatty acids (FFAs)
4. Plants for synthetic rubber and other products
5. Rubber industry plants
6. Plants for the production of carbon black (carbon black plants)
7. Aggregate norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the oil refining and petrochemical industries
VII. Chemical industry
A. Mining and chemical production
1. Apatite, phosphorite and datolite mines and processing plants
2. Sulfur mines, concentrators and sulfur smelters
3. Combines (mines and factories) of potash fertilizers
B. Production of basic chemistry
4. Production of soda ash
5. Production of caustic soda by ferritic and lime methods
6. Production of burnt lime, carbon dioxide and lime milk
7. Production of sodium bicarbonate
8. Production of calcium chloride
9. Sulfuric acid production
10. Production of hydrofluoric acid in Czechoslovakia
11. Production of Glauber's salt in Czechoslovakia
12. Production of double superphosphate
13. Ammophos production
14. Production of nitroammophoska
15. Production of nitrophoska
16. Production of extractive phosphoric acid
17. Production of yellow phosphorus, phosphoric acid and sodium tripolyphosphate
18. Production of complex fertilizers
19. Production of calcium carbide
B. Production of the nitrogen industry and organic synthesis products
20. Ammonia production
21. Ammonia water production
22. Production of weak nitric acid
23. Production of ammonium nitrate
24. Production of urea (urea)
25. Methanol production
26. Production of acetylene by thermo-oxidative pyrolysis
27. Production of caprolactam
D. Production of chlorine and products of organic and organochlorine synthesis
28. Production of chlorine and caustic soda
29. Production of synthetic glycerin
30. Production of carbon tetrachloride and perchlorethylene
31. Production of acetic acid
32. Production of acetic acid and acetic anhydride (jointly)
33. Methylene chloride production
34. Ethylene oxide production by direct oxidation
35. Glycol production
36. Production of chlorobenzene (according to Poland and Czechoslovakia)
37. Production of methyl methacrylate in Czechoslovakia
38. Plexiglas production in Czechoslovakia
39. Production of polycarbacin
40. Production of sevin (naphthylcarbamate)
41. Zineb production
D. Enterprises of the paint and varnish industry
42. Paint and varnish factories and production
43. Factories and workshops of the pigment industry
E. Manufacture of organic intermediates and dyes
44. Production of polyesters in Czechoslovakia
45. Production of phthalic anhydride in Czechoslovakia
46. ​​Production of dimethyl terephthalate in Czechoslovakia
47. Production of nitrobenzene in Poland
48. Production of azo dyes in Czechoslovakia
49. Production of anthraquinone dyes in Czechoslovakia
G. Production of plastics and phenols
50. Production of low pressure polyethylene (high density)
51. Production of plasticizers
52. Production of phenol-formaldehyde resins
53. Production of phenol-formaldehyde press powders
54. Production of carbamide resins by liquid-phase method
55. Production of epoxy resins
56. Production of ion exchange resins
57. Production of polycarbonate resins
58. Production of polyformaldehyde resins
59. Production of expandable polystyrene (expanded polystyrene)
60. Production of emulsion polystyrene
61. Production of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic (Japanese method)
62. Production of cellulose acetate in a semi-continuous way
63. Manufacture of vinyl acetate and its derivatives
64. Production of polyvinyl acetate dispersion (PVAD)
65. Production of phenol in Poland
3. Manufacture of chemical fibers
66. Manufacture of viscose textile thread, viscose staple fiber, viscose industrial thread, cellophane and lacquered film
67. Production of copper-ammonia fiber
68. Production of acetate silk
69. Production of rectified carbon disulfide
70. Production of synthetic fiber kapron
71. Manufacture of anid synthetic fiber
72. Production of synthetic fiber lavsan
73. Production of synthetic fiber nitron
I. Production of air separation products
74. Obtaining oxygen in Hungary
K. Chemical-photographic industry
75. Production of cellulose triacetate
76. Motion picture film production
77. Magnetic tape production
78. Gelatin production
79. Production of photographic paper
80. Production of precipitated fertilizers
81. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the chemical industry
VIII. Forestry, woodworking and wood chemical industry
A. Sawmills and woodworking plants and factories, furniture factories
1. Sawmills
2. Production of fibreboard
3. Production of carpentry and building products and planed parts
4. Wood flour production
5. Production of process chips
