Musical works and musical genres. What is music and its directions? Examples of musical works of different genres

This music is performed by a generation of musicians who grew up on jazz, funk and hip-hop, and uses elements from all three directions. Such traits of Acid Jazz as richness in percussion, as well as predominantly live performance, put this style closer to jazz and Afro-Cuban music than to other dance styles. On the other hand, the accentuated groove brings Acid Jazz closer to funk and hip-hop. The term itself first appeared in 1988, at the same time as the name of an American record label and an English series of compilations on which jazz and Funk music of the 70s was re-released and which the British had previously called rare groove. In the late 80s and early 90s, many Acid Jazz artists appeared, which represented both live bands - Stereo MC's, James Taylor Quartet, the Brand New Heavies, Groove Collective, Galliano, Jamiroquai, and studio projects - PALm Skin Productions, Mondo GroSSO, Outside, and United Future Organization.

For the most part, the Alternative genre is characterized by the same features that have always been characteristic of Heavy Metal (powerful, loud guitars and thrashing riffs), but at the same time, the alternative direction has enriched the genre with a punk concept. Instead of strictly sticking to the traditionally frivolous themes that dominated mainstream Heavy Metal, Alternative Metal bands tried to tackle deeper issues in their work, much like Metallica did, but without them recklessly. fast paced, intricate guitar solos and raucous, roaring vocals.
Actually in music, alternative metalists initially adhered to more atonal (inharmonious) melodies than traditional metal bands. However, after Nirvana's Great Breakthrough in the early 90s, when Grunge began to dominate hard rock, all the characteristic features of Alternative Metal became more blurred: this genre began to stretch from the thrashing, dissonant Helmet to the important, stately Stone Temple Pilots riffs ... Soon, most of the new metal bands were perceived exclusively as alternative ones, although apart from live performances and characteristic fuzzy distortion sound, they had little to distinguish from traditional metal sheets.

Ambient was created on the basis of experiments with the synthesis of electronic music by musicians such as Brian Eno and Kraftwerk and dance trance techno in the 80s of the 20th century. Ambient uses electronic reverb and spatial sound technology, the texture of the sound itself plays an important role here, and not the writing of lyrics and music. Music changes slowly, has a repetitive nature, so it may seem the same to an inexperienced listener. Although the content and timbre of the compositions of ambient performers have great differences among themselves. The ambient style became popular, cult music in the early 90s, thanks to the ambient techno musicians the Orb and Aphex Twin. Ambient literally means surrounding, enveloping, immersion. There is a legend about the origin of this style, according to which Ambient was invented by one of the greatest sound producers of the late 20th century, Brian Eno. Once in the hospital and lying bedridden for a long time, Ino began to listen to the sounds coming from the window of his room, looking for their inner melody in them. Then he began to record environmental noises and compose whole tracks from them. Then he released all this in several discs under the general name Ambient. Of course, now you need to distinguish between Ambient original and electronic. Electronic ambient is soft, viscous music, in which there is no pronounced beat. This is calm music, in which noise loops are used as a background, and the main melody plays unobtrusively and, as a rule, is very long. Ambient often uses fragments of phrases, bits of sound from old films, high-tech sounds and, most importantly, a lot of reverb and echo. Now you can find very little ambient in its purest form. Ambient elements are now present in almost all styles from house to hip-hop, so this style has leaked into all the others and is not going to go back into oblivion, from which Eno pulled it out. The most famous ambient musicians are Pete Namlook, Aphex Twin, Seefeel, The Future Sound of London, The Orb, Delerium.

Originating from the prolific dance scene in Miami (Freestyle) and Detroit (Electro) in the mid-80s, Bass Music brought the Funky-Breaks from the aesthetic of the 70s into the digital age with frequency drum machines capable of such a frenetic and bassy rhythm that most car or club acoustics of the time could not stand. The original Miami pioneers were 2 Live Crew and DJ Magic Mike - they pushed this style into a characterful and obsessed audience, and the Detroit pioneers were DJ Assault, DJ Godfather and DJ Bone who mixed all of the above with Techno to create extremely fast-paced music. Bass Music even entered many dance charts in the early 90s. Bands like 95 South's and 69 Boyz' and their songs "Whoot (There It Is)" and "Tootsee Roll" not only charted, but were also certified Multi-Platinum.

Blues (English blues from blue devils - melancholy, despondency) is a single blues composition or genre of music that became widespread in the 20s of the XX century. It is one of the achievements of African American culture. It was formed from such ethnic musical directions of the black African American society as “work song” (eng. Work song), “spirituals” (eng. Spirituals) and cholera (eng. Holler). In many ways, he influenced modern popular music, especially such genres as “Pop” (English Popular music), “Jazz” (English Jazz), “Rock’n’roll” (English Rock’n’roll). The predominant form of blues is ¾, where the first 4 measures are often played on the tonic harmony, 2 each on the subdominant and tonic, and 2 each on the dominant and tonic. A characteristic feature of the blues are "blue notes". Often music is built according to the “question-answer” structure, expressed both in the lyrical content of the composition, and in the musical content, often built on the dialogue of the instruments among themselves. Blues is an improvisational form of a musical genre, where compositions often use only the main supporting “frame”, which is beaten by solo instruments. The original blues theme is built on the sensual social component of the life of the African American population, its difficulties and obstacles that arise in the way of every black person.

Breaks Despite its "black" roots, by the beginning of the nineties, House music had become very rhythmically simplified and lost the original energy of the Negro ghetto. It was then that Breaks appeared, which used the sound of hip-hop, reggae, less often raga.

Breakbeat - (“broken” beat) style, or to be more precise, a whole direction, was formed in the early 90s, stylistically finally formed in 1994. Great Britain is considered to be the place of his birth, and the main cities where this style was initially most widespread are London and Bristol. The name of the style fully reflects its essence: no directness and tenderness. Often the term “breakbeat” refers to very specific aggressive music at a tempo of about 130-140 bpm, with a dense guitar sound, with clear drum accents on beats 2 and 4 and fuss in the 3rd area. The main criterion for defining a “breakbeat” is clean, almost untreated drums and percussion (with the possible exception of compression) and a standard 4/4 rhythm. The purposefulness of the sound is emphasized by tangible bass lines, using analog devices like the “Roland TB-303″. Sometimes, for the final pathos, wind instruments or a symphony orchestra are used.

Chillout (from English Chillout, Chill out music) is a style of electronic music whose name comes from the English slang word meaning "relaxation".

