Linguistic means characteristic of fiction. Examples of artistic style

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Literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and specificity of speech. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality. The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means. Characteristic features: the presence of homogeneous members of the sentence, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prose (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic and figurative concretization of the author’s intention (system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of linguistic means of all other functional styles;

2) subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author’s intention, figurative thought;

3) fulfillment of an aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Linguistic means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of stereotyped words and expressions;

2) widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

3) deliberate clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally charged words.

2. Phraseological means- conversational and bookish.

3. Word-forming means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, third-person forms;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;

5) plural forms of abstract and real nouns;

6) widespread use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) widespread use of stylistic figures.

8.Main features of conversational style.

Features of conversational style

Conversational style is a speech style that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

Characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional and evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.

contrasts with book styles in general;

inherent function of communication;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - high, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.

Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness and spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, away, penny. Sound advice, isn't it?"

In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist gives a report on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. Text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.

Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): various types of contraction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivative words with a transparent internal form (opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, sloppy - about a sluggish, characterless person).

Try writing a comment in book style!!!

Greetings, dear readers! Pavel Yamb is in touch. A captivating plot, an interesting presentation, an inimitable, unlike anything else style - and it is impossible to tear yourself away from the work. By all indications, this is an artistic style of text or a type of bookish style, since it is most often used in literature, for writing books. It mainly exists in written form. This is what causes its features.

There are three genres:

Prose: story, fairy tale, novel, story, short story.
Dramaturgy: play, comedy, drama, farce.
Poetry: poem, poem, song, ode, elegy.

Who hasn't done this yet? Leave any comment and download my book, which contains a fable, a parable and a story about copywriters and writers. Look at my art style.

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Task 1 of 10
1 .
- Yes, he spent the entire scholarship. Instead of buying a new computer, or at least a laptop
Task 2 of 10
2 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with the calm look of a real demon, walked towards the “Ugly Harry” bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types into the asphalt, who dared to stare at her charms and drool lustfully."
Task 3 of 10
3 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
- But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all! And I will never love you. And what is my fault?
Task 4 of 10
4 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that simplicity is the key to success”
Task 5 of 10
5 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“The transition to a multi-tier architecture of Internet-oriented client-server applications has confronted developers with the problem of distributing data processing functions between the client and server parts of the application.”
Task 6 of 10
6 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“Yasha was just a petty dirty trickster, who, nevertheless, had very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully stole apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed when, with the same dashing fuse, he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world, and he managed to clean them out so skillfully that neither the police nor Interpol could in any way catch him red-handed."
Task 7 of 10
7 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.
- What do you care, get out of the way! – the stranger snapped.
“Uuuu...” the monk drawled meaningfully. - Looks like you weren't taught any manners. Okay, I'm just in the mood today, let's teach you a few lessons.
- You got me, monk, hangard! – the uninvited guest hissed.
– My blood is starting to play! – the churchman moaned with delight, “Please try not to disappoint me.”
Task 8 of 10
8 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
"I ask you to grant me a week's leave to travel abroad for family reasons. I am enclosing a certificate regarding the health of my wife. October 8, 2012."
Task 9 of 10
9 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“I am a 7th grade student who took the book “Alice in Wonderland” from the school library for a literature lesson. I undertake to return it on January 17th. January 11, 2017"
Task 10 out of 10
10 .
What text style does this passage belong to?
“During the war in the village. Borovoe, 45 houses out of 77 survived. The collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 piglets. Most of the gardens on personal plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of 2.7 hectares belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.”

The ability to write in this style gives a good advantage when making money by writing articles for a content exchange.

Main features of the artistic style

High emotionality, the use of direct speech, an abundance of epithets, metaphors, colorful narration - these are the features of the literary language. Texts influence the imagination of readers, “turning on” their fantasy. It is no coincidence that such articles have gained popularity in copywriting.

Main features:

Artistic style is the author’s way of self-expression; this is how plays, poems and poems, stories, short stories, and novels are written. He is not like the others.

