At the origins of the human race, the stages of the formation of man. Human society and natural communities
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
At the origins of the human race NEOLITIC REVOLUTION PARAGRAPHS 4-5 Statsenko Anna Valerievna, teacher of history, MBOU, Irkutsk, secondary school No. 11 with in-depth study of individual subjects
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Consider the main theories of human origin Identify and characterize the main stages in the formation of mankind Reveal the meaning of the primitive era in the history of mankind Purpose: to study the primitive era in the history of mankind
3 slide
Description of the slide:
The generally accepted periodization of the General History of the III millennium BC. - 5th century AD ANCIENT WORLD 5th century - late 15th century MIDDLE AGES of the 16th - 19th centuries NEW TIMES of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries MODERN TIMES PRIMARY AGE More than 2.5 million years, the formation of a modern man, tribal structure, transition to agriculture and cattle breeding, no private property and social inequality, the emergence of art and religion
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Periodization of history according to L. Morgan and J. Condorce WILDLIFE Gathering hunting BARBARITY Agriculture cattle breeding The emergence of private property and social inequality CIVILIZATION State writing city class society Lewis Morgan (1818-1881) - American ethnographer and historian, creator of the scientific theory of primitive society PROGRESS Progress - the progressive movement of society from the lower levels to the highest Jean Condorcet (1 743-1794) - French philosopher, founder of the theory of PROGRESS
5 slide
Description of the slide:
FORMATIONAL APPROACH Mankind is a single whole and develops from the lowest levels to the highest levels – formations. Formation (from lat. Formatio - view) is a society at a certain stage of development. Primitive communal formation Slave-owning formation: slave owners and slaves Feudal formation: feudal lords and dependent peasants Capitalist formation capitalists (bourgeoisie) and proletariat (wage workers): Communist formation - classless society the blessings of K. Marx "Revolutions - locomotives of history"
6 slide
Description of the slide:
The primitive era in the history of mankind Primitive people are called people who lived before the emergence of writing, the appearance of the first cities and states. PRIMITY CIVILIZATION 2.5 million years ago. - 5 thousand years ago
7 slide
Description of the slide:
"In modern science, the question of the origin of man remains highly debatable" ANTHROPOGENESIS - part of the biological evolution that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens (lat. Homo sapiens) Anthropos - man Genesis - origin ANTHROPOSOCYOGENESIS - a term adopted to refer to the problem of the origin and evolution of man as a species in the process of forming society. HUMAN IS A BIOSOCIAL being
8 slide
Description of the slide:
THEORIES Natural science theories EVOLUTIONISM Man as a biological species is the result of EVOLUTION People descended from a special species of great apes Religious theories (CREATIONISM) Man was created by GOD Paleovisit theory MAN flew from SPACE None of these theories HAVE full scientific confirmation What are the theories of the origin of man?
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Religious (creation) theory Man CREATED BY GOD “And God said: let us make man in our image and after our likeness…” Bible. Genesis. 1-26 THE IMAGE OF GOD - these are the qualities given by God to man, which distinguish him from all other creatures on earth - reason, speech, the ability to distinguish between good and evil and strive for good. THE LIKENESS OF GOD is what a person should strive for - become like God - in love, patience, etc. 2:7. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. According to the Bible, man is created in THREE stages. The first stage is God's plan for man. "And God said, Let us make man in Our image and in Our likeness." Then God proceeds directly to the creation of man. He creates a body from the earth and then, into a ready-made body, inhales the soul. SOUL is the immortal personality (essence) of a person. The meaning of life is the salvation of the soul.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Religious (creation) theory Gregory of Nyssa is a Christian theologian and philosopher of the 4th century. Basil the Great - Christian theologian and philosopher of the IV century. Vasily Rodzianko (1915-1999) - Bishop of the Orthodox Church in America D. Sysoev "The Chronicle of the Beginning" A. Kuraev "School Theology" "Orthodoxy and Evolution"
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Evolutionary theory Evolution is a natural process of development of wildlife, accompanied by the disappearance and emergence of species of living beings Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on earth TYPE - chordates CLASS - mammals ORDER - primates FAMILY - hominins GENUS - people SPECIES - Homo sapiens HOMO SAPIENS
12 slide
Description of the slide:
The main factors of evolution Charles Darwin - the founder of the theory of evolution (Darwinism) 1859 The origin of species by natural selection "1871" The origin of man and sexual selection ": the similarity and relationship of man and great apes. The main factors of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection (Darwinism). The Mechanism of Evolution - Genetic Mutations (Neo-Darwinism) Charles Darwin 1809-1882 “Natural selection can explain (or rather describe, not explain) variation within a population, but it cannot explain the jump from one species to another. So in The Origin of Species Darwin talks about anything but the very origin of species.” A. Kuraev "Orthodoxy and Evolution"
13 slide
Description of the slide:
The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development The struggle for existence (species and interspecies) and natural selection The emergence of speech, abstract thinking, COMMUNICATION SKILLS accumulation of knowledge, improvement of tools HUMAN The ability to make tools is the main difference between humans and animals
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) - German philosopher, author of the work "The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man" The gradual improvement of labor tools contributed to the development of speech and thinking "Labor made a man out of a monkey"
15 slide
Description of the slide:
Questions What is anthropogenesis and anthroposociogenesis? Why is man a biosocial being? What are the theories of human origin? What is the essence of creation theory? Who is the author of the theory of evolution? What factors contributed to the separation of man from the natural world? What does the expression "work made a man out of a monkey" mean?