Originating in the early 1990s, the then chill-out was relatively seasoned and slow. During this time, several seminal albums were released with the prefix "Chill Out" in the title. These albums were also closely associated with downtempo, trip-hop, slower versions of house music, nu-jazz, psybient and lounge music. This musical style has also been influenced by trance, ambient, and the creative dance music (IDM) style. The term "chill out" is mainly used to describe tonal, "relaxing" music, or at least not as intense as the aforementioned predecessors. It is wrong to attribute various kinds of hypnotic rhythms to chill-out. Sometimes the name "soft techno" is used instead of chill-out.
Recently, chill-out has become popular among progressive trance and progressive house musicians, making their work more diverse. Therefore, sometimes this genre is called Ibiza Trance / Balearic House - after the island of Ibiza, as well as Goa-trance after the name of Goa, India. This music reflects the atmosphere of the island of Ibiza, and, as fans of the genre say, listening to this euphoric and spiritually uplifting music, you can vividly imagine a Mediterranean sunset. This effect is achieved through the use of synthesized sounds. string instruments, wave sounds, mandolins and guitars, as well as whispery vocals.
A chill-out is also called a separate dance floor at fairly large concerts (parties) in the style of Goa-trance and its derivatives, or in general a recreation area in dance clubs. Relaxing music of the aforementioned styles is usually played in the chill-out, dancing on the main dance floor comes there to relax. The largest psy-events are also equipped with a special "dark" dance floor, where they play dark psytrance - a kind of opposite to chill-out.

Music (from other Greek μουσική - the art of muses) - the art of intonation; musical composition. Artistic activity in music is aimed at sound material (musical sound) - individual sounds or sound complexes (harmonic sequences, rhythmic figures, melodic intervals, modes, tonalities, sonorous effects, etc.), organized in pitch, temporal, timbre, loudness, and other relations with the aim of embodying a special figurative thought that associates the states and processes of the external world, internal human experiences with auditory impressions (artistic image).

Rock music is a generic name for many areas of music that have existed since the mid-1950s. The word "rock" - to pump - in this case indicates the rhythmic sensations characteristic of these directions associated with a certain form of movement, by analogy with "roll", "twist", "swing", "shake", etc. Such signs of rock music as the use of electric musical instruments, creative self-sufficiency (rock musicians are characterized by performing compositions of their own composition) are secondary and often misleading. For this reason, the affiliation of some styles of music with rock is disputed. Rock is also a special subcultural phenomenon; subcultures such as mods, hippies, punks, metalheads, goths are inextricably linked with certain genres rock music.

Rock music has a large number of directions: from light genres such as danceable rock and roll, pop rock, Britpop to brutal and aggressive genres such as death metal and grind. The content of the songs ranges from light and laid-back to dark, deep and philosophical. Often rock music is opposed to pop music and the so-called. "pop", although there is no clear boundary between the concepts of "rock" and "pop", and many musical phenomena balance on the verge between them.

The origins of rock music lie in the blues, from which the first rock genres came out - rock and roll and rockabilly. The first subgenres of rock music arose in close connection with the folk and pop music of that time - primarily folk, country, skiffle, music hall. During its existence, there have been attempts to connect rock music with almost all possible types of music - with academic music(art rock, appears in the late 60s), jazz (jazz rock, appears in the late 60s - early 70s), Latin music (Latin rock, appears in the late 60s), Indian music (raga rock, appears in the mid 60s). In the 60s and 70s, almost all the major subgenres of rock music appeared, the largest of which, in addition to those listed, are hard rock, punk rock, and avant-garde rock. In the late 70s and early 80s, such genres of rock music appeared as post-punk, new wave, alternative rock, wheat rock (although early representatives of this direction appeared already in the late 60s), hardcore (a major subgenre of punk rock), as well as brutal metal subgenres - death metal, black metal. In the 90s, the genres of grunge (appeared in the mid-80s), Britpop (appeared in the mid-60s), alternative metal (appeared in the late 80s) were widely developed.
The main centers for the development of rock music are the USA and Western Europe (especially Great Britain). Most of the lyrics are English language. However, although, as a rule, with some delay, national rock music appeared in almost all countries. Russian-language rock music (the so-called Russian rock) appeared in the USSR already in the 1960s and 1970s. and reached its peak in the 1980s, continuing to develop in the 1990s.

Club/Dance music is included in many other styles from Disco to Hip-Hop. There are many different dances in history that are performed to various dance music, including Club / Dance. Club/Dance music became a style in its own right in the mid-70s when Soul evolved into Disco and whole clubs were devoted to dancing. In the years 75-77, dance clubs played only Disco, but by the end of the decade, it changed and moved into other style forms. All these forms were collected under one term “Club / Dance”, Dance-Pop, Hip-Hop, House and Techno and many other styles fell under this comb. Together, these styles were connected and connected by only one thing - rhythm - in every dance style, rhythm remains the most important condition.

Club House this offshoot came in the early 90s when a wave of commercial music swept over Europe. Just as in the 80's disco was called quintessentially club music, in the 90's a movement emerged whose sole purpose was to make people dance. To put it simply, the basis remained house, however, all dissonant melodic combinations were removed, the vocals became more “sweet”, syncopations that were “difficult” for the perception of an ordinary listener were also discarded. The result is unpretentious and accessible music with an unpretentious rhythm and simple arrangement. Some varieties of this music are also called handbag (the name comes from a kind of dance that little girls perform on the dance floor). The most interesting form of club house is Mellow House, which uses pure relaxation beats and appropriate sounds.

Hip Hop/Trip Hop

In the terminology of Rap music, Hip-Hop is usually referred to as a culture - painting on the walls of houses, dancing breakdance and spinning "vinyl" in addition to rap rhymes - surrounding the music. As a musical style, however, Hip-Hop refers to the type of music that is created by taking all of these attributes into account. Since the trend has been around long enough in the music scene to have a history of its development, Hip-Hop teams began to look back at the work of such old-school masters as MCs Kurtis Blow and Whodini, as well as DJs Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa. In fact, the last surge of popularity (Zulu Nation) occurred in the late 80s around two of the most famous Hip-Hop artists - De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest. In the 90s, when there was a real breakthrough in Rap music, dozens of Hip-Hop musicians began to return to the origins of the old school ("old school"), including such underground rappers as Mos Def and Pharoahe Monch.

At its core, Hip-Hop is a rhythmic accompaniment to rap texts, performed in a rather unhurried manner. It has a minimalist approach to the use of samples, loops and characteristic turntable playing. The main load falls on the bass and on the dense sound of the drums. Bands such as Public Enemy and others used Hip-Hop rhythms, adding social rap lyrics to them.

Another member of a long line of trends clinging to UK dance culture in the post-acid house phase and rapidly changing the ever-experimenting underground. Trip-Hop was created by British music publications to characterize the new style of downtempo, jazz, funk and experimental breakbeat music that began to emerge in 1993. featuring record labels such as Mo'Wax, Ninja Tune, Cup of Tea and Wall of Sound. Similar (though mostly without vocals) to American hip-hop in its use of sampled drum breaks, this style was a more experimental phenomenon, inspired by a lot of ambient elements and a psychotropic atmosphere. Thus, the term “trip” quickly took root and was used to describe everything from Portishead and Tricky to DJ Shadow and U.N.K.L.E., Coldcut, Wagon Christ and Depth Charge, much to the regret of many of these musicians who saw their music as an extension of conventional hip-hop rather than a new offshoot used to create hype. One of the first commercially significant hybrids based on dance music, full versions Trip-hop albums have become consistent top alternative charts in the UK, and according to musicians such as Shadow, Tricky, Morcheeba, the Sneaker Pimps and Massive Attack, the style brought much of the first-wave electronica music to America.

