Biological significance of photosynthesis. The meaning and role of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a set of processes for the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic ones due to the conversion of light energy into the energy of chemical bonds. Phototrophic organisms include green plants, some prokaryotes - cyanobacteria, purple and green sulfur bacteria, and plant flagellates.
Research into the process of photosynthesis began in the second half of the 18th century. Important discovery made by the outstanding Russian scientist K. A. Timiryazev, who substantiated the doctrine of the cosmic role of green plants. Plants absorb sunlight and convert light energy into the energy of chemical bonds of organic compounds synthesized by them. Thus, they ensure the preservation and development of life on Earth. The scientist also theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved the role of chlorophyll in the absorption of light during photosynthesis.
Chlorophylls are the main photosynthetic pigments. They are similar in structure to hemoglobin heme, but contain magnesium instead of iron. Iron content is necessary to ensure the synthesis of chlorophyll molecules. There are several chlorophylls that differ in their chemical structure. Mandatory for all phototrophs is chlorophyll a . Chlorophyllb found in green plants chlorophyll c – in diatoms and brown algae. Chlorophyll d characteristic of red algae.
Green and purple photosynthetic bacteria have special bacteriochlorophylls . Bacterial photosynthesis has much in common with plant photosynthesis. It differs in that in bacteria the hydrogen donor is hydrogen sulfide, and in plants it is water. Green and purple bacteria do not have photosystem II. Bacterial photosynthesis is not accompanied by the release of oxygen. Summary equation bacterial photosynthesis:
6C0 2 + 12H 2 S → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 12S + 6H 2 0.
Photosynthesis is based on the redox process. It is associated with the transfer of electrons from compounds that supply electrons-donors to compounds that accept them - acceptors. Light energy is converted into the energy of synthesized organic compounds (carbohydrates).
There are special structures on the membranes of chloroplasts - reaction centers that contain chlorophyll. In green plants and cyanobacteria there are two photosystems – first (I) And second (II) , which have different reaction centers and are interconnected through an electron transfer system.
Two phases of photosynthesis
The process of photosynthesis consists of two phases: light and dark.
Occurs only in the presence of light on the internal membranes of mitochondria in the membranes of special structures - thylakoids . Photosynthetic pigments capture light quanta (photons). This leads to the “excitation” of one of the electrons of the chlorophyll molecule. With the help of carrier molecules, the electron moves to the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane, acquiring a certain potential energy.
This electron in photosystem I can return to its energy level and restore it. NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) may also be transmitted. By interacting with hydrogen ions, electrons restore this compound. Reduced NADP (NADP H) supplies hydrogen to reduce atmospheric CO 2 to glucose.
Similar processes occur in photosystem II . Excited electrons can be transferred to photosystem I and restore it. The restoration of photosystem II occurs due to electrons supplied by water molecules. Water molecules split (photolysis of water) into hydrogen protons and molecular oxygen, which is released into the atmosphere. The electrons are used to restore photosystem II. Water photolysis equation:
2Н 2 0 → 4Н + + 0 2 + 2е.
When electrons from the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane return to the previous energy level, energy is released. It is stored in the form of chemical bonds of ATP molecules, which are synthesized during reactions in both photosystems. The process of ATP synthesis with ADP and phosphoric acid is called photophosphorylation . Some of the energy is used to evaporate water.
During the light phase of photosynthesis, energy-rich compounds are formed: ATP and NADP H. During the breakdown (photolysis) of water molecules, molecular oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
Reactions take place in the internal environment of chloroplasts. They can occur both in the presence of light and without it. Organic substances are synthesized (C0 2 is reduced to glucose) using the energy that was formed in the light phase.
The process of carbon dioxide reduction is cyclical and is called Calvin cycle . Named after the American researcher M. Calvin, who discovered this cyclic process.
The cycle begins with the reaction of atmospheric carbon dioxide with ribulose biphosphate. The process is catalyzed by an enzyme carboxylase . Ribulose biphosphate is a five-carbon sugar combined with two phosphoric acid units. A number of chemical transformations occur, each of which is catalyzed by its own specific enzyme. How is the end product of photosynthesis formed? glucose , and ribulose biphosphate is also reduced.