16 slide
Description of the slide:
The main stages of human development. Human ancestors Australopithecus (southern monkey) 4 million years ago Sticks and sharp stones Handy man 2.5 million years ago Roughly worked stones Homo erectus Pithecanthropus 1 million years ago Neanderthal man 600-35 thousand years ago Cro-Magnon 40 thousand years ago PALEOLITH (paleo - ancient, lithos - stone) - the ancient stone age MESOLITH XX -X thousand years ago. NEOLITH X millennium BP 100 thousand years ago 200-300 thousand years ago
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Periodization of the primitive epoch PALEOLITH 2.5 million years ago. - XII thousand liters. n. Lower, middle, upper Rough (unpolished) stone tools Gathering, hunting, fishing MESOLITHIC XX-X thousand years ago NEOLITHIC - X-IX thousand years ago Eneolithic Copper Stone Age Human herd Tribal community
18 slide
Description of the slide:
Races RACES are historically established groupings (groups of populations) of people within the species Homo sapiens. EUROPEOID MONGOLOID NEGROID OCEANIC Races differ from each other in minor physical features - skin color, body proportions, eye shape, hair structure, etc.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
Questions What regions are the ancestral home of mankind? What is the main difference between ancient people and animals? Name the humanoid ancestors of humans. What are Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic? What achievements of man in the early Paleolithic era allowed him to survive in the conditions of the Ice Age? What are races?
20 slide
Description of the slide:
Man explores the planet MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - a change in natural conditions, the glacier recedes, new territories become available for settlement 25 thousand years ago. 20 thousand years ago
21 slide
Description of the slide:
Art and Religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X millennium BC) - the emergence of art and religion What is RELIGION and why did it arise? Religion - belief in the existence of higher powers and worship of them Religion arose from the fear of primitive people before the forces of nature Religion is the most important spiritual need of man "You created us for Yourself, and our heart does not know rest until it rests in You" (Blessed Augustine)
22 slide
Description of the slide:
Art and religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X thousand years ago) - the emergence of art and religion PRIMARY (archaic) RELIGIONS 1) ANIMISM - belief in the soul and spirits Funeral rite 2) FETISHISM 3) TOTEMISM 4) MAGIC Magic rite
23 slide
Description of the slide:
Art and Religion It was believed that some people have great abilities to communicate with higher powers, spirits. Priests (shamans, sorcerers) played a big role in the life of primitive tribes MESOLITHUS (XX -X thousand years ago) - the emergence of art and religion
24 slide
Description of the slide:
Art and Religion MESOLITHIC (XX -X millennia BP) - the emergence of art and religion Paleolithic Venus
25 slide
Description of the slide:
Questions At what stage of primitive history did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet? What is religion? How do scientists explain its appearance? When did religion and art emerge in human society? What connection exists between them? Name the primitive forms of religion.
26 slide
Description of the slide:
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION 10 thousand years ago n. Transition from a primitive appropriating economy to a PRODUCING economy based on cattle breeding and agriculture
27 slide
Description of the slide:
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Transition from a primitive appropriating economy to a PRODUCING economy based on cattle breeding and agriculture CAUSES CONSEQUENCES Climate warming Disappearance of large animals (mammoths) Population growth Improvement of tools and weapons Extermination of many animal species Emergence of agriculture and cattle breeding Separation of handicraft from agriculture Emergence of exchange and trade Transition from matriarchy to patriarchy atu Emergence of property Transition from a tribal community to a neighboring community Increasing inequality Creation of prerequisites for the emergence of STATES What was the significance of the Neolithic revolution?
28 slide
Description of the slide:
Clan and tribal system Clan community Clan community Clan community TRIBE Council of Elders Leader
PRIMARY ERA
At the origins of the human race
The history of mankind as a whole is characterized by the growing dynamics of changes taking place both in various spheres of public life and in the complex of relationships between society and nature.
Traditional for the materialistic traditions of European science was the consideration of history from the point of view of man's conquest of nature. It really acts as a source of resources for the development of civilization. At the same time, a person is in constant interaction with his environment, he himself is its product and an integral part.
Human society and natural communities
The oldest stone tools are 2.5-3 million years old. Consequently, at that time in East Africa there were already living creatures with the rudiments of reason.
The most developed primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans) are able in certain situations to use ready-made objects (stick, stone). However, they cannot make a tool, even the most primitive one (to chip and sharpen flint). This requires a certain knowledge about the properties of objects (for example, that flint is better processed than granite), the ability to plan one's actions, to speculatively imagine their result, which implies the skill of abstract thinking, the presence of reason.