D'n'B Intelligence

DRUM'N'BASS is one of the embodiments of the "breakbeat" concept. Formed by the beginning of the 90s as a style that combines a bass line at 80 bpm and an abundance of various drums at 160 bpm. Nothing else. Due to the temperament of the drums, this style is perceived as a dance style, due to the slower (often with a reggae character) bass line, it can be perceived as relaxing music. Gradually, beautiful, sometimes melancholic melodies began to be added to this style. In short, by the mid-90s, “Drum’n’bass” slowly but surely transformed into an intelligent jungle.
INTELLIGENT - music with this characteristic is intended more for listening and relaxing than for use at parties, especially as a dance floor decoration. There are intelligent variants of "jungle", "techno". Compared to pure styles, their reasonable versions are more melodic, atmospheric, and you can trace the theme, often very pretty.

Disco (Eng. Disco, lit. "disco") is a genre of dance music that emerged in the early 1970s. Disco was being developed almost simultaneously in the US and Europe. American disco is characterized by a sound close to funk and soul. European disco was closely intertwined with traditional pop music and general trends in pop music. One of the first disco hits in Europe was Dalida's "J'attendrai" (1975). In the United States, the style's first hits are Hughes Corporation's "Rock The Boat" (U.S. No. 1 hit of the year), George McCrae's "Rock You Baby" and the Love Unlimited Orchestra's "Love's Theme" (theme from "Heat") in 1974. General formula disco composition looks like this: dance rhythm at a tempo of about 120 beats per minute and "live" melodies, often heavily orchestrated.

Downtempo (English downtempo - low tempo) or downbeat (downbeat) - a style in modern electronic music. Music is characterized by a slow rhythm, most often broken. Close to trip-hop, but less pressing and depressing. Close to ambient, but has a rhythmic structure, often consisting of loops that have a "hypnotic" effect. Distinguished by a constant desire for innovation.

Easy Listening (Easy Listening) is not a special direction in music, but the attitude of listeners towards it. But anyway, in this article we will call Easy Listening a certain style. Easy Listening - music that is easily perceived and does not require much understanding of the rhythm and melody. The history of this style dates back to the 50s, when the famous musician Henry Manchini wrote the soundtrack for the first episodes of the Pink Panther cartoon and many films of the 50s and 60s. The press has since begun to show hysterical interest in this direction. The biggest record labels are flooding Easy Listening musicians with offers to release their albums. In addition, various companies are also reissuing classics in the Easy Listening style. Now we can hear this music in soundtracks for various films such as “From Dusk Till Dawn”, “Pulp Fiction”, “Four Rooms”, “Generation X”, “Romeo + (and) Juliet”, etc.

Electroclash is a genre of popular music that combines elements of new wave, punk and dance electronics. Electroclash musicians use: sound traditions of the 80s (synthesizers, often early analog, drum machines), retro sound, musical minimalism, combining this with visual images of the 70-80s, vintage disco and punk aesthetics. Prototypes of the electroclash aesthetic can be seen in cult movie"Liquid sky". One of the founders of electroclash is Suicide. Electroclash gained popularity in the late 90s in New York and Detroit. The official birthplace is considered to be the Lacks club in Williamsburg, where Larry T, the man who coined the word "electroclash" and owns the rights to it, threw parties. The origins of the name are at the intersection of influences experienced by a number of European and American groups working in this vein. Lyrics mostly borrow from punk themes, are often aggressive and focus more on emotion than technique.

Electronic - School of Music focused primarily on the study and application of the possibilities of sound synthesis, the creation of completely new, previously unheard, artificial timbres. Historically, the ground for the emergence of electronic music was prepared by the development of sonoristic interpretation of sound in the works of composers of the first half of the 20th century. Electronic music originated in Germany and first made itself known in 1951, when at the Summer Courses in Contemporary Music in Darmstadt, W. Mayer-Eppler demonstrated an example of montage of “electrosounds”. The largest representatives of the electronic school are the Germans Herbert Eimert, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Hans Werner Henze, the French Henri Pusser, Pierre Boulez, the Italians Bruno Maderna, Luciano Berio, the Japanese Toshiro Mayuzumi and others.

Representatives of the electronic school operate with sound at the level of its ancestral basis - that is, the overtone series. The achievements of the electronic school have greatly influenced pop, rock and modern dance music.

Folktronica or Electrofolk is a genre of music that includes various elements of folk music and electronics. The term folktronica, which from now on "brands" electronic music with elements of ambient, folk, jazz, classical and hip-hop, in the creation of which mainly analog synthesizers are used.

Funk (English funk) is one of the fundamental currents of African American music. The term denotes a musical direction, along with soul that makes up rhythm and blues, as well as a dance style to this music. The formation of funk began in the 60s in opposition to the growing commercialization of rhythm and blues. The founders of the style were James Brown and George Clinton. The name of the style comes from the word "funky", which in jazz jargon means "a bizarre, intricate manner of performance."

Funk, first of all, is dance music, which determines its musical features: the ultimate syncopation of parts of all instruments (a syncopated bass is called “funky”), a pulsating rhythm, screaming vocals, repeated repetition of short melodic phrases. Larry Graham is often credited with inventing the "bass percussion technique" of slapping, which has become a hallmark of funk. Guitarists in funk bands play in a rhythmic style, often using a wah-wah sound effect. "Dead" or muted notes are used in riffs to enhance percussive elements. Jimi Hendrix was the pioneer of funk rock. The follower of funk in the new century was the synth-funk style.

In fact, Fusion (from the English “fusion”, “fusion”) is a fusion of two or more musical styles (for example, English Art-rock, in which elements of classical music and rock arrangements of instrumental parts are “fused”). However, most of the bands that are classified as Fusion players play a fusion of jazz and rock, pioneered by jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, who was the first to use electric instruments and rock rhythms in long jazz improvisations in the mid-60s. Numerous followers of Davis - John McLaughlin, Tony Williams, Billy Cobham, Chick Corea, Joseph Zawinul and Wayne Shorter - somewhat modified the "fusion" of jazz and rock, shifting the emphasis to rock, which ensured success in the youth audience. Complex piano and guitar chords, virtuoso instrumental solos have become characteristic of this direction. In the late 70s, jazz saxophonist Ornette Coleman, known as a free jazz virtuoso, made Jazz-rock Fusion more powerful, dynamic and called his version “harmonic Fusion”.

Pop (Eng. Pop-music from Popular music) - the direction of modern music, a type of modern mass culture. This is not just popular music, but also based on traditional pop rhythms for the Western world. In various regions of the world, it is based on Western pop rhythms, but only with separate elements of regional varieties of local traditional music. Pop music can mimic different musical styles, the most popular at the moment, but the rhythmic basis changes little. Therefore, pop music has little effect on music of different genres and styles.

This style appeared in the mid-80s in Chicago. In the era of disco reigning supreme, this style was very pretentious and, of course, trendy in very narrow progressive circles. The house style was created exclusively for dancing and was created exclusively with the help of electronic musical instruments, drum machines and synthesizers. There are several versions of the origin of the name of this style. One of them says that the House was named after the Warehouse club, where local DJs first started mixing Kraftwerk music with straight beats made on a drum machine. House music has changed a lot since then, in the 90s it became the most relevant and fashionable, dozens of new styles were born on the basis of house, and house compositions took their leading places in the charts. House is definitely main style 90s. You don't need to explain what house sounds like. House music is not very fast, about 130-140BPM, accompanied by an absolutely direct beat (clap or snare is applied to every second kick), a hat sounds on every sixteenth beat. That's the whole house. Modern house went back to its roots and began to use a lot of disco elements, so that at the end of the nineties there was a real revival of this style. However, it became not too solemn due to the fact that hip-hop has finally taken root in pop culture, and house now belongs to the style of the last century.