The overall equation for the process of photosynthesis is:
6C0 2 + 6H 2 0 → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 60 2
Thanks to the process of photosynthesis, light energy from the Sun is absorbed and converted into the energy of chemical bonds of synthesized carbohydrates. Energy is transferred through food chains to heterotrophic organisms. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released. All atmospheric oxygen is of photosynthetic origin. Over 200 billion tons of free oxygen are released annually. Oxygen protects life on Earth from ultraviolet radiation by creating an ozone shield in the atmosphere.
The process of photosynthesis is ineffective, since only 1-2% of solar energy is converted into synthesized organic matter. This is due to the fact that plants do not absorb light enough, part of it is absorbed by the atmosphere, etc. Most of sunlight reflected from the Earth's surface back into space.
The process of photosynthesis is one of the most important biological processes occurring in nature, because it is thanks to it that organic substances are formed from carbon dioxide and water under the influence of light, and this phenomenon is called photosynthesis. And most importantly, during the process of photosynthesis, a release occurs, which is vital for the existence of life on our amazing planet.
History of the discovery of photosynthesis
The history of the discovery of the phenomenon of photosynthesis goes back four centuries, when back in 1600 a certain Belgian scientist Jan Van Helmont performed a simple experiment. He placed a willow twig (after recording its initial weight) in a bag that also contained 80 kg of earth. And then for five years the plant was watered exclusively with water. What was the scientist’s surprise when, after five years, the weight of the plant increased by 60 kg, despite the fact that the mass of the earth decreased by only 50 grams, where such an impressive increase in weight came from remained a mystery to the scientist.
The next important and interesting experiment, which became the prelude to the discovery of photosynthesis, was carried out by the English scientist Joseph Priestley in 1771 (it is curious that by the nature of his profession, Mr. Priestley was a priest of the Anglican Church, but he went down in history as an outstanding scientist). What did Mr. Priestley do? He placed the mouse under a hood and five days later it died. Then he again placed another mouse under the hood, but this time there was a sprig of mint under the hood along with the mouse and as a result the mouse remained alive. The result obtained led the scientist to the idea that there is a certain process opposite to breathing. Another important conclusion of this experiment was the discovery of oxygen as vital for all living beings (the first mouse died from its absence, the second survived thanks to a sprig of mint, which created oxygen during the process of photosynthesis).
Thus, the fact was established that the green parts of plants are capable of releasing oxygen. Then, in 1782, the Swiss scientist Jean Senebier proved that carbon dioxide decomposes into green plants under the influence of light - in fact, another side of photosynthesis was discovered. Then, another 5 years later, the French scientist Jacques Boussengo discovered that plants absorb water during the synthesis of organic substances.
AND final chord in line scientific discoveries associated with the phenomenon of photosynthesis was the discovery of the German botanist Julius Sachs, who in 1864 managed to prove that the volume of carbon dioxide consumed and oxygen released occurs in a 1:1 ratio.
The importance of photosynthesis in human life
If you imagine figuratively, the leaf of any plant can be compared to a small laboratory, the windows of which face the sunny side. In this very laboratory, the formation of organic substances and oxygen occurs, which is the basis for the existence of organic life on Earth. After all, without oxygen and photosynthesis, life simply would not exist on Earth.
But if photosynthesis is so important for life and the release of oxygen, then how do people (and not only people) live, for example in the desert, where there is a minimum of green plants, or, for example, in an industrial city where trees are rare. The fact is that terrestrial plants account for only 20% of the oxygen released into the atmosphere, while the remaining 80% is released by sea and ocean algae; it’s not for nothing that the world’s oceans are sometimes called “the lungs of our planet.”
Photosynthesis formula
The general formula for photosynthesis can be written as follows:
Water + Carbon dioxide + Light > Carbohydrates + Oxygen
And this is what the formula looks like: chemical reaction photosynthesis
6CO 2 + 6H 2 O = C6H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
The importance of photosynthesis for plants
Now let’s try to answer the question why plants need photosynthesis. In fact, providing oxygen to the atmosphere of our planet is far from the only reason the course of photosynthesis, this biological process is vital not only for people and animals, but also for the plants themselves, because the organic substances that are formed during photosynthesis form the basis of the life of plants.