The origin of the mind is explained by the action of natural laws of evolutionary development, interspecies struggle for survival. The best chances in this struggle were those species that, to a greater extent than others, could ensure their existence in the changing conditions of the natural environment.
Living nature has demonstrated an infinite variety of both dead-end and viable evolution options. One of them was associated with the formation of the rudiments of social behavior, which many species of animals demonstrate. Uniting in herds (flocks), they could defend themselves and protect their cubs from stronger opponents, get more food. At the same time, the size of each of them was limited by the ability to feed themselves in a certain territory (primitive people had a herd size of 20-40 people).
In the interspecific and sometimes intraspecific struggle between herds that needed similar food, those who had better developed communication, the ability to warn each other about the approach of the enemy, and better coordinate their actions on the hunt, won. Gradually, over hundreds of thousands of years, the primitive sound signals expressing emotions among the predecessors of man began to acquire an increasingly meaningful character. Speech was formed, inseparable from the ability to abstract, abstract thinking, which meant a complication of the structure of the brain. Those individuals who showed great ability to communicate had the best chances to survive in the primitive herd, to leave offspring.
Thus, the emergence and improvement of speech, abstract thinking have become the most important factor in the development of the human race itself. It is no coincidence that each new step along the stage of human evolution was associated, on the one hand, with the development of the brain, and on the other hand, with the improvement of hunting and fishing tools.
Many animals demonstrate the ability to learn. However, the reflexes and skills acquired by one individual do not become the property of the species. In the herds of primitive people, knowledge was gradually accumulated, which, thanks to the development of speech, was transmitted from generation to generation. They reflected the experience of tens of thousands of years of interaction with the outside world, concerned the properties of surrounding objects, understanding the connections between actions and their results.
The accumulation of knowledge and practical skills in their application has provided man with decisive advantages in the struggle for survival in comparison with other species. Armed with clubs, spears, acting together, primitive hunters could cope with any predator. The opportunities for obtaining food have expanded significantly. Thanks to warm clothes, mastering fire, acquiring the skill of preserving food (drying, smoking), people were able to settle over a vast territory, felt relative independence from the climate and the vagaries of the weather.
Topic 2. At the origins of the human race
Lesson type
lesson-journey
The purpose of the lesson
to form a systemic representation of the class about the features of primitive society, to answer the question: "How did the history of man begin?"
Lesson objectives
outline the historical framework of the ancient world
give the concept of the term "historical sources" and their main types
develop students' imagination
teach the class to draw information from video materials
learn how to correctly calculate historical time
Lesson plan
Greetings and motivation
Learning new material
Consolidation of the learned material
Homework
Conclusion: questions, answers, discussions
Expected results
After this lesson, students will be able to:
Name the chronological framework of the history of the Ancient World, the main types of historical sources;
Correctly apply the countdown BC. and AD;
Explain the concepts: "ancient world", "historical source", "civilization";
Give examples of historical sources, civilizations;
Express judgments about the significance of ancient history in the history of mankind.
Equipment
illustrations for the theme
video projector
presentation on the topic "Historical sources"
During the classes
Greetings and motivation
Reception 1. Greeting and topic announcement.
Also, the teacher, using a projector, demonstrates a presentation on the topic "Historical sources", gives explanations and answers questions. The presentation should reveal the role of historical sources in the formation of historical science and the development of civilization.
Reception 2. Checking for absentees.
Learning new material
Only recently have the glaciers retreated to the north. After them, there were a heap of boulders, "shabby", gouged by the elements, rocks. At the foot of one of the rocks, surrounded by dense thickets - the entrance to the cave. This is the home of a tribe of hunters, fishermen, gatherers of natural gifts: berries, fruits, edible roots. Modern scientists call such places "parking" of primitive man.
The cave is deep and dark. Its stone walls and ceiling reflect the flickering reflections of the fire. With respect and mystical worship, the cave dwellers support the fire. It provides warmth, repels predators, and helps prepare unassuming food. Around - things of daily consumption. Among them, we will not see a single metal object. Primitive man has not yet learned how to mine and process metals. Everything she has is made from what Mother Nature gives her. Clothes and bedding are the skins of animals killed in the hunt. Fishing tools - bones, horn, animal veins, dried and retinues of plant shoots. Dishes are made from bark and hand-sculpted clay. And lots of stone...
We are in the longest period in the history of mankind. This period is called the Stone Age.
Stone! The first material that the caveman began to process. Split and sharpened, it turned into chisels, knives and chisels. Attached to the wand, the stone became a tool: an ax or a hammer, a formidable weapon-spear. A stone is an assistant in work, a guard on hunting and traveling, but did primitive man really use a stone only for practical use?
Let's try in our imagination to take a closer look at the stopping place of a cave dweller, a man of the Stone Age. Here, in the corner of the cave, carved from soft sandstone, is the figurine of a guardian woman. Nearby is a huge clay block, dressed in the skin of a bear. What feelings do they evoke in the soul of a cave dweller? What are they to him? Is it just creatures in disguise? Or maybe these are spirits - masters?... Totems?...