A complex term meant to refer to electronic music from the 90s that can be used equally well on the dance floor and at home. Over time, the IDM (Intelligent Dance Music) style has largely gained negative notoriety among dance musicians and fans who have been driven by the mere question of whether they are playing nonsensical dance music or not. Originating in the late 80's, this sound has grown from a combination of heavy dance, mostly from rave parties and large scale club events, plus downtempo. DJs such as Mixmaster Morris and Dr. Alex Paterson combined soft synth pop/new wave Chicago house with ambient, encouraging a new wave of musicians inspired by a wide variety of musical sources. (During these years, many DJs and musicians also protested against the growing chart orientation of British dance music, with the new hits “Pump Up the Jam” from the team Technotronic and “Sesame’s Treat” from Smart E’s as examples.) Sheffield’s Warp Records worked with the best representatives of this genre in fact, a prolific collection from the Warp studio called Artificial Intelligence introduced half a dozen center artists to listeners around the world. in this style: Aphex Twin, the Orb, Plastikman, Autechre, Black Dog Productions and B12. Other major record labels Rising High, GPR, R&S, Rephlex, Fat Cat, Astralwerks were also making quality IDM releases, although by the mid-90s the majority of electronica music recorded for listeners pushed studios towards further experimentation and beat orientation. In the absence of a central, commercial scene, North America became the most fertile and hospitable ground for IDM, and by the end of the 90s, dozens of established studios opened their doors to work with musicians in this style, including Beat, Isophlux, Suction, Schematic and Cytrax. Despite frequent attempts to rename the style (Warp suggested the term "electronic listening music" and Aphex Twin settled on "braindance"), the IDM style remained a viable way for fans to express their usually confusing preferences.

"Independent" rock. Usually, the definition of “indie bands” (and, accordingly, “indie rock”) includes groups and performers who work outside the sphere of interests of large record companies and record on so-called “indie” or “independent” companies. Often the "independence" of these firms means low budget, even more often - the desire to play and promote music that interests a very limited circle of listeners, that is, commercially unpromising. The English and American music press tend to view indie rock as the art of snobbery, although in some cases "independent" bands create really talented works for which the general public is not sufficiently prepared. As a rule, the style of indie bands has nothing to do with their “independence” – it can be hard rock bands or psychedelic bands, the main thing that unites them is the desire for some kind of artistic integrity and a declaration about the “non-sale of art”. Since the early 90s, the concepts of "indie" and "alternative rock" have become synonymous. Typical representatives: Nirvana, Jesus Lizard, Porno For Pyros, Sonic Youth, etc.

A culture conceived and created as anti-music did not last long. The music of noises really began to be perceived as music, it is quite sold-bought and “caresses” the ears of hundreds of people around the world. This certainly has something to do with the world of electronic music, if only because Kraftwerk themselves stood at the origins of all this.
Industrial styles are distinguished into: Percussion Industrial, Improve Industrial, Industrial Noise, Musique Concrete, Electro Body Music, Aggro-industrial and Darkwave.

This dissonant, sharp sounding music emerged from the experiments with electronics and sound recording of such mid-70s bands as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle (the label name of the second of them - Industrial Records - gave the name to the new style). This music was full of electronics, distortion and was too avant-garde for the rock of that period. After these initial designs, Industrial Dance groups such as Ministry, Front 242, Nitzer Ebb, Skinny Puppy emerged in the mid-80s. Over the next decade, Industrial became heavy metal, with artists such as Nine Inch Nails, White Zombie, Marilyn Manson gaining widespread popularity.

Jazz (English Jazz) - form musical art, which arose at the beginning of the 20th century in the United States as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures and subsequently became widespread. Characteristic features of the musical language of jazz initially became improvisation, polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. Further development of jazz occurred due to the development of new rhythmic and harmonic models by jazz musicians and composers.

Latin (Spanish música latinoamericana) is a generalized name for the musical styles and genres of Latin American countries, as well as the music of people from these countries who compactly live in other states and form large Latin American communities (for example, in the USA). IN colloquial speech the abbreviated name "Latin music" (Spanish música latina) is often used.
Latin American music, whose role in the daily life of Latin America is very high, is a fusion of many musical cultures, but it is based on three components: Spanish (or Portuguese), African and Indian musical cultures. As a rule, Latin American songs are sung in Spanish or Portuguese, less often in French. Latin American performers living in the US are usually bilingual and often use English lyrics.

Spanish and Portuguese music does not belong to Latin American, being, however, closely related to the latter with a large number of connections; moreover, the influence of Spanish and Portuguese music on Latin American is mutual.

Lo-Fi (eng. Lo-fi) - a direction in music, which is characterized by low quality sound recording. Many lo-fi bands record their music on cheap cassette recorders. This is a peculiar form of protest, which is inherent in alternative rock. The lo-fi movement began a long time ago. All early rock and roll records (Buddy Holly, The Beach Boys, Beatles), garage rock of the 1960s, The Velvet Underground albums, punk rock of the late 1970s can be attributed to lo-fi. However, as a separate genre, lo-fi stood out in the alternative rock of the 1980s. The indie rockers of the time preferred to record on non-professional four-track tape recorders. Lo-fi did not become widely known until the 1990s with bands such as Beck, Sebadoh and Pavement. Today, many release groups of the mp3 scene use the term Lo-Fi, placing it in the ID3 tags of the music genre, to indicate that this or that mp3 release belongs to the style of quiet, calm and beautiful music with a slow rhythm: chill out, lounge, downtempo, trip hop, acid jazz, etc.

Lounge (also lounge) (eng. lounge music) - a term in popular music to refer to light, background music, which originally often sounded in the halls (hence the name - eng. lounge - hall, living room, salon) of hotels, shops, cafes, elevators. In contrast to the more general term "light music", the lounge is characterized by a greater jazz influence, intimacy and improvisation. Although there is music specifically recorded for this purpose, the term "lounge" encompasses a wide range of performers of various genres - from jazz, bossa nova to electronica. General characteristic are light, soothing compositions. Literally, any musician who plays for the public at restaurants and shops can be considered a lounge performer. Lounge music is associated with parties with an indispensable martini. IN music industry The United States intersects with the lounge so-called bachelor lounge music - another format that is distinguished by the presence of experimental kitsch performers.

There is often an opinion that noise is practically the same as Dark Ambient, and this is probably correct. Just like ambient, pure noise is characterized by the absence of a clearly defined melody and rhythm, but it is distinguished by a greater heaviness and gloom of sound and, as a rule, a very dirty sound. Noise is characterized by industrial noises and playing on random coincidences of sounds. There are also such areas as rhytm & noise (the term Power Electronics is also sometimes used), i.e. rhythmic noise (Master/Slave Relationship, Hunting Lodge, Esplendor Geometrico, P.A.L., Blackhouse, Allerseelen) and japanoise (Aube, Merzbow, Masonna), i.e. Japanese noise, the most radical form of noise, the compositions of which, as a rule, are monotonous aggressive noises.