How does photosynthesis occur?
The main engine of photosynthesis is chlorophyll - a special pigment contained in plant cells, which, among other things, is responsible for the green color of the leaves of trees and other plants. Chlorophyll is a complex organic compound that also has important property– ability to absorb sunlight. By absorbing it, it is chlorophyll that activates that small biochemical laboratory contained in every small leaf, in every blade of grass and every algae. Next, photosynthesis occurs (see the formula above), during which water and carbon dioxide are transformed into carbohydrates necessary for plants and oxygen necessary for all living things. The mechanisms of photosynthesis are a brilliant creation nature.
Phases of photosynthesis
Also, the process of photosynthesis consists of two stages: light and dark. And below we will write in detail about each of them.
Light phase of photosynthesis
This phase is carried out by the thylakoids. What are these thialakoids? Thylakoids are structures found inside chloroplasts and bounded by a membrane.
The order of processes in the light phase of photosynthesis looks like this:
- Light hits the chlorophyll molecule and is absorbed by the green pigment, causing it to become excited. The electron that enters this molecule goes to more high level and takes part in the synthesis process.
- The splitting of water occurs, during which protons, under the influence of electrons, are converted into hydrogen atoms, which are subsequently used for the synthesis of carbohydrates.
- On last stage During the light phase of photosynthesis, ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is synthesized. ATP is an organic substance that plays the role of a kind of energy accumulator in biological processes.
Dark phase of photosynthesis
This phase of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. It is during this process that oxygen is released and glucose is synthesized. You might think based on the name that the dark phase of photosynthesis occurs exclusively in dark time days. In fact, this is not so, glucose synthesis occurs around the clock, it’s just that at this stage the light energy is no longer consumed and is simply not needed.
Photosynthesis, video
And finally, an interesting educational video about photosynthesis.
The importance of photosynthesis in nature has not been assessed accurately for a long time. At the initial stage of study, many scientists believed that plants emit as much oxygen as they absorb. In fact, careful research has shown that the work done by plants is on a grand scale. Despite their relatively small size, green spaces perform a number of useful functions that are aimed at supporting life on Earth.
The most important significance of photosynthesis is to provide energy to all living beings on the planet, including humans. In the green parts of plants, under the influence of sunlight, oxygen and a huge amount of energy begin to form. This energy is used by plants for their own needs only partially, and the unspent potential accumulates. Then the plants are used as food for herbivores, who thereby receive the necessary food without which their development would be impossible. Then herbivores become food for predators; they also need energy, without which life will simply stop.
A person is located a little away from this, so for him the true meaning of photosynthesis does not immediately appear. It’s just that many people are trying to prove to themselves that they are not part of the animal world of our planet. Unfortunately, such denial will lead nowhere, since all living organisms depend to one degree or another on each other. If several species of animals or plants disappear, the balance in nature will be greatly disturbed. To adapt to new living conditions, other living organisms will be forced to look for alternative food sources. True, there are cases when the disappearance of some species leads to the extinction of others.
The importance of photosynthesis lies not only in the production of energy, but also in protection from destruction. Scientists have long tried to figure out how life began on our planet - and they created a fairly plausible theory. It turned out that the diversity of living organisms became possible only due to the presence of a protective atmosphere, which was formed through intensive work huge amount plants. Of course, with sizes modern forests Even individual plants cannot be believed in such a miracle, but the ancient plants were of gigantic size.
Old giants flora died, but even after death they benefit all humanity. The energy that has accumulated in them now enters our homes in the form of coal. Today, the role of this type of fuel has decreased significantly, but for a long time humanity escaped the cold with its help.
Also, do not forget that ancient plants passed on their baton to modern trees and flowers, which maintain the preservation of the atmosphere. The more green spaces there are on our planet, the cleaner air which we breathe. The destruction and increase of harmful ones has led to holes appearing in the ozone layer. If humanity does not understand the true role of photosynthesis, it will lead itself to self-destruction. We simply cannot survive without oxygen and protection, and the number of tropical forests continues to rapidly decrease.