Deep respect for Nature reigns in the cave of the primitive hunter... On the flat surface of the stone wall there are handprints of our ancestor, outlined in red ocher. On the other side of the wall there is an interweaving of lines carved and carved with a flint chisel. We look closely at them and, lo and behold! We recognize the contours of a giant furry mammoth, women, animals. Another stone wall - swift deer and roe deer. And in the depths of the cave - the figure of a hunter and a mighty bison. Fantastic boulders, boulders, fragments of rocks make us wonder, admire what we see. 
What have we witnessed? Our distant ancestor is trying to express his feelings in stone and on stone, to convey his impressions. In stone figurines, in images on the rock, we see not just volumetric forms or lines carved. These are artistic images, a reflection of the inner spiritual world of primitive man.
Like stone letters from the past, they are carved by our ancestors in the language of drawing, carved in plastic, voluminous language in stone, on bones, horn, encrypted in magical language in ritual objects - churingi. These letters are part of a giant stone book. Primitive people did not know writing, but sought to tell us about their experiences, dreams and beliefs.
Touch these letters imprinted and encoded in stone with your imagination. And you will find yourself at the origins of ancient art.
Leaf through the letters of the stone book, climb the stairs of the era and find out the world of man, his history, his work.
The stairs that we travel in the Stone Age have stretched from the depths of centuries to our days. And each step is a certain era, decorated with masterpieces of art.
Be patient on this ladder. Stop in front of works of art, recognize and enjoy their art. It is beautiful, eternal and infinite, like humanity itself. After all, the art of a caveman is in rock paintings and stone figures from the caves of Altemira, Lasko, where Goma is. It causes us the same excitement and admiration as painting, like the famous sculptures of Michelangelo, Rodin, Paul Gauguin, Leonardo and Picasso.
In 1879, a peasant hunter, while digging a fox hole in the Spanish province of Santander, stumbled upon an underground passage and found himself in a cave. However, not to him, but to the Spanish archaeologist Marcellin Sautuola, we owe the discovery of the real treasures of this cache. It was Sautuola who discovered traces of the presence of primitive man there and found drawings in black paint on the walls.
But the unexpected and the miraculous was still ahead of him. Once a researcher took his little daughter Maria to excavations. The child easily passed into the depths of a low cave, and from there her words addressed to her father were heard, which became famous and spread around the whole world: “Toros, pintadas Toros! (Bulls, painted bulls!) Indeed, the entire low vault was covered with multi-colored images of bulls, full of dynamic, living power. Thus, in the Spanish Altamira, for the first time, cave painting of people of the Paleolithic era was discovered.
Researchers of the activities of primitive man have not yet encountered anything like this. Bison, extinct in Europe, were depicted extremely skillfully, with knowledge of nature, in such numbers that it became clear that a whole detachment of artists had been working here for a very long time. With economical, bold, confident strokes, combined with large spots of paint, a monolithic, powerful figure of the beast was conveyed with a surprisingly accurate sense of its anatomy and proportions.
The murals of Altamira were so rich and eloquent that the famous researcher of Paleolithic art, Kyun, called them the Sistine Chapel of the Stone Day.
However, there were many skeptics who argued that the cave painting of Altamira, brilliant in its artistic perfection, could not belong to the original hunters dressed in animal skins and armed with stone tools. Whoever was not credited with the authorship of the cave masterpieces: they remembered both the Greeks and the Romans, and the Goths, they suspected contemporary artists of mystifying. And a thorough study of the paintings brought their true antiquity. It was established that the drawings were made not with modern paints, but with mineral natural ocher, the outcrops of which were found in the soils of the cave itself. In addition, the researchers found Paleolithic stone tools in the underground shelter, and with them the bones of extinct cave bears.
chronology
On our land, from time immemorial, there was a system of reckoning from the "Creation of the World", and the era from the "Christmas" was introduced to Ukraine after the Decree of Peter I - in 1699. According to the Ukrainian chronology, it was 7208. Therefore, the difference between these calendars is 5508.
The complexity of calculating historical dates for Ukraine lies also in the fact that from 988 the New Year began on March 1, and from 1492 on September 1. These two systems existed in parallel. Only in 1582 did they begin to count the New Year only from September 1. Therefore, to translate an annalistic date into a modern calendar, you need:
1) according to the March time calculation, i.e. before 1492, for events that took place from March to January, subtract the number 5507, since the March calculation was 2 months behind the January one;
3) when it comes to events from September to December, 5509 is subtracted.
Having adopted Christianity, Ukraine took the calendar from Byzantium. It was adopted by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. That is why it is called Julian. In it, the year consists of 365 days and 6 hours. This surpasses the astronomical year by 11 minutes and 14 seconds. This discrepancy is increasing every year. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII reformed this calendar and the new style was called Gregorian. Ukrainian for a long time adhered to the Julian calendar (old style), although there were several attempts to introduce a new style, but these attempts failed.