6. Production of fiberboard
7. Furniture factories
8. Plywood factories
9. Particle board production
B. Wood chemical production
10. Rosin-extraction production
11. Rosin-turpentine production
12. Pyrolysis (dry distillation) of wood
13. Recycling of wood resins
14. Production of acetic acid by extraction
15. Production of acetate solvents (ethyl acetate and butyl acetate)
16. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the forestry, woodworking and wood-chemical industries
IX. Pulp and paper industry
A. Production of wood pulp, pulp, semi-pulp, paper, cardboard
1. Wood pulp production
2. Production of sulfate pulp and semi-pulp
3. Production of sulfite pulp
4. Production of unbleached bisulfite semi-pulp
5. Production of paper and cardboard
B. Processing of by-products of kraft pulp production
6. Obtaining tall oil by decomposition of sulfate soap
7. Obtaining tall oil by distillation of fatty and resin acids
8. Rectification of sulfate turpentine
9. Aggregate norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the pulp and paper industry
X. Light industry
A. Linen, hemp, wool, silk, jute and cotton primary processing plants
1. Plants for the primary processing of flax (flax plants) and hemp stalk (hemp plants)
2. Factories of primary processing of wool
3. Juto-kenaf factories
4. Silk-winding factories
5. Enterprises of the cotton ginning industry
6. Seed disinfection workshops
B. Textile factories
7. Combined linen fabrics
8. Combines of cotton fabrics
9. Combined silk fabrics
10. Spinning and thread factories
11. Worsted and cloth mills
12. Worsted spinning factory with fiber dyeing workshop
13. Fine cloth factory with fiber dyeing workshop
B. Knitting, hosiery and clothing industries
14. Knitwear, hosiery and clothing factories
D. Leather and footwear enterprises
15. Leather factories
16. Tanneries
17. Shoe factories
18. Production of outsole rubber
19. Manufacture of shoe cardboard
20. Artificial leather, PVC film and synthetic leather factories
21. Production of insole cellulose material (SCM-1)
D. Fur factories and felting enterprises
22. Fur factories
23. Felting and felt factories
24. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of output in light industry
XI. Bakery, meat and dairy, fish and food industries
A. Grain processing and storage facilities
1. Flour mills, feed mills, cereal mills, plants for the processing of hybrid corn seeds, elevators, grain receiving enterprises and sales bases
B. Enterprises of the baking, confectionery and vegetable canning industries
2. Bakeries
3. Pasta factories
4. Confectionery factories
5. Fruit and vegetable canning factories
6. Yeast plants
B. Dairy enterprises
7. Milk receiving and milk separator points, station and roadside dairies, city dairies, butter factories, cheese factories, milk canning factories and whole milk powder factories
D. Meat industry enterprises
8. Meat processing plants, meat and poultry processing plants, meat processing plants, poultry processing plants
D. Enterprises of commercial fish farming, reproduction of fish stocks and fish processing enterprises
9. Commercial fish farming enterprises
10. Enterprises of reproduction of fish stocks
11. Fish processing enterprises
12. Refrigerators
E. Enterprises of the oil and fat industry
13. Oil extraction plants
14. Hydrogenation plants
15. Refineries
16. Margarine factories
17. Mayonnaise production
18. Glycerine factories and fatty acid production
19. Factories of natural detergents
20. Oil refineries
21. Synthetic detergent factories
G. Enterprises of the perfumery and cosmetics industry
22. Perfume and cosmetic factories
23. Combines of synthetic fragrances
24. Plants of glass containers and aluminum tubes
3. Enterprises of the sugar industry
25. Beet sugar factories
26. Sugar refineries
I. Enterprises of the wine-making, brewing, alcohol, alcoholic beverage and food-acid industries, juices, drinks and fodder yeast
27. Primary wineries
28. Secondary wineries
29. Champagne wineries
30. Cognac factories
31. Grape juice factories
32. Malts
33. Breweries
34. Factories of soft drinks (fruit waters)
35. Mineral water production
36. Production of alcohol from molasses, yeast and carbon dioxide from waste
37. Citric Acid Plants
38. Potato starch plants
39. Corn and starch plants
40. Production of starch syrup
41. Maltose syrup plants
42 Production of crystalline glucose
43 Distilleries on potato grain raw materials
44. Distilleries
K. Tobacco-fermentation production
45. Tobacco-fermentation production
46. ​​General conclusion
47. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the bakery, meat and dairy, fish and food industries