If people truly want to preserve life on their planet, they must fully understand the significance of photosynthesis. When every single person recognizes the importance of plants, when we stop thoughtlessly cutting down forests, then life on Earth will become better and cleaner. Otherwise, people will have to learn to withstand the scorching rays of the sun, breathe smog, harmful emissions and obtain energy from alternative sources.
What our future will be like depends only on us - and we want to believe that people will make the right choice.
Photosynthesis is the life process of green plants, the only one in the biosphere associated with the accumulation of solar energy. Its significance lies in the diversified provision of life on Earth.
Biomass formation
Living things - plants, fungi, bacteria and animals - consist of organic substances. The entire mass of organic matter is initially formed during the process of photosynthesis, which occurs in autotrophic organisms - plants and some bacteria.
Rice. 1. Auto- and heterotrophic organisms.
Heterotrophic organisms, consuming plants for food, only modify organic substances without increasing the total biomass of the planet. The uniqueness of photosynthesis is that during the synthesis of organic substances, solar energy is stored in their chemical bonds. In fact, photosynthetic organisms “tether” solar energy to the Earth.
Life support
Photosynthesis constantly produces organic substances from carbon dioxide and water, which provide food and habitat for various animals and humans.
All energy used in the life of living organisms is initially solar. Photosynthesis fixes this energy on Earth and transmits it to all inhabitants of the planet.
The substance and energy stored during photosynthesis are widely used by humans:
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- fossil energy resources;
- wood;
- wild plants as raw materials and aesthetic resources;
- food and technical crop products.
1 hectare of forest or park absorbs 8 kg of carbon dioxide in 1 hour in summer. This amount is allocated for the same time to two hundred people.
Atmosphere
The composition of the atmosphere changed precisely due to the process of photosynthesis. The amount of oxygen gradually increased, increasing the organisms' ability to survive. Initially, the first role in the formation of oxygen belonged to green algae, and now to the forests.
Rice. 2. Graph of changes in O₂ content in the atmosphere during the evolution process.
One of the consequences of increasing oxygen content in the atmosphere is the formation of the ozone layer, which protects living organisms from harmful solar radiation.
It is believed that it was after the formation of the ozone layer that life on land became possible.
Photosynthesis is both the primary source and a factor in the development of life on Earth.
The value of photosynthesis on modern stage took on a new aspect. Photosynthesis inhibits the increase in CO₂ concentration in the air due to the combustion of fuel in transport and industry. This reduces the greenhouse effect. The intensity of photosynthesis increases with increasing CO₂ concentration up to a certain limit.
Rice. 3. Graph of photosynthesis depending on the CO₂ content in the air.
Concept from school photosynthesis associated with green. This is the color of a pigment called chlorophyll. Without its accumulation in the leaves photosynthesis process not possible. How does the white sequoia survive?
Plant photosynthesis based on 0.4% of light rays. Half of them do not reach the surface of the planet. Of the remaining, only 1/8 is suitable for photosynthesis. There are restrictions on the wavelength of light. Plants take 0.4% from suitable rays.
If converted into energy, this is 1% of its total amount. The usual course of photosynthesis occurs under the influence of sunlight. However, plants have also learned to use artificial rays.
Light photosynthesis comes down to the production of glucose. She goes for food. The byproduct of the reaction is oxygen. It is released by flora into the external environment, replenishing the Earth's atmosphere.
Oxygen and glucose are produced during the reaction between carbon dioxide and water. Chlorophyll is a kind of catalyst in this interaction. Without it, the reaction is not possible.
Interestingly, chlorophyll is found only in plants. The functions assigned to the pigment are reminiscent of the work of blood in the body of animals. Chlorophyll is similar to the hemoglobin molecule, but with magnesium in the center.
Iron is used in human blood cells. However, chlorophyll has an effect on human bodies similar to hemoglobin, namely, it increases the level of oxygen in the blood and accelerates nitrogen metabolism.
Photosynthesis reaction may proceed quickly or slowly. It all depends on environmental conditions. Important: the intensity of the light flux, air temperature, its saturation with carbon dioxide and oxygen. The ideal is to reach the compensation point. This is the name given to the coincidence of the plant’s respiration rates and the release of oxygen.
If light enters the chloroplast cells, in which chlorophyll accumulates, from above, then water for the plant reaction is pumped out of the soil. This is why watering plants is necessary. Lack of moisture inhibits photosynthesis reactions. As a result, the plant turns yellow, that is, it loses chlorophyll.