Julius Caesar
In Russia, the new style was adopted immediately after the separation of the church from the state: after January 31 (1918), February 14 came. In Ukraine, the Gregorian chronology was introduced by the Central Rada on March 1, 1918 for civil consumption, but the old chronology remained in church life. Now the difference in these calendars is 13 days.
But when calculating historical dates, it should be borne in mind that in the XIX century. this difference was 12 days, in the 18th century - 11 days, in the 17th century - 10 days, etc. So, for example, the Pereyaslav Rada, according to the annals, took place on January 8, 1654. According to the modern calendar, this is January 18. Taras Shevchenko was born on February 25, 1814, therefore, according to the new style, we have (+12) - March 9.
Terms and concepts
The ancient world is a term describing the history of mankind from the beginning of recorded history to the Middle Ages. The history of the Ancient World includes the period of antiquity, covering the time starting from the first Olympic Games in Greece, that is, from 776 BC, which also roughly corresponds to the date of the founding of Rome - 753 BC.
Primitive society is a long period in the history of mankind: from the emergence of Homo sapiens (about 2.5-2.8 million years ago) to the emergence of civilization and statehood.
A historical source is a certain quality of artifacts of the past (antiquities). Therefore, the content of this concept completely depends on the complex ideas of the era about the remnants of the past.
A historical source is a certain quality of artifacts from the past. Civilization is a human community that for a certain period of time has stable special features in the socio-political organization, economy and culture (science, technology, art, etc.), common spiritual values and ideals, mentality.
Consolidation of the learned material
1. What are historical sources?
2. What types of historical sources are there?
3. Give examples of AI that you have seen firsthand in museums, etc.
4. What is civilization?
5. What is the ancient world?
6. Explain the term "primitive society"? What is the modern society called?
7. What is the ancient world? Is this concept equivalent to the concept of "primitive society"?
Homework
Study material with textbook
Draw an illustration for a theme
Write down in a notebook the main features of primitive society.
Conclusion: questions, answers, discussions
The teacher initiates a discussion on the topic "The role of primitive society in the formation of civilization"
Material for teacher use
1. http://www.slideshare.net/guest7e683c/1-2-1-presentation
2. J. Lubbock Prehistoric times, or the Primitive era of mankind. - 2011
3. G. Schurz History of primitive culture. Volume 2. Material and spiritual culture. - 2010
Used sources
Iterative-generalizing lesson
AT THE ORIGINS OF THE HUMAN ROD. PRESENTATION ON THE SUBJECT "WORLD HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. EVG [email protected]. EN
BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMS. EVOLUTION, ABSTRACT THINKING, PRIMARY HERD, INTER-SPECIES AND INTRA-SPECIES FIGHT. EARLY PALEOLITHIC, NEANDERTHAL, CRO-Magnon. RACES OF PEOPLE, MESOLITHIC, ROCK PAINTING, FETISHISM.
HUMAN SOCIETY AND NATURAL COMMUNITIES. THE ORIGIN OF MIND IN THIS FIGHT WIN, THOSE WHO WERE MORE SUCCESSFULLY TO ENSURE THEIR EXISTENCE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. THE MOST ANCIENT TOOL FROM STONE - 2, 5 - 3 MIL. IN EAST AFRICA. ONLY THE BEINGS WITH THE BEARINGS OF INTELLIGENCE CAN MAKE WORK TOOLS. ANIMALS CAN ONLY USE THEM. MIND CAN BE EXPLAINED: BY THE OPERATION OF NATURAL LAWS OF EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT, INTERSPECIES FIGHT FOR EXISTENCE.
HUMAN EVOLUTION. FORMATION OF THE ORIGINS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. THE ABILITY TO LEARN SELECTED A HUMAN WHO PASSED EXPERIENCE FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION, UNLIKE ANIMALS WHO COULD NOT DO THIS. THE ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILLS, MASTERING FIRE ALLOWED HUMANS UNDERING INTO HERDS PRIMARY COMMUNITIES TO EXIST SUCCESSFULLY IN PEOPLE COULD PROTECT THEMSELVES AND CHILDREN. IN NATURE. THE INTER-SPECIFIC FIGHT WAS WON BY THOSE WHO HAD THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE AND COORDINATE ACTION. FORMATION OF SPEECH - COMPLICATED THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN. THE CAPACITY FOR ABSTRACT THINKING APPEARED. EVERY STAGE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION IS ASSOCIATED FIRSTLY WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN, AND SECONDLY WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF LABOR.