XII. Engineering industry
1. Foundry, machine tool and tool factories and workshops
2. Production of abrasive materials in a piece
3. Production of abrasive abrasives
4. Production of abrasive tools
5. Diamond production
6. Plants of heavy, power and transport engineering
7. Chemical and oil engineering plants
8. Automotive factories
9. Bearing factories
10. Agricultural engineering plants
11. Factories of construction, road and municipal engineering
12. Mechanical engineering plants for light, food, printing industry and household appliances
13. Instrument-making plants
14. Electroplating shops in the GDR
15. Plants for the production of communications equipment
16. Aggregated rates of water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of output in the engineering industry
XIII. Electrical industry
1. Plants of hydrogenerators and large electrical machines
2. Transformer factories
3. Plants of high-voltage and low-voltage equipment
4. Electric welding equipment factories
5. Plants of electrothermal equipment
6. Plants of chemical power sources
7. Plants of electrocoal products
8. Plants for the repair of electric motors and transformers
9. Plants of asynchronous electric motors with a power of up to 100 kW, crane and traction electric motors of direct and alternating current, generators with a power of up to 100 kW, electric motors with a power of 10-100 kW, mobile power plants
10. Capacitor equipment plants
11. Factories of power semiconductor devices and converters
12. Electric lamp factories
13. Plants of lighting equipment
14. Electric locomotive factories
15. Floor transport factories
16. Cable production plants
17. Plants of electrical insulating materials
18. Electrical porcelain factories
19. Aggregated rates of water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of output in the electrical industry
XIV. Electronics industry
1. Plants for the production of electrovacuum devices
2. Production of semiconductor devices and microelectronic products
3. Production of radio components and radio components
4. Manufacture of piezoelectric and ferrite products
5. Manufacture of ceramic and glass products
6. Production of special technological equipment
7. Production of blocks, assemblies of parts and spare parts for electronic industry products
8. Aggregate rates of water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the electronics industry
XV. construction industry
A Enterprises of non-metallic building materials
1. Crushed stone plants
2. Gravel-sand and sand enterprises
3. Stone processing enterprises
4. Production of talc, kaolin, graphite
5. Mica mines and factories
B. Factories of binders and products from them
6. Cement plants
7. Plants of asbestos-cement products and pipes
B. Factories, cellular and silicate concrete, brick and ceramic factories
8. Plants of silicate concrete and silicate brick
9. Plants for clay bricks, ceramic blocks, sanitary ware tiles, ceramic sewer and drainage pipes
D. Sanitary equipment factories
10. Sanitary equipment factories
D. Glass production
11. Glass factories
E. Plants of soft roofing, insulating and polymeric materials
12. Production of roofing paper
13. Production of roofing material
14. Roofing sheet production
15. Production of waterproofing and sealing materials
16. Production of polymeric materials
17. Production of thermal insulation materials based on mineral wool
G. Manufacture of reinforced concrete products
18. Manufacture of reinforced concrete products
19. Production of the construction industry in Czechoslovakia
20. Aggregated norms for water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in the construction industry
XVI. Other Industries A. Film Studios and Film Copiers
1. Movie studios
2. Film copy factories
B. Railway stations and enterprises
3. Railway stations and enterprises
B. Motor transport and auto repair enterprises
4. Motor transport companies
5. Car repair plants
D. Public service enterprises
6. Dry cleaning and dyeing factories
7. Enterprises for the repair of household machines and appliances
8. Enterprises for the repair and manufacture of furniture for individual orders
9. Enterprises for the repair and tailoring of shoes
10. Photography service businesses
11. Enterprises for tailoring and repairing clothes for individual orders
D. Medical industry enterprises
12. Production of drugs, medical equipment and instruments
E. Transportation and storage of oil and oil products
13. Bases of petroleum products
14. Pumping stations and loading points
15. Record factories in Czechoslovakia
16. Aggregated rates of water consumption and the amount of wastewater per unit of production in other industries