The history of Goa style is quite intricate. A few decades ago, this term was used to refer to the style of music performed in Goa, India. European musicians, inspired by Indian philosophy, culture and aesthetics, tried to express their feelings in music and called the style Goa as well. Gradually, the concept of Goa-Trance was somewhat blurred, many musicians, who took Goa-trance tracks made by the followers of Indian culture as a standard, began to sculpt their own creations, not an inch trying to delve into the roots of real Goa music. Goa-trance began to call music produced by anyone. Gradually, styles nevertheless separated from all this pseudo-Goa music, a separate layer was singled out called Psychedelic Trance. The origin of Psychedelic Trance is the British Isles, later this style spread to Germany, Holland, Denmark and other countries of Western Europe. What is Goa Trans? This is a soft style. There is no hard beat here. The basis of Goa is melody and harmony. Psychedelic also includes intricate synth lines, transforming, sometimes sharp and bright, sounds associated with hi-tech/space style. Both styles do not have heavy bass, although there are additions of pulsating ultra-low bass. You can meditate to this music, you can dance, you can think. Goa/Psychedelic Trance is not a pure dance style, it's a complex compilation of different styles and concepts, esoteric. Traditional Indian instruments such as the sitar and sador (or their electronic counterparts) were often used to create music, combined with the powerful, hypnotic synth that trance has always been known for. This style is much less suitable for DJ work and vinyl records than other electronic dance styles (DAT was often used instead of vinyl). Therefore, the Goa style until the end of the 90s had a relatively small number of DJs who promoted it around the world. Record labels such as Dragonfly, Blue Room Released, Flying Rhino, Platipus and Paul Oakenfold's Perfecto Fluoro have become important sources of new musical material. The most popular English DJ Oakenfold finally provided Goa trance with a large number of fans, which had been so lacking for several years. He promoted this music on the radio and in clubs across the country. In Britain (Return to the Source) Goa trance was also well received, the studio released three collections of the best trance music. Labels: Perfecto Fluoro, Tip Records, Symbiosis Records, Flying Rhino, Blue Room, Transient.

Rap (English rap, rapping) is a rhythmic recitative, usually read to music with a heavy beat. A rap artist is called a rapper, or by the more general term MC.

Rap is one of the main elements of the hip hop music style; often used as a synonym for hip-hop. However, rap is used not only in hip-hop music, but also in other genres. Many drum and bass artists use rap. In rock music, it is found in genres such as rapcore, nu metal, alternative rock, and alternative rap. Pop musicians and contemporary RnB artists also often use rap in their compositions.
The word "rap" comes from the English rap - knock, blow (a hint at the rhythm of rap). To rap also means "to speak", "to speak".
Later, erroneous backronym theories arose, according to which the word rap is supposedly an abbreviation. Transcripts like “Rhythm and Poetry” (Rhythm and Poetry), “Rhytmic African Poetry” (Rhythmic African Poetry), or “Radical American Poetry” (Radical American Poetry), etc. were called. Initially, they read rap not for commercial purposes, but for pleasure, and at first they did it mainly by DJs. These were uncomplicated rhyming couplets addressed to the audience. The performance of rhyming chants right on the streets to this day remains a tradition of black neighborhoods. In addition, so-called. "battles" - verbal duels in which two rappers quarreled, keeping the rhyme and rhythm. Battles can be not only swearing, it can be the supply of a rhymed text on a specific topic.

The genre and culture of hip hop, of which rap is a major part, reached its peak of popularity in the 1990s. Rap has also had a major impact on R'n'B music.

R&B - (Rhythm and blues), a blues vocal-instrumental style of Negro music of the 1930s, which arose under the influence of swing. Subsequently commercialized. Considered one of early forms Negro rock music. Its commercial modifications, created by white musicians, include "rock and roll" and "twist".

Reggae music was born in Jamaica in the early 60s, its origins and tributaries are numerous: Ska, Rock-Steady, calypso (music of Trinidad and Tobago), Zouk (music of the Antilles), Soul and, of course, Jazz. In the middle of our century, the Caribbean musical styles Ska and calypso became fashionable among the British colonists in Jamaica, spread throughout the New World and became popular among Europeans. In Jamaica, turbulent socio-political events were taking place at this time, and it was time for music to reflect the social context. Black Jamaicans needed a sound that would convey exclusively their mood and attitude to what is happening in their lives. New music sounded from the "unemployed street". It was a slow mix of Ska and Rock-Steady with a boosted bass line. The centers of communication for young people of both sexes was the “disco” - Dance hall or dances, and all kinds of “strain” in the crowded city crowd of lumpen constantly took place at “dances”. Then, in one of the first songs of Bob Marley, the “rude boys” were asked to “cool off” - the songs acquired social meaning. The arrival in Jamaica in 1966 of His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I caused an extraordinary spiritual uplift among the majority of Jamaicans. For Rastafarians, this was an event of exceptional importance. With his name and faith in the Lord, all the best in reggae is ennobled. When soulful words lay down on good dance music, hymns were born. Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Bani Wailer are guitar-wielding revolutionaries whose call is the uprising of the spirit, through the realization of His reality, and also through the intention to throw off the shackles of the slavish habit of following the ways of Babylon. Their global message to all the oppressed found a global response: “Get up! Arise! Rise up for your rights!” It is clear that having received the opportunity to record and publish their own music, the Africans turned to their tradition and found there a sound that is called: “roots” and gave out “to the mountain” musical products under the general name: “reggae”. It must be said that the Rastafarai movement is developing independently of reggae, but many musicians praise the Almighty in their songs.

Tango (Spanish tango) - 1. Old Spanish folk dance. Doubles ballroom dance free composition, characterized by an energetic and clear rhythm. 2. Music for such a dance. Initially, it was developed and distributed in Argentina and Uruguay, then it became popular all over the world. Previously, tango was known as tango criollo, or simply tango. There are many dance styles of tango today, including Argentine tango, Uruguayan tango, ballroom tango (American and international style), Finnish tango and old tango. Argentine tango is often regarded as the "authentic" tango because it is closer to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay.
Music and dance elements of tango are popular in activities related to dance, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, etc.

Techno originates from the electronic house music developed in Detroit in the mid 80s. Where house still has a clear connection to disco, even when the style was purely mechanical, techno has always referred to strictly electronic music designed specifically for a certain small audience. Early techno musicians and DJs Kevin Saunderson, Juan Atkins and Derrick May focused on the electronic, synthesized beats of electro-funk artists such as Afrika Bambaataa and synth-rock artists such as Kraftwerk. In the US, techno was only an underground phenomenon, but in the UK it broke into the country's mainstream music scene in the late 80s. In the early 90s, techno began to split into many sub-genres, including hardcore, ambient, and jungle. In the style of hardcore techno, the beats per minute of each track have been increased to ridiculous and dance-impossible levels in order to chill and alienate the masses of fans. In the case of the Ambient style, everything happened the other way around - there was a decrease in rhythm and the appearance of spatial electronic textures; it was used as relaxing music when ravers and club youth needed a break from acid house and hardcore techno. Jungle was almost as aggressive as hardcore, combining energetic techno beats with breakbeats and dance reggae. All sub-genres of techno were originally intended to be used in clubs where they were mixed by DJs. Consequently most of music was available on 12" singles or compilations by various musicians, where the songs were quite long, which gave the DJ a lot of material for mixes. In the mid 90s, a new type of techno musician emerged, mostly ambient artists like the Orb and Aphex Twin, but also more heavy style like the Prodigy and Goldie they started making albums with compositions that didn't contain raw material for DJ mixes. It is not surprising that these musicians, especially the Prodigy, became the stars of the world techno.