1. RELIGION STATEMENTS THE DIVINE ORIGIN OF MAN. STAGES OF HUMAN FORMATION. 2. IN THE 20th CENTURY VIEW THAT MAN PRODUCT 2.5 – 3 mil. EAST AFRICA - AUSTRALOPITECS. USE OF WORK TOOLS, UPright POSTING MODERN SCIENCE DOES NOT HAVE ANSWER WHY THIS HAPPENED. HERE IS THE DIFFERENCE OF VIEWS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ANCESTOR OF MODERN MAN. APPROXIMATELY 1.5 - 700 THOUSAND. YEARS BACK EVOLUTION. EARLY PALEOLITHIC. 3. IN THE 21st CENTURY THE THEORY ABOUT EXTRATERRESTRIAL TOOLS - SCRAPERS, CHOPPERS FROM THE ORIGIN OF BONE AND STONE. UPright PACING, INCREASED BRAIN VOLUME FROM 300 - 600 CU. SM UP TO 1300 - 1700 CUBE SEE IN NEANDERTHALS. APPROXIMATELY 200 - 300 THOUSAND. YEARS AGO - MASTERING FIRE. THE TIME OF THE EARLY PALEOLITHIC ENDS WITH THE ADVANCE OF GLACIERS ABOUT 20-30 Thousand years ago. YEARS AGO NEANDERTHALS COMPLETELY DISAPPEAR. A CRO-MAGNON IS APPROVED.
BUT THEY ALL REFER TO THE SAME KIND OF REASONABLE MAN. BASIC RACES OF HUMANS. RACIAL SIGNS ARE VARIOUS: SKIN PIGMENTATION, EYE SECTION, HAIR COVERING, GROWTH, BLOOD TYPES, ETC. NEGROID RACE. (skin pigmentation, curly hair, weak beard and mustache growth) CAUROPOID RACE. (soft hair, protruding nose) MONGOLOID RACE. (cut eyes, cheekbones, straight hair) OCEANIC RACE. (a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid features) GREAT RACES ARE NOT HOMOGENEOUS. IN ADDITION TO THIS, TRANSITIONAL RACES FORMATED ON THE BORDERS OF THE RACES.
MAN IS DEVELOPING HIS PLANET. MESOLITHIC EPOCH. (From 20 to 9 - 8 thousand BC, the glaciers recede the emergence of faith in signs, fetishism. The emergence of funeral rituals and faith in higher powers. The emergence of shamans, priests. The population is 10 mil. The appropriate type of economy - hunting, gathering, fishing. Medication of a person to America and Australia. The offensive of a new stage in the cognition of the world, Ritual painting, ceremonial painting, ceremonial painting. Magic abstract thinking. The greatest mystery is a person himself with his development of intelligence.
TRY TO MAKE YOUR CONCLUSIONS. MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THE ORIGIN OF MAN WAS THE RESULT OF A MULTIFACTORAL INFLUENCE ON HIS DEVELOPMENT. EVERY NEW STEP WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERFECTION OF LABOR TOOLS AND WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN. THE FIRST STAGE OF THE FORMATION OF MAN IS THE EARLY PALEOLITH. THE MANUFACTURE OF WORK TOOLS, THE USE OF FIRE SELECTED MAN FROM THE ANIMAL WORLD. THE BASIC RACES ARE FORMING. DURING THE MESOLITHIC ERA, MAN EXPLORES THE PLANET. . THE BRAIN DEVELOPS AND ABSTRACT THINKING ARISES: RITUALS, MAGIC, FETISHISM. SINCE THE PALEOLITH, THE CRO-MAGNON TYPE OF HUMAN DOMINATES.
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION. BASIC CONCEPTS: NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION, PRODUCING ECONOMY, DIVISION OF LABOR, EXCHANGE, MONEY, PROPERTY INEQUALITY, MATRIARCHY AND PATRIARCHY, PROPERTY, TRIBE, GENUS, UNION OF TRIBES, ENEOLITH, METAL PROCESSING.
MAN AND NATURE: THE FIRST CONFLICT. NEOLITHIC - TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE BREEDING IN 9 - 8 THOUSAND B.C. BC DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE BREEDING ONLY UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS: CATTLE GROWING FROM HUNTING AND AGRICULTURE FROM GATHERING. THERE HAS BEEN A TRANSITION FROM ASSIGNING TO A PRODUCING TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THE REASONS FOR THIS WERE THE IMPROVEMENT OF HUNTING GUN AND AS A CONSEQUENCE THE NUTRITIONAL CRISIS WHICH HAPPENED TO HUMAN COMMUNITIES. 1. SOME TRIBES LIMITED CONSUMPTION BY THE TABOO SYSTEM AND STOP IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT. 2. A BREAKTHROUGH IN A NEW QUALITY IMPACT ON NATURE.