The main types of water consumption are: household and drinking water consumption of residents of settlements; water consumption of industrial enterprises; water consumption associated with the improvement of territories (watering streets, green spaces, etc.); use of water for firefighting; own needs of the water supply system.

Domestic and drinking water consumption. The norms of household and drinking water consumption in settlements are adopted according to SNiP 2.04.02 - 84 (Table 1.1).

For building areas with buildings with water use from standpipes, the specific average daily (per year) water consumption per inhabitant should be taken as 30 ... 50 l / day.

Specific water consumption includes water consumption for household needs in public buildings, with the exception of water consumption for rest houses, sanatorium-tourist complexes and health camps.

The choice of specific water consumption within the limits indicated in table. 1.1, should be carried out depending on climatic conditions, the power of the water supply source and water quality, the degree of improvement, the number of storeys of the building and local conditions.

The amount of water for the needs of the industry that provides the population with food, and unaccounted expenses, with appropriate justification, can be taken additionally in the amount of 10 ... 20% of the total water consumption for household and drinking needs of the settlement.

Specific water consumption in settlements with a population of more than 1 million people is allowed to be increased upon justification in each individual case and agreement with the State Supervision authorities.

The average daily (per year) volume of water consumption, m 3 / day, for household and drinking needs is determined by the formula

where q W1 is the rate of specific water consumption, l / (day person), corresponding ith the degree of sanitary and technical improvement of residential buildings and taken according to Table. 1.1; Ni - the estimated number of residents living in residential areas with the i-th degree of improvement, at the end of the construction phase under consideration.

The estimated number of inhabitants can be determined by the formula

Where Rj - j-th population density, persons/ha; Fij, - the area of ​​the residential area with the i-th degree of sanitary-technical improvement of buildings and the j-th population density, ha.

For the correct calculation of water supply systems, it is necessary to know the sequence of their development and the water consumption corresponding to these sequences. The increase in water consumption during the development of the system is due to an increase in the population and an increase in the degree of sanitary and technical improvement of buildings. Accounting for the growth of water consumption is carried out by determining the estimated water consumption at the end of the corresponding development stage.

Water consumption for household and drinking needs of the settlement is uneven throughout the year. Fluctuations in daily consumption are observed: seasonal, associated with changes in temperature and humidity in certain seasons, A also weekly and daily, due to the peculiarities of water consumption on different days of the week (weekdays, weekends, pre-holidays and holidays). Water supply systems must be designed to pass the maximum daily water flow, m 3 / day, equal to

where Xut max = 1.1 ... 1.3 - the maximum coefficient of daily unevenness of water consumption, taking into account the way of life of the population, the mode of operation of enterprises, the degree of improvement of buildings, the change in water consumption by seasons of the year and days of the week, Qdaym is the estimated (average for the year) daily water consumption, m 3 / day, determined by formula (1.1).

In some cases, it is required to check the operation of the water supply system at a minimum daily water consumption, m 3 / day, determined by the formula

Where TOdaymin= 0.7...0.9 minimum coefficient of daily uneven water consumption.

Water consumption of industrial enterprises. At industrial enterprises (including agricultural enterprises), water is used for the technological needs of production, household and drinking needs of workers, as well as for their use of showers.

The norms of water consumption for technological needs depend on the adopted technological process, the type of water supply system, water quality, etc.

The average volumes of water consumption are determined by the types of water used (circulating, make-up) by multiplying its corresponding specific costs by the productivity of the technological process in the accepted units of values ​​(1 t, 1000 kW, etc.).

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.01-85, the norms of water consumption for household and drinking needs of workers of industrial enterprises are taken equal for those working in shops with heat release of more than 84 kJ per 1 m 3 / h (hot shops) qr = 45 liters per shift per person; for other shops qX = = 25 l.

The volume of water consumption per shift, m 3 / cm, is determined by the formula

Qx/n = qrnr + qxnx, (1.5)

Where Pr, PX - the number of workers, respectively, in the shops with heat release more than 84 kJ per 1 m 3 / h and in the other shops for the shift in question.

The water consumption for using the shower is determined based on the hourly water consumption

per shower net 500 l for a duration of shower use 45 min. At the same time, the water consumption for taking a shower after the end of the shift, m 3 / h, is determined by the formula

where N shower- the number of shower users on a given shift; A - the number of people per shower net.