The author and the narrator are one person. In the work, the author’s “I” is clearly expressed.
Emotions, the mood of the author and the work are conveyed using the entire wealth of language. Metaphors, comparisons, phraseological units are always used when writing.
Elements of conversational style and journalism are used to express the author's style.
With the help of words, artistic images are not simply drawn; hidden meaning is embedded in them, thanks to the polysemy of speech.
The main task of the text is to convey the author’s emotions and create the appropriate mood in the reader.

The artistic style does not tell, it shows: the reader feels the situation, as if transported to the places that are being narrated. The mood is created thanks to the author's experiences. The artistic style successfully combines explanations of scientific facts, imagery, attitude to what is happening, and the author’s assessment of events.

Linguistic diversity of style

Compared to other styles, linguistic means are used in all their diversity. There are no restrictions: even scientific terms alone can create vivid images if there is an appropriate emotional mood.

Reading the work is clear and easy, and the use of other styles is only to create color and authenticity. But when writing articles in an artistic style, you will have to carefully monitor the language: it is the book language that is recognized as a reflection of the literary language.

Language features:

Using elements of all styles.
The use of linguistic means is completely subordinated to the author's intention.
Linguistic means perform an aesthetic function.

There is no formality or dryness to be found here. There are no value judgments either. But the smallest details are conveyed to create the appropriate mood in the reader. In copywriting, thanks to the artistic style, hypnotic texts appeared. They create an amazing effect: it is impossible to tear yourself away from reading, and reactions arise that the author wants to evoke.

The obligatory elements of the artistic style were:

Conveying the author's feelings.
Allegory.
Inversion.
Epithets.
Comparisons.

Let's consider the main features of the style. There are a lot of details in works of art.

To form the reader’s attitude towards the characters or what is happening, the author conveys his own feelings. Moreover, his attitude can be both positive and negative.

The artistic style owes its rich vocabulary to epithets. Usually these are phrases where one or more words complement each other: incredibly happy, beastly appetite.

Brightness and imagery are a function of metaphors, combinations of words or individual words used in a figurative sense. Classical metaphors were especially widely used. Example: His conscience gnawed at him for a long time and insidiously, causing cats to scratch at his soul.

Without comparisons, artistic style would not exist. They bring a special atmosphere: hungry like a wolf, unapproachable like a rock - these are examples of comparisons.

Borrowing elements of other styles is most often expressed in direct speech and character dialogues. The author can use any style, but the most popular is conversational. Example:

“How beautiful this landscape is,” the writer said thoughtfully.

“Well,” his companion snorted, “the picture is so-so, not even ice.”

To enhance a passage or give a special coloring, reverse word order or inversion is used. Example: It is inappropriate to compete with stupidity.

The best in language, its strongest capabilities and beauty are reflected in literary works. This is achieved through artistic means.

Each author has his own style of writing. Not a single random word is used. Each phrase, each punctuation mark, the construction of sentences, the use or, on the contrary, the absence of names and the frequency of use of parts of speech are means of achieving the author’s intention. And every writer has his own ways of expressing.

One of the features of the artistic style is color painting. The writer uses color as a way to show atmosphere and characterize characters. The palette of tones helps to dive deeper into the work, to present the picture depicted by the author more clearly.

Features of the style include deliberately identical construction of sentences, rhetorical questions, and appeals. Rhetorical questions are interrogative in form, but they are narrative in essence. The messages in them are always associated with the expression of the author's emotions:

What is he looking for in a distant land?

What did he throw in his native land?

(M. Lermontov)

Such questions are needed not to obtain answers, but to attract the reader’s attention to a phenomenon, subject, or to express a statement.

Appeals are also often used. In their role, the writer uses proper names, animal names, and even inanimate objects. If in a conversational style the address serves to name the addressee, then in the artistic style they more often play an emotional, metaphorical role.

It involves all the elements at the same time, as well as some of them. Each has a specific role, but the goal is common: filling the text with colors to maximize the conveyed atmosphere to the reader.

Features of speech

The world of fiction is the world that the author sees: his admiration, preferences, rejection. This is what causes the emotionality and versatility of the book style.

Vocabulary features:

When writing, template phrases are not used.
Words are often used in a figurative sense.
Intentional mixing of styles.
The words are emotionally charged.

The basis of vocabulary is, first of all, figurative means. Highly specialized combinations of words are used only slightly to recreate a reliable situation in the description.