This style broke free in the early 90s, leaving German techno and hardcore behind. Trance is based on endless repetitions of short synth samples throughout the track, while allowing minimal changes in the rhythm and frequency response of the synth to be able to distinguish songs. The effect of such music is that the listeners are plunged into a state of trance, similar to religious. Despite the decline in interest in music in the mid-90s, trance returned again, but towards the end of the century, displacing house as the most popular style of alternative dance music from the world music arena. Influenced by acid house and Detroit techno, the development of trance coincided with the opening of R&S Records (Ghent, Belgium) and Harthouse/Eye Q Records (Frankfurt, Germany). R&S defined the format with singles such as "Energy Flash" (Joey Beltram), "The Ravesignal" (CJ Bolland) and other compositions from Robert Leiner, Sun Electric and Aphex Twin. The Harthouse studio was opened in 1992 by Sven Vath with Heinz Roth & Matthias Hoffman. She had a significant impact on the trance sound itself, with compositions from Hardfloor (“Hardtrance Acperience”) and own composition Vath (“L’Esperanza”), plus releases from the Arpeggiators, Spicelab and Barbarella. Musicians such as Sven Vath, Bolland, Leiner and many others began to play music in full (without cuts), although this did not make much of a turn in world music. Despite a long period of formation and development, the trance style completely disappeared from the world stage, completing its influence on British musical culture in the late 90s, it was replaced by breakbeat dance (trip-hop and jungle). The classic German sound did make some changes, so the term “progressive” trance appeared, used to describe the influence from the softer forms of house and Euro dance. By 1998, most famous DJs such as Paul Oakenfold, Pete Tong, Tony De Vit, Danny Rampling, Sasha, Judge Jules were playing trance in the most prestigious British clubs. Even the US has taken notice (finally) of this style, led by great DJs including Christopher Lawrence and Kimball Collins.

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There are a great variety of musical genres and directions. If you start listing the genres of music, the list will be simply endless, since dozens of new musical trends appear on the borders of different styles from year to year. This is due to the development of musical technologies, new developments in the field of sound production, sound production, but first of all, with the need of people for a unique sound, with a thirst for new emotions and sensations. Be that as it may, there are four broad musical directions that, in one way or another, gave rise to all other styles. There are also no clear boundaries between them, and yet the production of a musical product, the content of the songs and the structure of the arrangements differ markedly. So what are the genres of vocal music, at least the main ones?

Pop

Pop music is not only a direction, but also a whole mass culture. The song is the only form that is acceptable for the pop genre.

The key points in creating a pop-composition are the presence of the simplest and most memorable melody, the construction on the principle of a verse-chorus, and the rhythm and human voice are brought to the fore in the sound. The purpose for which pop music is created is purely entertainment. A pop-style performer cannot do without a show ballet, production numbers and, of course, expensive video clips.

Pop music is a commercial product, so it constantly changes in sound depending on the style that is at the peak of popularity. For example, when jazz was in favor in the US, artists like Frank Sinatra became popular. And in France, chanson has always been in honor, so Mireille Mathieu, Patricia Kaas are a kind of French pop icons. When there was a wave of popularity of rock music, pop artists widely used guitar riffs in their compositions (Michael Jackson), then there was an era of mixing pop and disco (Madonna, Abba), pop and hip-hop (Beastie Boys), etc.

Modern world stars (Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyonce, Lady Gaga) picked up the wave of rhythm and blues and develop it in their work.

Rock

The palm in rock music is given to the electric guitar, and the highlight of the song, as a rule, is the expressive solo of the guitarist. The rhythm section is weighted, and musical drawing often complicated. Not only powerful vocals are welcome, but also mastery of the technique of splitting, screaming, growling and all kinds of growls.

Rock is a sphere of experiments, expression of one's own thoughts, sometimes - revolutionary judgments. The problems of the texts are quite broad: the social, political and religious structure of society, personal problems and experiences. It is difficult to imagine a rock artist without his own group, since performances are carried out only live.

The most common rock music genres - list and examples:

• rock and roll (Elvis Presley, The Beatles);
• instrumental rock (Joe Satriani, Frank Zappa);
• hard rock (Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple);
• glam rock (Aerosmith, Queen);
• punk rock (Sex Pistols, Green Day);
• metal (Iron Maiden, Korn, Deftones);
• (Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, 3 Doors Down), etc.

Jazz

Describing modern genres of music, it would be worth starting the list with jazz, since it had a huge impact on the development of other areas, including pop and rock. Jazz is music based on African motifs brought to the United States from West Africa by black slaves. Over the century of its existence, the direction has changed significantly, but what is unchanged is the passion for improvisation, free rhythm and widespread use. Jazz legends are: Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and others.

Electronic

The 21st century is the era of electronics, and the electronic direction in music today occupies one of the leading positions. Here, bets are made not on live instruments, but on electronic synthesizers and computer sound emulators.

Here are the most popular and in-demand electronic music genres, a list of which will give you a general idea:

• house (David Guetta, Benny Benassi);
• techno (Adam Beyer, Juan Atkins);
• dubstep (Skrillex, Skream);
• trance (Paul van Dyk, Armin van Buuren), etc.

Musicians are not interested in sticking to the framework of style, so the ratio of performers and styles is always rather relative. Genres of music, the list of which is not limited to the above areas, have recently tended to lose their characteristics: performers mix musical genres, in music there is always a place for amazing discoveries and unique finds, and the listener is interested every time to get acquainted with the next musical novelties.

The textbook is intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges to be used in the lessons "Playing musical instruments". The manual includes theoretical material that introduces students to the main genres of music. The application contains musical material that can be used for listening and performance by students in the classroom.

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Music genres

Translated from French word genre means type, genus, manner. This word refers to the type of works that have their own distinctive features, content, form and purpose. To better understand what a genre is, let's turn to painting. You well know that if a person is depicted in a picture, this picture is called a portrait. If nature is depicted on the canvas, it is a landscape. The image of fruit, game is called a still life. Portrait, landscape and still life - genres in painting. In literature, this is a story, a novel, a short story, an essay.

Music also has its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: song, dance and march. A wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them with three whales, on which all music rests.Song, dance and marchhave become part of our everyday life and have become so merged with it that sometimes we do not notice and do not perceive them as art. Which of us thought when listening to our mother's lullaby, walking in a sports formation, or dancing in a disco that a piece of music was being performed? Of course, no one. But they are always with us - song, dance and march.