The excess of production caused not only trade, but also the emergence of property inequality. Gradually, the leaders and AGRICULTURAL - CATTLE-BREEDING CROPS. sorcerers began to accumulate property and valuables. THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL CIVILIZATIONS. (7 - 4 THOUSAND B.C.) THE DIVISION OF LABOR DEEPENED: AGRICULTURE SEPARATED FROM CATTLE BREEDING, THE CRAFT BECAME INDEPENDENT. THE SPHERE OF EXCHANGE WAS EXPANDING: DIFFERENT RELATIONS OF IN-KIND EXCHANGE BEGAN TO BE REPLACED BY MONEY. THESE CIVILIZATIONS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED RIVER CIVILIZATIONS (MILD CLIMATE, SOIL AND WATER) - EGYPT, MEDIURCHIE, INDA valley, KHUANKHE. THE FIRST PLANTS: WHEAT, BARLEY, CORN IN THE INCA. HUGE CHANGES HAPPENED IN THE LIFE OF PEOPLE IF BEFORE THIS ALL HUMAN LIFE WAS DEDICATED TO SURVIVAL AND THE MAN EXPIRED FROM THE TRIBE WAS DOOMED, THEN WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE PRODUCING TYPE OF ECONOMY, IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE MORE PRODUCTS KUTSI, THAN YOU NEED
TRANSITION FROM MATRIARCHY TO PATRIARCHY. OWNERSHIP, ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS HAVE LEAD TO A CHANGE IN THE KULAD OF LIFE. THE NEOLITHIC PEOPLE LIVED IN LARGE FAMILIES. GIRLS WERE GIVEN IN MARRIAGE TO OTHER GENES AND TRIBES. THE MEN STAYED IN THE FAMILY. THE DEGREE OF RELATIONSHIP ON THE MALE LINE AND HERE THE ORIGIN OF PROPERTY. MULTIPLE GENERAL TRIBES. A FAMILY HAPPENED. THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE FAMILY HAS BEEN DISPUTE FOR A LONG TIME. ACCORDING TO Morgan (USA) - FORMATION OF THE FAMILY HAS PASSED SEVERAL STAGES. UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF HUNTING AND GATHERING - THE MAIN FIGURE IS A WOMAN WHO TRANSFERED EXPERIENCE ORGANIZED THIS BUILD-MATRIARCHY YU AND IMPORTANT WORK. ALL THIS LEAD TO THE NORMS OF PATRIARCHY - THE SPECIAL ROLE OF MEN IN SOCIETY.
TRANSITION TO ANEOLITH. POPULATION GROWTH LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TERRITORIES A NEW STAGE IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES BEGAN. UNIONS OF TRIBES APPEARED, WHICH GRADUALLY LOST CONNECTION WITH EACH OTHER. THE APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES HAPPENED (5 - 4 MILLION B.C.) TOTAL 4 THOUSAND LANGUAGES. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY, FINNO-UGRIAN, MONGOLIAN, SEMITO-KHAMIAN, BERBERO-LIBYAN, KUSHITIAN, SINO-TIBETAAN AND OTHERS. AT THIS TIME THE TRANSITION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METALS BEGINS: COPPER, TIN, LEAD AND OTHERS. DEVELOPMENT TIME: 7 THOUSAND. , BUT WIDE DEVELOPMENT IN 4 - 3 THOUSAND. BC IN THE ENEOLITH AGE (COPPER - STONE AGE)
MAIN CONCLUSIONS. APPROXIMATELY 10 THOUSAND BC THE CRISIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION OCCURRED ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXHAUST OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF HUNTING AND GATHERING. EXIT FROM IT IN TWO WAYS: 1. LIMITATION OF NEEDS 2. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE BREEDING. THE PRODUCING ECONOMY LEAD TO A CHANGE IN THE WAY OF LIFE: THE DIVISION OF LABOR, CRAFTSMANSHIP, EXCHANGE AND THE APPEARANCE OF MONEY. THERE IS A TRANSITION FROM MATRIARCHY TO PATRIARCHY AND THE FORMATION OF A FAMILY. THE CONCEPT OF OWNERSHIP APPEARS. WITH THE GROWTH OF THE POPULATION THE HUMAN IS SETTLEMENT TO NEW PLACES AND AS A RESULT THE APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES IS OCCURRED. EXACTLY AT THIS TIME IN 7 THOUSAND. BC DEVELOPMENT OF METALS BEGINS. PERIOD FROM 4 TO 3 THOUSAND B.C. BC GETS THE NAME OF THE COPPER-STONE AGE (ENEOLITH) A NEW STAGE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORIGINATION OF STATES BEGINS.
SOURCES ZAGLADIN NV WORLD HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: A TEXTBOOK FOR 10 GRADE. – 7 - ED. - M .: TID "RUSSIAN WORD - RS", 2007. CHAPTER 2. "PRIMARY AGE"
Lesson objectives: To identify the factors and directions of human evolution. Contribute to the formation of students' skills to analyze human changes in the process of evolution. Continue to develop skills in working with documents and a historical map.
Type of lesson: lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge.
Basic concepts and terms: Stone Age, evolution, Paleolithic, Mesolithic. />Lesson progress Learning a new topic.
PLAN Human society and natural communities. Stages of human development. Man conquers the planet.
The teacher starts the lesson with an introductory lecture, and then organizes independent work of students with the text of the textbook. Human society and natural communities.
The question of the origin of life on Earth has long worried mankind. In the 19th century the concept arises
origin
humans from highly developed ancestors of modern apes. She received in the XX century. genetic confirmation, because of all the animals, the genetic apparatus closest to humans turned out to be chimpanzees.