Water consumption associated with the improvement of urban areas and industrial sites. The norms of water consumption for watering green spaces, as well as washing the streets of settlements and territories of industrial enterprises, are adopted according to SNiP 2.04.02--84, depending on the type of coverage of the territory, the method of watering it, the type of plantings, climatic and other local conditions (Table 1.2).

The daily volume of water consumption, m 3 / day, for watering streets and green spaces is determined by the formula

where Qpol - water consumption for irrigation, l / m 2, taken according to the table. 1.2; F - the area of ​​the territory of the settlement "gross" (including streets, squares, etc.), ha; a is the share of the irrigated territory of the settlement, %.

In the absence of data on areas by types of improvement (green spaces, driveways, etc.), the average daily water consumption for irrigation during the irrigation season, m 3 / day, can be determined by the formula

Where qw p - specific rate of water consumption for irrigation per one inhabitant of a settlement, taken equal to 50.. 90 l / day per person, depending on climatic conditions, power, source of water supply, degree of improvement of the settlement and other local conditions; N- estimated number of inhabitants in the village.

Total daily water consumption determined by individual groups of consumers supplied with water by the calculated water supply system.

For a single water supply system serving all of the listed consumer groups, determine: average daily water consumption, m 3 / day,

maximum daily water consumption, m3 day,

In formulas (1.9) And (1.10) Qtech - daily water consumption for the technological needs of industrial enterprises.

Water supply systems rely on the maximum daily water flow and check for a gap in the estimated fire-fighting flow.

Use of water for fire fighting. In accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing (per one fire) and the number of simultaneous fires in a settlement for calculating the main (estimated ring) lines of the water supply network should be taken from Table. 1.3.

With zoned water supply, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing and the number of simultaneous fires in each zone should be taken depending on the number of residents living in the zone.

The number of simultaneous fires and water consumption per fire in settlements with more than 1 million inhabitants. a person should be taken in accordance with the requirements of the State Fire Supervision authorities.

For a group water supply, the number of simultaneous fires is taken depending on the total number of inhabitants in the settlements connected to the water supply.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of housing and industrial buildings for calculating the connecting and distributed lines of the water supply network, as well as the water supply network within a microdistrict or quarter, should be taken for the building requiring the highest water consumption, according to Table. 1.4.

Water consumption per fire for outdoor fire extinguishing at industrial and agricultural enterprises should be taken for the building that requires the highest water consumption, according to Table. 1.5 and 1.6. The estimated number of fires in this case depends on the area they occupy: one fire - with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bup to 150 hectares, two fires - more than 150 hectares.

The estimated duration of fire extinguishing is 3 hours; for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with non-combustible load-bearing structures and insulation with production of categories G and D - 2 hours.

The determination of the total fire water consumption in a settlement is carried out depending on the location of industrial or agricultural enterprises.

Table 1.6 Water consumption standards for external fire extinguishing of industrial buildings with a width of 60 m and more

If the enterprise is located within the city, the calculated number of simultaneous fires (Table 1.3) includes the fires of this enterprise. At the same time, the estimated water consumption should include the corresponding water consumption for fire extinguishing at these enterprises, if they are more than those indicated in Table. 1.3.

When the enterprise is located outside the settlement, the estimated number of simultaneous fires should be taken:

with the area of ​​the enterprise up to 150 hectares and the number of inhabitants in the settlement up to 10 thousand people - one fire (at the enterprise or in the settlement according to the highest water consumption); the same, with the number of inhabitants in the settlement over 10 to 25 thousand people - two fires (one at the enterprise and one in the settlement);

with a territory of more than 150 hectares and with a population of up to 25 thousand people in a settlement - two fires (two at the enterprise or two in the settlement at the highest expense).

if the number of inhabitants in a settlement is more than 25 thousand people, the water consumption should be determined as the sum of the required larger flow rate (at an enterprise or in a settlement) and 50% of the required lower flow rate (at an enterprise or in a settlement).

In all cases, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing in a populated area must be no less than the water consumption for fire extinguishing of residential and public buildings indicated in Table. 1.4.

Own needs of the water supply system. The water supply system should be considered as an industrial enterprise that consumes water for the household needs of workers, in technological processes and for fire fighting. The largest consumer of water used for own needs in the water supply system is the treatment plant.