Field representative of the flora at this moment, the leaves will not turn green. Chlorophyll also helps pump water out of the soil. It turns out to be a vicious circle. No watering - no chlorophyll, no chlorophyll - no water delivery to the plant.
Now, let's turn our attention to glucose. Since greens produce it from water and carbon dioxide, it means that organics are obtained from inorganic. By adding phosphorus, sulfur, or nitrogen to sugar, plants produce vitamins, fats, proteins, and starches. Grass and trees supplement glucose from the soil. The elements come dissolved in water.
Phases of photosynthesis
Phases of photosynthesis- This is a division of the process into photolysis and a reduction reaction. The first occurs in the light and boils down to the release of hydrogen. Oxygen is a by-product of the reaction, but it is also needed by the plant. It uses gas during the breathing process.
Light phase of photosynthesis stimulates chlorophyll. Due to an excess of energy, its electron breaks away and begins to move along the chain of organic compounds. During the journey, the particle promotes the synthesis of adenosine diphosphoric acid from adenosine triphosphoric acid.
The energy given to the electron is spent on this. ADP is needed for the plant to form nucleotides. They are included in nucleic acids, without which the metabolism of flora representatives is not possible.
Having wasted energy, the electron returns to the chlorophyll molecule. This photosynthesis cell recaptures a quantum of light. The electron, tired from work, is reinforced by it, again going to work. This is the light phase of the process. However, he doesn't stop in the dark.
Dark photosynthesis aimed at capturing from external environment already carbon dioxide. Together with hydrogen, it participates in the formation of 6-carbon sugar. This is glucose. This result of photosynthesis is also accompanied by the formation of substances that help capture new portions of carbon dioxide.
They are captured again by chloroplasts. They spend the energy accumulated during the day. The resource is used to bind carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate. This is a 5-carbon sugar. The reaction produces two molecules of phosphoglyceric acid.
Each of them has 3 carbon atoms. This is one of the stages of the Calvin cycle. It occurs in the stroma, that is, the lining of the chloroplasts. The cycle consists of three reactions. First, carbon dioxide attaches to rubulose 1,5-bisphosphate.
The reaction requires the presence of rubulose biphosphate carboxylase. This is an enzyme. In his presence, hexose is born. Phosphoglyceric acid molecules are obtained from it.
Once the phosphoglycerol compound is produced, the plant reduces it to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Its molecules go in two “directions”. The first produces glucose, and the second produces rubulose-1,5-diphosphate. As we remember, he picks up the gas carbonic.
Photosynthesis at both stages it occurs actively in plants, since they have adapted to capture the maximum amount of sun energy during the day. Let's remember school classes. Photosynthesis Several botany lessons are devoted.
Teachers explain why most plants have flat and wide leaves. This is how flora representatives increase the area for capturing light quanta. It’s not for nothing that people made solar panels wide but flat.
Photosynthesis of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide enters plants through stomata. These are similar to pores in leaves and trunks. The process of absorbing gas and then releasing oxygen through the same ostia is reminiscent of breathing in humans.
The only difference is the alternation of stages. People inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. In plants the opposite is true. This is how the planet maintains a balance of two gases in the atmosphere.
Products of photosynthesis carry the energy of the sun. Animals do not know how to process it. Eating plants is the only way to “recharge” from the daylight.
By processing carbon dioxide, plants are able to give people and animals twice as much. Representatives of the flora work with 0.03% of gas in the atmosphere. As you can see, carbon dioxide is not the predominant one in it.
Under artificial conditions, scientists brought the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air to 0.05%. Cucumbers, at the same time, produced 2 times more fruit. They reacted to changes in the same way.
Scientists increased the level of carbon dioxide by burning sawdust and other waste from the wood processing industry in greenhouses. Interestingly, at a gas concentration of 0.1%, the plants were no longer happy.
Many species began to get sick. In tomatoes, for example, in an atmosphere with an excess of carbon dioxide, the leaves began to turn yellow and curl. This is another confirmation of the danger of atmospheric oversaturation with CO 2. By continuing deforestation and industrial development, people risk putting the remaining plants in conditions unsuitable for them.