Additional semantic nuances are the use of polysemantic words and synonyms. Thanks to them, an original, unique, imaginative text is formed. Moreover, not only expressions accepted in literature are used, but also colloquial phrases and vernaculars.

The main thing in book styles is its imagery. Every element, every sound is significant. That’s why common phrases and original neologisms are used, for example, “nikudism.” A huge number of comparisons, particular accuracy in describing the smallest details, the use of rhymes. Even the prose is rhythmic.

If the main task of the conversational style is communication, and the scientific one is the transmission of information, the book style is intended to have an emotional impact on the reader. And all the linguistic means used by the author serve to achieve this goal.

Purpose and its tasks

Artistic style is the building material for creating a work. Only the author is able to find the right words to correctly express thoughts, convey the plot and characters. Only a writer can make readers enter the special world he created and empathize with the characters.

Literary style distinguishes the author from the rest and gives his publications a peculiarity and zest. That’s why it’s important to choose the right style for yourself. Each style has its own characteristics, but each writer uses them to create his own style. And there is absolutely no need to copy classic writers if you like him. He will not become his own, but will only turn publications into parodies.

And the reason is that individuality was and remains at the head of the book style. Choosing your own style is very difficult, but this is what is valued most of all. So the main features of the style include sincerity, which forces readers not to tear themselves away from the work.

Artistic style differs from other styles in the use of linguistic means of other styles. But only for aesthetic function. And not the styles themselves, but their features and elements. Literary and extra-literary means are used: dialect words, jargon. All the richness of speech is necessary to express the author's intention and create a work.

Imagery, expressiveness, and emotionality are the main things in book styles. But without the author’s individuality and special presentation there would not be the most artistic work as a whole.

There is no need to get carried away excessively with conversational style or include scientific terms in the text: only elements of styles are used, but all styles are not thoughtlessly mixed. And a description of the smallest details of the apartment into which the main character glanced briefly is also useless.

Colloquialisms, jargon, a mixture of styles - everything should be in moderation. And a text written from the heart, not compressed or stretched, will become hypnotic, attracting attention to itself. This is the purpose that artistic style serves.

Pavel Yamb was with you. See you!

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, artistic style performs all the most important social functions of language:

1) informative (by reading works of art, we gain information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the broad masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) influencing (the writer strives to evoke an emotional response to his work in the reader).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinated to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, setting, etc.). Every significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different linguistic means, specially selected and reinterpreted.V.V. Vinogradov noted: “...The concept of “style” when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles... The language of fiction is not entirely correlated with others styles, he uses them, includes them, but in original combinations and in a transformed form..."

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete imaginative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon. The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general.The world of fiction is a “recreated” world; the reality depicted is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the subjective element plays the most important role. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in an artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. Associated with this is the emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author’s highlighting of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive capabilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles and is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery and metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

Trails – these are words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language and the artistic expressiveness of speech. The main types of trails are as follows:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other based on their common feature: And my tired soul is enveloped in darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is denoted by the replaced word: The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. (A.S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity "

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another based on the quantitative relationship between them: And you could hear the Frenchman rejoicing until dawn. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. The epithet is expressed primarily by an adjective, but also by an adverb (to love dearly), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said idea: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were inflated, the entire yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes – a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, or meaning of what is being described: Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble... (A.S. Griboyedov). Litotes is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the entire universe (A.S. Pushkin).

Personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will be playful and reflective (A.S. Pushkin).

Periphrase – a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive phrase, where the characteristics of an object, person, or phenomenon not directly named are indicated: king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) – a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning: Where can we fools drink tea? Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – These are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expressiveness. It must be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech informationally redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical appeal – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question – this is special construction of speech in which a statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And will the desired dawn finally rise over the fatherland of enlightened freedom? (A.S. Pushkin).

Anaphora - a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel series, that is, the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (hemistymes, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

It was not in vain that the winds blew,
It was not in vain that the thunderstorm came (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure that consists of repeating the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Epiphora is often used in poetic speech in the form of identical or similar stanza endings:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
I can't find a place in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning: Who was nobody will become everything!