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84, approximately average daily (for a year) water consumption for the own needs of clarification and disinfection stations should be taken: when reusing wash water in the amount of 3 ... 4% of the amount of water supplied to consumers; without reuse - 10...14%, for softening stations - 20...30%;

The volume of water consumption for own needs of the water supply system affects the calculated productivity, m 3 / day, of water intake and treatment facilities (Fig. 1.1)

Where - maximum daily water consumption, m/day; α - coefficient taking into account the own needs of treatment facilities; for water intake facilities, a is taken equal to 1.03 ... 1.04 with water reuse and 1.1 ... 1.14 without reuse at clarification and iron removal stations, at softening stations 1.2 ... 1.3; for treatment facilities both with and without water reuse 1.10 ... 1.14 at softening and iron removal stations and 1.2 ... 1.3 at softening stations.

Home > Lectures

Classification of water uses

Rationing of water consumption

Water use is the consumption of water from water bodies or water supply systems (GOST 17.1.1.01-77) Water consumption rationing is the establishment of a planned measure of water consumption, taking into account its quality, as well as the development and approval of water consumption standards per unit of planned production and control over their implementation. The main task of rationing is to provide in production and planning technically and economically justified norms of water consumption and water disposal in order to make the most efficient use of water resources. In public utilities, rationing is carried out on the basis of SNiPs, in industry - on the basis of “ Guidelines on the development of norms and standards for water consumption and sanitation, taking into account the quality of consumed and discharged water, as well as taking into account industry methods for enterprises and associations of various industries National economy". The following are subject to regulation:

consumption of the total amount of water needed to produce a unit of output; consumption of fresh drinking water; technical water consumption; consumption of recycled and reused or sequentially used water; the amount of wastewater discharged from consumers (including from production).

The basis of rationing is the specific rate of water consumption or water disposal. This is the maximum allowable planned amount of water of the required quality, necessary for the production of a unit of output, of the established quality in certain organizational and technical conditions of production (or for household and drinking consumption). They characterize: - specific water consumption per unit of production, area or volume of the main and auxiliary production or individual processes, including household and drinking purposes; - the size of irretrievable water consumption and losses in the production process (entrainment, evaporation, leakage, filtration, etc.) The standards are measured in physical terms, i.e. in l, m 3, km 3 or%. Standards for specific water consumption, incl. irretrievable water consumption and losses in the areas of its use can be intersectoral, sectoral and factory. Industry standards are the maximum allowable indicators for a given industry, calculated on average production conditions, taking into account the progressive indicators of leading enterprises. The use of these standards is mandatory at enterprises that have the appropriate production, regardless of their departmental affiliation. Factory standards are set for specific industries in relation to the technology used in the absence of industry standards and when the technical level of a given enterprise is higher than the industry average.

Sanitation rationing

Wastewater disposal - water discharge - is the removal of wastewater outside the settlement, enterprise or other places of use. The volume of wastewater disposal includes the total amount of all types of wastewater discharged directly into water bodies (water sources, underground horizons and drainless depressions), as well as transferred to other organizations for treatment. The wastewater discharge rate is the maximum allowable planned amount of wastewater discharged of the established quality per unit of production. The standards differ for waters of varying degrees of pollution. On this basis, the discharged waters are divided into 2 groups - requiring treatment; - normatively clean, i.e. not requiring cleaning. The right to classify wastewater as standard clean belongs to local authorities for the regulation of the use and protection of waters (i.e. KGR - GUPR - water use agency). Water disposal rates per unit of production (or per 1 person), i.e. individual wastewater disposal rates are calculated based on the equipment used, types of production and the degree of pollution of wastewater discharged. It is determined by the rate of water consumption of fresh water, the rate of irretrievable water consumption and water losses in the process of its use. H drainage individual \u003d H and. sv-in - (B + P), where H and. sv-v - individual rate of fresh water consumption; B - standard for irretrievable water consumption (including its use as an integral part of the finished product) P - standard for irretrievable losses in production for evaporation, entrainment, transpiration, filtration, etc. Water consumption and sanitation standards should be reviewed and confirmed every 5 years as technology and water supply and sewerage systems improve. Calculations of standards and norms are made directly at the enterprise and are approved by its management.