Little is known about the early stages of primate evolution. About 55 million years ago, lower primates began to spread widely in the tropical forests of North America and Europe, which at that time constituted a single continent. Some of these groups gave rise to higher primates about 40-35 million years ago. There are two main centers of occurrence and settlement of such early monkeys in the Old World - Southeast Asia and North Africa; the ancestors of monkeys probably entered South America somewhat later.
The initial stages of the evolution of Old World monkeys are closely related to North Africa. Primitive tree monkeys lived here - parapithecus and propliopithecus. About 25-20 million years ago, African monkeys were divided into lower and higher (humanoids), although there were much more similarities between them than between modern representatives of these groups.
Highly developed primates - the ancestors of man - later switch to walking on two legs and using natural objects as tools. They can be considered as a kind of "model" of the closest human ancestors. The ancestral species for humans were primates, which are characterized by a slightly more developed brain and a more perfect walking on two legs. They already knew how to process natural objects (stones, sticks) a little, which indicates the appearance of their mind.
The manufacture and use of labor tools, the awareness of this activity gave these species ever-increasing opportunities for active influence on nature, and gradually eliminated the action of biological factors of evolution. Evolutionary development was still influenced by natural factors and selection.
Some groups of these primates, due to unfavorable environmental conditions and a low level of material culture and social organization, could be delayed in their historical development.
The most important factor in the progressive development of people was the improvement of social organization and production activities.
Collectives were in a better position, where the accumulation of these qualities and their implementation occurred faster, which contributed to a more intensive growth in the number of these groups and their wider settlement.
At the same time, the progressive development of the methods of communication between people, primarily speech, through which generations of accumulated productions, experience and information from the social life of collectives were transmitted to generations, was of great importance. Speech contributed to the assimilation and preservation by human collectives of specific knowledge, observations and technical skills acquired by individual members of these collectives.
The strengthening of man's independence from the surrounding nature, the creation of an artificial environment, the emergence of society contributed to the fact that natural selection completely lost its significance as a factor in the evolutionary transformation of man, and therefore his biological, species evolution ceased.
Exercise.
-Based on your knowledge acquired in the lessons of biology, history and social science, tell us about the hypotheses of the origin of man. Express your point of view on this issue. Justify your answer. Stages of human development.
According to the materials from which people made tools, archaeologists divide history into three "ages" - stone, bronze and iron. Humanity has been leading its history since the Stone Age.
The Stone Age was the longest and was divided into several eras: the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) and the New Stone Age (Neolithic).
After the introductory lecture, students are invited to work independently with the text of the textbook and the document,
Exercise.
- Based on the text of the textbook and additional information, draw up a diagram of the "Stages of becoming a person."
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS
In the course of its formation, mankind has passed through three stages. The first stage in the development of human ancestors is represented by Australopithecus, the fossil remains of which were first found in South America, so they were called southern monkeys (from Latin australis - southern and Greek pitecos - monkey).
Australopithecus was about the size of a modern chimpanzee, walked on two legs, and their gait was already completely balanced. Australopithecus differed from anthropoid apes in the structure of the hand: their thumb was more developed and opposed, like in humans, to the rest of the fingers.
And, finally, the main difference between the Australopithecus was their labor activity and the manufacture of tools. They used animal bones, wood and stone as materials. The oldest stone tools that have come down to us are rough nodules with a cutting edge.
The second stage in the formation of mankind is the era of the Pithecanthropes (from the Greek pitekos - monkey and anthropos - man). Their brain volume reaches 1000 cm (in Australopithecus it is 600-650 cm3).
With an increase in the volume of the brain and the development of its frontal lobes, the slope of the forehead and superciliary arches decreased.
Pithecanthropus tools were very diverse. Ancient people learned how to make a hand axe, various
various scrapers, rough chopping tools with one working edge. With such tools, pithecanthropes could drive large animals. They could already use fire
The third stage is associated with the Neanderthals (from the name of the Neanderthal valley in Germany). The first Neanderthals appeared, apparently, 250-300 thousand years ago, and in their structure they already resembled modern humans.
The set of Neanderthal stone tools became even more diverse. Points, punctures, points appeared. The material was wood, bones of large animals and skins. Skins were also used as primitive clothing to protect against the cold.
The considered three stages of the formation of mankind preceded the appearance of people of the modern type (Cro-Magnons), with whom the process of the formation of mankind ends and the true human history begins.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Historian. - M., 1994. -S. 386-387. Man conquers the planet.
The teacher organizes the work of students with the map "Settlements of the most ancient people." What achievements of mankind allowed people to survive in the ice age? At what stage of the primitive era did human settlement occur on the continents of the planet? Show on the map the oldest sites of primitive people and the territory of their settlement about 500 thousand years ago. Consolidation of the studied material.
As a consolidation of the material, students can be offered a historical dictation.
Dictation questions: Early Stone Age. (Paleolithic.) The area of origin of the first intelligent beings. (East Africa.) At what stage of evolution did primitive people master the ability to use fire? (Early Paleolithic.) At what type of ancient man does the formation of races begin? (Cro-Magnon type.) In what period of human development does rock art appear? (Mesolithic) /> Homework: § 4, questions.