Oxymoron – a stylistic figure or stylistic error, which is a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of the incompatible). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

Gradation – grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech in anticipation of the reader’s guess, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus... (A.S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting of a deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. By slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each word, creating unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they were resurrected again: deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A.S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)– stylistic figure: construction of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement speed and dynamism, helps to convey the rapid change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, chops, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, grinding... (A.S. Pushkin).

Parallelism – a stylistic figure representing the arrangement of identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure elements of speech in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars shine in the blue sky,
In the blue sea the waves are lashing;
A cloud is moving across the sky,
A barrel floats on the sea (A.S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus – a stylistic figure consisting of a cross-shaped change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Learn to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion – a stylistic figure consisting of a violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L.N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in a literary work, not only visual and expressive means are involved, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader’s imagination and evoke certain associations. Thanks to the special use of linguistic means, the described, designated phenomenon loses its general features, becomes more specific, turns into an individual, particular - the only thing the idea of which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful cut pattern. Forest-forming species. English oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; sessile oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows in the Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. English oak bark is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many types are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birch trees that made up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch tree. It was a huge oak tree, two branches wide, with branches that had apparently been broken off long ago and with broken bark overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsily, asymmetrically splayed arms and fingers, he stood like an old, angry and suspicious freak between the smiling birch trees. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

Both texts describe an oak tree, but if the first one talks about a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in a scientific description), then the second one talks about one specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak tree, personifying self-absorbed old age, contrasted with the birch trees “smiling” at spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the device of personification: at the oak tree huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical in the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea of a specific person (the author) about a specific tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style is opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of an aesthetic function, the task of creating an artistic image, allows the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the national language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of extra-literary elements of language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.Writers’ free use of linguistic means of different stylistic colors and different functional-style correlations can create the impression of “multiple styles” of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the involvement of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the fulfillment of an aesthetic function : they are used for the purpose of creating artistic images, realizing the ideological and artistic concept of the writer.Thus, artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the very sphere of verbal creativity, the peculiarities of the writer’s worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic: the ability to use various units of language, which in artistic speech undergo various transformations and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.

Art style

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope(from ancient Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the imagery of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common attribute. (Nature here destined us to open a window to Europe).

Metonymy-ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα/ὄνυμα - “name”) - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, container instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and metaphor - “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche. (All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries)
Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose. (timid breathing; magnificent omen)

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - man, beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Most of all, save a penny.)

Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no larger than a thimble).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil; My home is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; Trying is not torture.)

In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; from ancient Greek περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, Peter’s creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

Allegory (allegory)- a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad near the fallen rose, and sings hysterically over the flower. But the garden scarecrow, who secretly loved the rose, also sheds tears.”

Personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - trope, the assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe! And grief is girded with a bast, and the legs are entangled with washcloths.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot escape, because it is impossible to take with you the Motherland - the suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa response

Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. (Where can we fools drink tea?)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [the meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate deliberate exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can be opened with a positive judgment, but in general always contains a negative connotation and indicates a deficiency in a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to which it is happening. Example:

The capitalists are ready to sell us the rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, and I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, tales, short stories); lyrical (verses, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic impact function. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, popular language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: vocabulary with all direct and figurative meanings of words, grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

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See what “Artistic style” is in other dictionaries:

art style- the way language functions, recorded in fiction. Rubric: Style Gender: Language style Other associative connections: Language of fiction Literary works distinguished by artistic content and... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

art style- a type of literary language: one of the book styles of speech, which is an instrument of artistic creativity and combines the linguistic means of all other styles of speech (see functional styles of speech). However, in H. s. these pictorial... Dictionary of literary terms

artistic style of speech- (artistically graphic, artistically fictional) One of the functional styles that characterize the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of the artistic style is... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Artistic style of speech- (artistically figurative, artistically fictional). One of the functional styles that characterize the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of the artistic style is... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-reference book

Artistic style of speech, or artistic-visual, artistic-fictional- – one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific style feature - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

speech style- ▲ style of presentation; style of speech; character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocolism...... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

- (from the Greek stylos writing stick) English. style; German Stil. 1. A set of ideological ethical norms and characteristic features of activity, behavior, method of work, lifestyle. 2. The set of signs, traits, features inherent in h.l. (in particular … Encyclopedia of Sociology

Functional speech styles are a historically established system of speech means used in one or another area of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles... Wikipedia

Adj., used. compare often Morphology: artistic and artistic, artistic, artistic, artistic; more artistic; adv. artistically 1. Artistic refers to everything that relates to art and works of art.… … Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. To understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, of thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and re-creation of reality; the author strives, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general. Remember the well-known “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, expresses a certain type, and all together they were the “face” of the author’s contemporary Russia.