Accounting for the quality of consumed and discharged water

The quality and properties of water are established depending on its use, the requirements of the technological process in production and sanitary and hygienic requirements. Drinking water must comply with the requirements of SanPiN 2001 for centralized systems water supply. Industrial water, depending on the purpose, is divided into 4 categories, which are subject to specific requirements for quality and properties, and at the same time, wastewater of a certain composition is formed, these are the following categories: I - water used as a heat carrier, i.e. at nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, state district power plants (heat transfer and cooling). It should not be aggressive, rigid, should not contain mechanical impurities. Waste water generated during use does not require treatment, but requires cooling. II - water used for direct contact with the product, i.e. which is a working environment (washing of raw materials, finished products, containers). At the same time, water is polluted with a wide variety of substances. III - water, which is part of the product, i.e. used as raw material. This is the production of food products, alcohols, acids, etc. in construction. IV - complex use (as a medium that absorbs and transports mechanical impurities and at the same time serves as a cooler). The main pollution is received by waters of II and IV groups of use. When determining the quality of wastewater discharged into water body, the increment of all polluting components in it is calculated, i.e. their content in the water of a water body and in wastewater is compared. Perfect option- this is when the released effluents must be no worse in quality than the water taken from the water body. Based on these data, a rational production technology is selected from the point of view of water protection, damage is determined as a result of pollution of water bodies with effluents, treatment facilities and other environmental and technological measures.

Limits of water consumption and water disposal and control over the implementation of standards

For operational control over the quality of consumed and discharged water, the enterprise establishes limits for water consumption and water disposal. The water consumption limit is the estimated amount of fresh water (drinking and technical) set for enterprises, taking into account their production program, water consumption standards, measures to reduce water consumption, losses during transportation for evaporation, filtration, etc. The limit is calculated by the formula: N Α consumption \u003d ∑ (K n N and.s.s Q s) - E + W pr.r, S \u003d 1 where K n is the coefficient of uneven water consumption H and.s. S is the individual rate of fresh water consumption per unit of production of the type “S” Q S is the planned volume of output of the type “S” N is the number of types of products E is the planned savings in water consumption W ex.r. - water consumption for the needs of other consumers that are on the balance sheet of this enterprise The water disposal limit is the consumption of wastewater discharged into the water body, established for this water user, based on the norms for wastewater disposal and the state of the water body. Most often, the state of water bodies is not taken into account. In this case, the water disposal limit is calculated by the formula: N L resp. = L consumption - ∑ [(B p. s - P s) Kn Qs] S = 1 Bps - irretrievable water consumption per unit of production “S” Ps - irretrievable loss of water in the production of a unit of production “S” Kn - coefficient of uneven water consumption Qs - volume of manufactured products of the type "S" N - number of types of products L - water consumption limit Limits are calculated by the enterprise, approved by the governing bodies Fund and Water Protection (Water Use Agency). They are set for enterprises for a year, and with a tense water balance - for a month and even daily. If it is necessary to establish limits for workshops, they are calculated and set within the general limit of the enterprise. The water discharge limit can be calculated by the formula Lres = Lcons (1 - L), where L is a coefficient characterizing irretrievable losses and irretrievable water consumption.

Participants of the water management complex

In a number of functions of the WHC, the first place is the satisfaction of the needs of the population in water. This type of water consumption is the main one in the WHC system and is realized with the help of public utilities. I. Water supply of cities and towns (communal services as a member of the WHC) Water supply of the population with clean drinking water- the most important task of the state, the authorities of any city and village. The lack of clean drinking water is the cause of many diseases, including epidemics. Almost half of the world's population does not have it. Therefore, the 1980s were declared the International Decade of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation. In the USSR and in Russia, the priority of domestic water supply is enshrined in the Water Code. This principle is that in any conditions the population should be provided with water in the first place. In water management practice, in domestic water supply, the highest security is taken - 97% (i.e., interruptions in water supply are allowed only for 3 days out of 100) Municipal water supply is water consumed by the population for various needs. It has the following structure: - public drinking water supply - 56% - public buildings water supply - 17% - local industry water supply - 16% - fire needs - 3% - urban needs (watering streets, green spaces, fountains) - 1% - other needs - 7% Total - 100% Domestic drinking water supply has the following structure: - cooking and drinking - 30% - laundry - 10% - use of bathtubs - 30% - flushing of cisterns - 30% Total - 100% A resident of a large city consumes up to 600 l/day of water for household needs and spends it as follows: - satisfaction of personal needs - 200 l. - for the operation of public utilities - 100 liters. - to maintain cleanliness in the city - 100 liters. - for enterprises of local importance - 200 l. Total - 600 liters.