It is possible to increase the level of carbon dioxide to the optimal level not only by burning wood waste, but also by adding fertilizers to the soil. They provoke the proliferation of bacteria.
Many microorganisms produce carbon dioxide compounds. Concentrating near the ground, it is immediately captured by plants, benefiting the flora and the entire population of the Earth.
The meaning of photosynthesis
If we allow the level of carbon dioxide in the lower atmosphere to increase everywhere, and not just in experimental greenhouses, a greenhouse effect will occur. This is the same global warming, which is either already approaching or is not “shine”.
Scientists do not agree. If we talk about facts that speak in favor of the greenhouse effect, we recall the melting of Antarctic ice. Polar bears live there. For several years now they have been included in .
Part of the life of bears has historically been crossing water latitudes on the way to new glaciers. Rushing towards them, the animals are increasingly exhausted, never reaching their goal. The expanses of water are increasing.
It is becoming increasingly difficult to swim to patches of land. Sometimes bears die on the way. Sometimes, predators from the Red Book reach the ground, but exhausted. There is no strength left for hunting or walking on solid ground.
From the above, we conclude: without photosynthesis or with a reduction in its share, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will provoke a greenhouse effect. Not only the climate of the planet will change, but also the composition of its inhabitants, their appearance, adaptations to environment.
This will happen until the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air reaches a critical 1%. Further, the question itself arises photosynthesis. Water The world's oceans may remain its only source. Algae also “breathe”. The cells that store chlorophyll are different.
However, the essence of the process of photosynthesis in terrestrial and aquatic plants is the same. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is not necessarily transferred to the aquatic environment. It can maintain balance.
Some scientists suggest that with a gradual increase in the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air, representatives of the flora will be able to adapt to new conditions. Tomatoes will not fold their leaves, capitulating to the realities of the future.
Perhaps plants evolve by learning to recycle large quantity CO2. The scientists' guess falls into the "better not to check" category. Too risky.
The meaning of photosynthesis is associated not only with maintaining the life of the plants themselves and saturating the Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen. Scientists are struggling with artificial reactions.
Water split into hydrogen and oxygen under the influence of solar radiation is a source of energy. This energy, unlike that obtained from petroleum products and coal, environmentally friendly, safe.
Where does photosynthesis occur?- doesn't matter. The energy that he carries with him is important. So far, a person receives a resource only by absorbing plant foods. The question arises, how do carnivores survive? It is not for nothing that they hunt herbivores, and not their own kind. The meat of animals that eat grass and leaves retains some of their energy.
In addition to the energy of photosynthesis, its products are also important. Oxygen, for example, is used not only for the respiration of animals, but also for the formation of the ozone layer. It is located in the Earth's stratosphere, on the border with space.
Ozone is one of the modifications of oxygen that it takes when rising to thousands of kilometers in height. Here the element fights the radiation of the Sun. Without the ozone layer, the sun's radiation would reach the surface of the planet in doses dangerous to all living things.
Interestingly, some invertebrates can help maintain the balance of gases on the planet. The slug Elisia Chloroti, for example, has learned to assimilate algal chloroplasts.
The sea dweller eats them, “taming” the cells with chlorophyll in the mucous membrane of his stomach. The slug genome encodes proteins needed for green pigment for photosynthesis.
The produced substances are supplied to the chloroplasts and they “feed” the invertebrate with sweet glucose. People can survive on it for some time. Suffice it to recall hospitals where glucose is administered intravenously to the weakened.
Sugar is the main source of energy and, most importantly, fast. The chain of conversion of glucose into clean energy is shorter than the chain of conversion of fats and proteins. Of course, they learned to synthesize sugar artificially.
But many scientists are inclined to believe that glucose from plants, fruits and vegetables is more beneficial for the body. This is similar to the effect of vitamins. Synthetic and natural have the same composition, but the position of the atoms is slightly different. Experiments prove that pharmacy vitamin C provides questionable benefits, but the same substance from lemon or cabbage provides undeniable benefits.
The benefits of photosynthesis are also undeniable. It is familiar and, at the same time, still keeps many secrets. Get to know them in order to ensure a happy future for yourself and the planet as a whole.