The world of fiction is a “recreated” world; the reality depicted is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the most important role is played by the subjective element. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnation, admiration, rejection, etc. Associated with this is the emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech. Let’s analyze a short excerpt from L. N. Tolstoy’s story “A Foreigner Without Food”:

“Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty. "Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life is like loss. Free admission". A bearded man and a lady were wandering in an empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist; he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: all the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background there were pagodas on fire. The booklet about Alina said: “The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite.” I wonder where and how they teach how to write art criticism texts? They're probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: a boy covered an insect with a net, on the sides there are angels blowing pioneer horns, in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the Zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text spends little time outdoors, relies on coffee and cigarettes, his intimate life is somehow complicated.”

What we have before us is not an objective presentation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind whom the author is clearly visible. The story is built on the combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text interpreting the content of the paintings. These plans are expressed stylistically in different ways; the bookishness and abstruseness of the descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author’s irony, which manifests itself through showing the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, and the ability to write such art criticism texts.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin’s novel “Neuronal Shock”:

“Marat’s father Stepan Porfiryevich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from a family of Astrakhan binders. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Mikhelson plant in Moscow, machine gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and bliss.”

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of individual human life, but also the atmosphere of the era of enormous changes associated with the revolution of 1917. The first sentence gives knowledge of the social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the life of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. The simple, rude people who surrounded the boy (a bindyuzhnik is the colloquial name for a port loader), the hard work that he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - this is what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes private life in the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases the revolutionary whirlwind blew..., dragged..., threw... they liken human life to a certain grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those “who were nobody.” In a scientific or official business text, such imagery, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style primarily includes figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in War and Peace used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; We will find a significant number of words from the hunting vocabulary in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev, in the stories of M.M. Prishvina, V.A. Astafiev, and in “The Queen of Spades” A.S. Pushkin has many words from the vocabulary of card games, etc. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, making it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let us give an example of the use of such a technique by B. Okudzhava in “The Adventures of Shipov”:

“In Evdokimov’s tavern they were about to turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this. At first everything in the hall looked fine, and even the tavern floorman, Potap, told the owner that today God had mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzz like a swarm of bees.

“Fathers of light,” the owner lazily marveled, “here, Potapka, is your evil eye, damn it!” Well, you should have croaked, damn it!”

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words, which in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory ideas. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning ( lead ore, lead bullet), and the artistic one forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the famous line from A. Akhmatova’s poem “I still see Pavlovsk as hilly...”. The author's word order options are varied and subordinate to the general concept.

“In Mila’s story, then everything went downhill, Mila’s husband in the new two-room apartment no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either here or here - Mila’s husband became his own man and Iago and Othello and with mockingly, from around the corner I watched how Mila was accosted on the street by men of his type, builders, prospectors, poets, who did not know how heavy this burden was, how unbearable life was if you fought alone, since beauty is not a helper in life, This is how one could approximately translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now a researcher, Mila’s husband, shouted both on the streets at night, and in his apartment, and when drunk, so that Mila was hiding with her young daughter somewhere, found shelter for herself, and the unfortunate husband beat furniture and threw iron pans.”

This sentence is perceived as an endless complaint from countless unhappy women, as a continuation of the theme of a woman’s sad lot.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image. Let's consider an example from the work of B. Okudzhava “The Adventures of Shipov”:

“Oh, dear,” Shipov shook his head, “why do you do this? No need. I see right through you, mon cher... Hey, Potapka, why did you forget the man on the street? Lead here, waking up. Well, Mr. Student, how do you rent out this tavern? It's dirty. Do you think I like it?... I’ve been to real restaurants, sir, I know... Pure empire... But you can’t talk to people there, but here I can learn something.”

The speech of the main character characterizes him very clearly: not too educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master, Shipov uses elementary French words (mon cher) along with colloquial waking up, waking up, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial form. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.