Features of domestic water supply

Specific water consumption for household needs

The degree of improvement of buildings	Specific water consumption per 1 inhabitant, l/day	Irregularity coefficient
Without water supply and sewerage	30 - northern regions 50 - southern regions
Plumbing, sewerage (no baths)
Plumbing, sewerage with bathtubs and geysers
Plumbing, sewerage and centralized hot water supply

As can be seen from the table, the values ​​of the coefficients of daily and hourly unevenness are inversely proportional to the specific water consumption. The distribution of water during the day is taken on the basis of the calculated water consumption schedules at a certain time of the day. When constructing them, they proceed from the design technical solutions, excluding the coincidence in time of the maximum water withdrawals for various needs.
The third feature of the public water supply is related to its role in the WHC and its influence on other WHC participants. This is especially true when using surface water
a) First of all, this refers to the requirement to maintain a certain water level in reservoirs. This requirement follows from the fact that when installing water intakes, the suction pipes are buried in such a way that air and surface contamination do not get into them, i.e. water should be taken from deeper layers. At the same time, it is impossible to take water from the bottom layers, because they contain large quantity suspended particles, organic matter, they have less oxygen. This sludge absorbs all types of contaminants that enter the water body. Taking into account these requirements, the minimum required level of water in the substance is prescribed, which does not coincide with the interests of other water users. b) when constructing water intakes in the downstream pools of waterworks, to ensure their stable operation, special releases from the reservoir are often required. These releases can also be complex - transport - water supply, fish breeding - water supply. For water supply, releases are carried out at the Kakhovskaya HPP on the river. Dnieper in order to ensure a sustainable water supply for the city of Kherson and desalinization of the waters of the Dnieper-Bug estuary and the lower reaches of the Dnieper. In the same way, the settlements at the Kiev, Votkinsk, and other complex hydrosystems are supplied with water. Such releases cause damage to the energy sector, because water, which could be used evenly, is drained during the spawning time of the fish. With complex releases, the interests of all water consumers are taken into account, but first of all, the public utilities. c) The public utilities make high demands on water quality and uniform supply. This is hindered by industry and irrigated agriculture, as well as the drainage of swamps, because. their runoff degrades the quality of surface waters. Negative impact The effluents from livestock complexes, water transport, timber rafting, and recreation also provide. On some reservoirs, in connection with this, the construction of recreation centers and swimming are prohibited. d) in turn, municipal wastewater adversely affects the quality of water (sometimes groundwater), especially at discharge sites. This has a negative impact on many areas of the WHC - fisheries, industry, recreation, water supply to settlements located downstream. Therefore, the discharge of untreated wastewater is strictly prohibited. To implement this provision, a wider sewerage system in populated areas, improved treatment, and reuse of treated wastewater in industry and for irrigation are needed.

1. Ways to save water in public utilities

one of the main measures is the fight against leaks that occur through leaks in pipes, fittings and sanitary equipment. Only in residential buildings they make up to 25% of the volume of water supplied to the population. Large losses - due to damage to water mains, especially during earthworks. Average sizes - 20%. To reduce them, it is necessary to regulate the water pressure depending on the height of buildings, the use of perfect shut-off and start valves, the use of pumping and power equipment with adjustable speed, etc. the introduction of a separate water supply system for municipal and industrial water supply. This will save water High Quality for drinking, and for other communal needs (washing cars, watering streets and green spaces) use water of lower quality and less availability, for example, untreated river or treated municipal wastewater. Domestic water supply has a low irretrievable water consumption, i.e. most of the used water is collected. The widespread introduction of sewerage will increase the amount of wastewater that can be reused for irrigation or industry. This results in overall water savings. Reducing the norms of public water supply. This is achieved through the introduction of anhydrous methods of cleaning urban areas and waste. This will reduce the norms of wastewater disposal, the cost of municipal wastewater treatment and, ultimately, to the improvement of reservoirs and watercourses.