In opera, in symphony and choral cantata, in piano sonata and string quartet, in ballet, in jazz, pop and folk music in a word, in any field of musical art, we are waiting for the support of the "three whales".

Song

Long before there was professional music, folk songs truthfully and artistically reflected the typical features national character one people or another.The birth of a song has long been associated with the lives of people, their labor activity, everyday life. Song , like sobbing or laughing, reflects the state human soul That is why they are so diverse and numerous. The peculiarity of the song is in the harmonious combination of words and music.

Very often, the definition of “folk” is added to the word “song”. Each folk song has a pronounced national flavor, because the peoples of all nations and all continents sing in their own way. hard to confuse Russian song from Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro.Like a precious stone, the song was passed from mouth to mouth from one generation to the next. Each performer brought something of his own, individual to it. Often, therefore, the same texts were sung in different villages with different tunes. There are various types of folk songs: labor, play, ritual, family and household, round dance, dance, lyrical, epic and many others.

Most often, the song is performed with the accompaniment of a musical instrument. Using folk themes, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantatas, oratorios, operas and operettas. The song organically entered symphonic music. And there are many such examples.

Dance one of the oldest expressions folk art. IN

Rhythmic or smooth movement, people sought to convey their feelings

moods and thoughts. So ritual dances appeared, which became

an indispensable attribute of every holiday. Many peoples have kept

And up to our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance into art

- ballet. Dance while participating in solemn ceremonies or having fun

free evenings and holidays. Each nation has its own

National dance traditions with characteristic, inherent music.

french dance chimes (courante - “running”, “current”)

Of court origin, but quite fast, different

complex, intricate figures and their corresponding music.

A completely different dance sarabande - slow, majestic. He was born

in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning ceremony. This was reflected in

Name (sacra banda in Spanish - "holy procession").

Gigue - an old dance of English sailors, fast, cheerful,

laid-back. These four dances have long been united by composers

to suites.

Many wonderful dances have long existed in Poland. Most

Polonaise, mazurka, krakowyak became famous among them.

The oldest of them is polonaise . In the old days he was called the great or

walking dance. Its current name comes from the French

polonaise ("Polish"). Polonaise - a parade procession opened

court balls. In addition to the court, there was also a peasant

Polonaise, more calm and smooth. Favorite dance was

mazurka , more precisely - Mazury (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -

Mazovia). Folk mazurka with a cheerful, perky, sharply accented

Melody is a pair dance in which there are no figures invented in advance.

Third Dance - Krakowiak differs from the first two in a clear size.

All these dances are presented in the works of Chopin, We hear them in

Glinka's opera Ivan Susanin.

Polka dance belongs to another Slavic people - the Czechs.

Its name comes from the word pulka - "half", as they danced

his small steps. This is a lively, laid-back dance that

They dance in pairs in a circle. The most beloved of Czech dances, it sounds in

Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride.

An interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance Lendler. Doubles

The circular dance, named after the Austrian region of Landl, is in

At the beginning of the 19th century, he migrated from villages to cities in Austria and Germany. His

began to dance at balls, and gradually it turned into a well-known and

everyone's favorite waltz.

In Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies" and Brahms's "Hungarian Dances"

characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They

immediately recognizable by ear, reminiscent of the Hungarian folk dance chardashe.

Its name comes from the word csarda - "tavern", "tavern".

Hungarian taverns have long served as a kind of clubs, where

local residents gathered. In them or on the platform in front of them and

danced. Czardas emerged by the beginning of the 19th century, and not in the peasant

Wednesday, but in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,

pathetic and mobile, fire dance.

The city of Toronto is located in southern Italy. He gave the name

national dance tarantelle.

Spanish dances are very colorful. jota - favorite Spanish dance

The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia are characterized by a fast pace,

sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the clicking of castanets. It's double

a dance performed to the guitar or mandolin. The peculiarity of jota

Glinka was captivated during his trip to Spain. His orchestral

"Aragonese Jota" is written on a genuine folk theme.

Another popular dance is bolero (in Spanish volar - "to fly")

more moderate, with a polonaise-like rhythm.

In Russia, purely instrumental dance music didn't get that much

widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and

quick merry dances, and smooth round dances - usually accompanied by

singing. The most popular perky dance in the 19th century"Lady" even

It got its name from the refrain of the song "Madame-lady". Among

dances of other peoples are known Ukrainian Cossack , fast, perky

Moldovian.

Caucasian dance gained immense popularity lezginka. Music

Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted

to the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of elemental power and

passions lezginka sounds in the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by Glinka, in the ballet

"Gayane" Khachaturian.

March. The French word marche means "walking". In music, this is the name given to pieces written in a clear, energetic rhythm, to which it is convenient to march. Although the marches differ from each other, they have one thing in common: the march is always written in an even size - two or four quarters, so that those walking do not go astray. But there are exceptions to every rule. Listen to A. Alexandrov's song to the verses of V. Lebedev - Kumach " Holy war". It was written in three-part meter, and yet it is a real march, under which the soldiers went to the front. The march is an important organizing, unifying beginning. It is no coincidence that many revolutionary songs are written in the rhythm of a march. These are the famous Marseillaise, Internationale, Varshavyanka. Called the king of the march Soviet composer AND ABOUT. Dunayevsky. He wrote many famous marches: "March of Enthusiasts", "March of Athletes", "Sports March". There are several types of marches: drill, counter, concert, funeral.

Chaikovsky. March of the wooden soldiers;
Doll Funeral ("Children's Album");
"Wedding March" by Mendelssohn;

Marches from operas: M. Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila";
G. Verdi "Aida"; Ch. Gounod "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata in B flat major;
L. Beethoven. Finale of the Fifth Symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell Slav";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunayevsky. Motion picture march" Funny boys ".

Definition of a genre in works of classical music.

Musical genres also differ in the way they are performed. INsymphonic musicit is a symphony, a concerto, a suite.

Symphony - a piece of music for the orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Concert - a work for one or (rarely) several solo instruments and orchestra, as well as public performance musical works.

Seasons Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi - the first four violin concertos from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concerts, one of his most famous works, also one of the most famous baroque musical works. Written in 1723, first published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one season and consists of three parts corresponding to each month. The composer prefaced each of the concerts with a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It should be added that the paradigm of artistic thinking is not limited to a single meaning or plot, and involves secondary meanings, hints, symbols. The first illusion that arises is the four ages of a person, from birth to death (the final part contains an unambiguous allusion to the last circle of Dante's hell). The allusion to the four regions of Italy is just as open, according to the four cardinal points and the path of the sun across the sky. These are sunrise (east, Adriatic, Venice), noon (sleepy, hot south), magnificent sunset (Rome, Latium) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the content of the cycle is much richer, which was clear to any enlightened listener of that time. At the same time, Vivaldi reaches here the heights of genre and direct depiction, not shying away from humor: the music contains the barking of dogs, the buzzing of flies, the roar of a wounded beast, etc. All this, coupled with an impeccably beautiful form, determined the recognition of the cycle as an indisputable masterpiece.

Suite - a work for one or two instruments from several heterogeneous pieces connected by a common idea.

IN chamber music genres: trio, quartet, sonata, prelude.

Trio (from Latin tria - "three") - a musical ensemble of three musicians-performers, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Quartet - musical ensembleof four performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Sonata - a musical work of three or four parts of different tempo and character.

Prelude (from Latin - before and game) - a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.

In vocal music- romance, oratorio, cantata.

Romance - vocal composition, written on a small poem of lyrical content, mostly love; chamber music and poetry for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Oratorio - major piece of music for choir, soloists and the orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from the Holy Scriptures. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.

Cantata (Italian cantata, from Latin сantare - to sing ) is a vocal and instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.

To musical and theatrical genresinclude opera, operetta and ballet.

Opera - a work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and an orchestra. In this musical genre, poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

The literary basis of the opera is the libretto. Often the basis of the libretto is some kind of literary or dramatic work. For example, the opera The Stone Guest by Dargomyzhsky was written to the full text of Pushkin's Little Tragedy. But usually the libretto is reworked, as the text should be concise and concise.

Almost every opera begins with an overture - a symphonic introduction, which in general terms acquaints the listener with the content of the entire action.

The music in the opera reveals the innermost feelings of the characters, their character,

talks about their thoughts. In dramatic performances, this is conveyed in

actors' monologues. In the opera, the role of a monologue is played by an aria (translated from

Italian - "song"). Arias are characterized by a wide chant. To more

Fully show the hero, several of his arias are introduced into the opera. In the opera P.I.

Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" Lensky performs the aria "Where, where have you gone", which shows his emotional experiences, excitement,

uncertainty about the future. Arioso Lensky "I love you, Olga" -

A small aria of free construction of a lyrical character.

Another important component of opera is ensembles. During the simultaneous

Singing several soloists, we not only hear the voice of each

The performer, but we also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.

The largest ensemble, without which not a single opera can do, is the choir.

The orchestra plays an important role in the opera. He not only accompanies the entire opera,

but also is a kind of protagonist, since the music performed by

Orchestra, reveals the idea of ​​the work, reveals thoughts, feelings,

the relationship of the characters, determines the dramatic development of the plot.

An important component of the opera are dance scenes. In the opera M.I.

Glinka "Ivan Susanin" the second act is almost entirely built on

dancing. This is a peculiar characteristic of an arrogant, self-confident

the victory of the Polish gentry. That's why they dance polonaise at this ball,

Krakowiak, mazurka, presented by the composer not folk, but

Knightly dances.

Operetta (from Italian operetta, literally a small opera) -

Theatrical performance in which individual musical numbers

Alternate with dialogue without music. Operettas are written in

comic plot , musical numbers in them are shorter opera houses, in general

the music of the operetta is light, popular, but inherits

directly the traditions of academic music.

Ballet (from Italian ballo - dancing) - a kind of stage performance arts;

performance, the content of which is embodied in musical

choreographic patterns. Most often, ballet is based on

a certain plot, dramatic design, libretto, but there are also

plotless ballets. The main types of dance in ballet

are classical and characteristic dance. An important role here

Pantomime plays, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the characters, their

"conversation" among themselves, the essence of what is happening. In contemporary ballet

Elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet

requires endurance and endurance from any person involved in it.

The song is one of the most common genres of vocal music; it combines a poetic text with an easy-to-remember melody. Songs can be performed by one performer, as well as by a group or choir, with instrumental accompaniment and a cappella.

The most popular is the song. Basic and composing. Their main difference is that the compositional one has at least one author, while the folk one does not have an author, its creator is the people.

Folk songs are passed down from the older generation to the younger. They spread throughout the country thanks to itinerant musicians who replenished their repertoire and moved from city to city, bringing them to different listeners. The common people were not taught to read and write, they did not know how to write down music and texts, so the songs were memorized. Naturally, in different cities they could sing the same piece with different words or melody. In addition, each performer could change the text or motive at will, so in our time you can find several different versions of one song. At first, people sang at weddings, funerals, on the occasion of the birth of a child, during rituals. Then people began to sing when they worked, and rested when they were sad or happy.

Composer songs appeared around the 16th and 17th centuries, with the development secular culture. These are compositions that have at least one specific author and must be performed as intended by the creator. The song creativity of composers reaches the listener in its original form, even if several centuries have passed since its creation.

Types of songs

There are the following genres of songs:

• author's (or bard);
• Neapolitan;
• hymns;
• folk;
• historical;
• rock ballads;
• variety;
• country;
• romances;
• chanson;
• ditties;
• lullabies;
• children's;
• drill.

Both long-established and contemporary song genres are listed here. Examples of some of them: “It's great that we all gathered here today” O. Mityaeva (bardovskaya); "Oh, frost, frost" (folk); “I remember a wonderful moment” by M. Glinka to the words of A. Pushkin (romance); "Return to Sorrento" by E. de Curtis and J. de Curtis (Neapolitan); “Soldiers, brave kids” (combatant) and so on.

Russian folk songs

Folk songs are divided into ritual and non-ritual. Ritual accompanies any ritual: a wedding, a funeral, the birth of a child, harvesting, etc. Non-ritual - performed not on any particular occasion, but at gatherings, during conversations and evenings, they are sung for mood, expressing the emotions and feelings of people. The themes of folk songs can be anything: love, hard peasant or recruiting share, historical events Or real historical figures...

Genres of Russian songs:

• wedding;
• recruiting;
• lullabies;
• nursery rhymes;
• pestle;
• calendar ceremonial;
• crying;
• coachmen;
• ditties;
• funeral;
• robbery;
• burlatsky;
• lyrical;
• round dance;
• dance;
• invocations.

Chastushki, by the way, is not a very ancient genre; they appeared a little over a hundred years ago and were sung in them about love. Initially, they were performed only by boys.

Folk songs include works that express the feelings and moods of those who sing them. Such songs are divided into family and love. They can be different in character, even reckless and unrestrainedly cheerful. But for the most part, Russian folk lyrics express sadness and longing. Often in the lyrics, the mood of a person is compared with natural phenomena.

Folk songs can be performed by a soloist, group or choir, accompanied by instruments and a cappella.

romances

There are such genres of songs where accompaniment is no less important than words and melody. Romance belongs to this category. This genre originated in Spain in the Middle Ages. The word "romance" called works performed in the Spanish style. Later, all secular songs began to be called that. Russian composers wrote romances based on poems by Alexander Pushkin, Afanasy Fet, Mikhail Lermontov and other poets. In our country, this genre was at the peak of popularity in the 19th century. Many composed romances, the most famous works of this kind songwriting belong to M.I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, S.S. Prokofiev, S.V. Rachmaninov,

bard song

The genres of songs that appeared in the 20th century are pop, chanson, bard song and others. In our country this species musical creativity originated in the second half of the 20th century. A bard song is different in that, most often, the author of the text, the composer and the performer are one and the same person. That is, the author himself performs his work with his own guitar accompaniment. In this genre, the dominant role belongs to the text. Initially, these songs were divided into student and tourist, later the subject expanded. Bright representatives of this genre: V. Vysotsky, Yu. Vizbor, B. Okudzhava, S. Nikitin, O. Mityaev, V. Dolina. The performers of such songs were often called "singing poets". In the 50-60s of the 20th century, this genre was called "amateur song", since often bards are not professional composers, poets and singers.