Summary: Problems of preservation of cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations. Cultural Heritage and the Museum in the Age of Globalization Heritage Preservation in the Context of Globalization
In the context of globalization, the factors that determine the development of the sphere of culture are radically changing. There is a dominance of the pragmatically useful side in socio-cultural activity, social life, which leads to the erosion of values, deformation of the principle of utility and sharply poses the problem of the very existence of culture and society. Along with the erosion of the former spaces of existence of ethno-cultural integrity, globalization leads to another mixture of peoples. At the same time, each nation strives to preserve its cultural integrity and spiritual image, to capture and preserve the uniqueness and uniqueness of its culture. In the dual ethno-cultural process of “globalization” and “nationalization”, a universal culture is being formed with the simultaneous flourishing of national cultures and the national ethnic identity of peoples. At present, it is almost impossible to find a single ethnic group that has not been influenced by the cultures of other peoples.
The North Caucasus has always been a region of highly developed material and spiritual culture and a place of interaction for many cultures and peoples. Ethnic psychology and self-consciousness of the peoples of the North Caucasus is continuously connected with their history and culture.
The respect for ancestors characteristic of the peoples of the Caucasus, the depth of historical memory, recorded not only in the chronicle, but also in historical legends, genealogies, epic, the features of socio-economic and cultural development - all this led to the formation of the mentality of the peoples of the North Caucasus.
The study of the history and national culture of the Kabardians and Balkars is today one of the actively developing areas in anthropology, ethnography, and cultural history. The increased attention of peoples to their traditional culture is currently due to the increased interest of society in the historical and ethno-cultural heritage. The growth of the prestige of folk culture and the need of members of society to know the historical past, the social and cultural experience of previous generations is not just a tribute to the political situation, but an urgent task that arises in the conditions of universalization and globalization. It is explained by the widespread desire of peoples to preserve their identity, to emphasize the uniqueness of customs and psychological structure, to write new chapters in ethnic history and the history of mankind. The spread of the same cultural patterns around the world, the openness of borders to cultural influence and the expansion of cultural communication, forced scientists to talk about the process of globalization of modern culture. This process has both positive and negative sides.
In the context of globalization, the preservation of the traditional value orientations of the Kabardians and Balkars contributes to the revival of the national culture of the region. The confidence of an ethnic group in the positivity and value of its culture allows it to show tolerance towards other cultures. As a result, national values are enriched with the achievements of locally developing cultural systems, their certain transformation, integration with universal cultural values.
North Caucasian etiquette is an integral part of the code of unwritten laws, customs that regulate the behavior of peoples in all areas of the traditional way of life. Each type of relationship is regulated by the relevant norms that are passed down from generation to generation. Thanks to etiquette, the Kabardian and Balkar culture, while changing, has basically survived as a stable system in the context of globalization. At the same time, it has always demonstrated and continues to demonstrate its openness to renewal and development. Therefore, the three main ethnic groups of the republic
COURSE WORK
CONSERVATION ISSUES
CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION… 3
1. Activities of international organizations in the preservation of cultural heritage ... 5
1.1. Concept, types and international legal status of cultural heritage ... 5
1.2. International Organizations in the World Cultural Heritage System… 11
Chapter 2. Preservation of cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations (on the example of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage) ... 15
2.1.Mission and goals of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage… 15
2.2. Programs to promote the protection of cultural heritage… 16
2.3. Overview of the exhibition "THE WORLD IN THE EYES OF A CHILD"… 18
CONCLUSION… 21
Only recently have cultural institutions around the world realized the need to convey to the widest possible audience, including politicians, the message of how important the protection of cultural heritage is to the quality of people's daily lives. Often our perception of culture is so direct that we take cultural heritage for granted, not realizing how fragile it is and how it is subject to various threats coming from nature and people. These include: uncontrolled commercial activity, the eternal lack of funds necessary for the preservation and maintenance of cultural monuments, as well as indifference when the preservation of cultural heritage is considered as a secondary task.
Although the preservation of cultural heritage has come to be regarded by governments of many countries as a task of great public importance, in the public mind, the understanding of the importance of protecting cultural monuments is still far behind the understanding of the need to protect the environment and wildlife.
Despite a certain interest recently shown by domestic scientists to the topic under consideration, the problems of protecting cultural property in the activities of international organizations at the present stage have not yet received proper coverage in the literature.
These factors combined have led to the purpose of the course work, which stands in the analysis of the main activities of international organizations for the preservation of cultural values.
1. Activities of international organizations in conservation
cultural heritage
1.1. Concept, types and international legal status
cultural heritage
The range of objects related to cultural values is wide and varied. They differ in the nature of origin, in the form of implementation, in the value they represent for social development, and in many other criteria. Naturally, all these differences are reflected in the legal regulation of cultural values.
From a socio-legal point of view, it is of interest to divide these objects into: spiritual and material; movable and immovable; by value - on the values of universal, federal and local significance; according to the form of ownership - on the values that are in federal, municipal and private property; by appointment - for values that, due to their qualitative characteristics, should be used mainly for research, as well as for cultural, educational and educational purposes, cultural values, the main purpose of organizing the use of which is to ensure their optimal preservation, on the one hand, and accessibility for sightseeing tours and tourists on the other hand, and values that have retained their functional purpose well enough, which on this basis can be used for the same or close to them public, economic or other purposes in modern conditions.
Consideration of cultural values from the standpoint of philosophy allows us to say that the values of culture are a value derived from the relationship between the world and man, and include both what is in the world and what a person creates in the process of history.
The policy of the state in relation to cultural values is, as a rule, protective. The only exceptions are short periods of revolutions and reforms. In the Soviet period of Russian history, the priorities of cultural policy were determined exclusively by the state, with the beginning of reforms, the activities of public social systems and, above all, international organizations are becoming increasingly important in the preservation of cultural heritage, but the state has not lost its protective function.
The legislation of the Russian Federation and its subjects, as well as local legislation on the preservation and use of cultural property, must be considered in the context of the international regulatory system, in the context of the concept of world cultural heritage (property), which is normatively enshrined in modern international law. Its essence can be summarized as follows:
1. States, in accordance with their domestic legislation, have the right to declare certain cultural property inalienable (clause d, article 13 of the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 1970).
2. Cultural values that are national cultural heritage (property) are recognized as the world heritage (property) of mankind. The ownership of these valuables cannot be transferred or appropriated by another people (state) (clause 1, article 6 of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972).
3. States are obliged to facilitate the return to interested states of valuables illegally removed from their territory.
The starting point for the formation of this concept was the promotion in the second half of the 60s of the twentieth century in international public law of the concept of "common heritage of mankind" in relation to the seabed and its resources beyond national jurisdiction and somewhat later - in the early 70s - in relation to Moon and other celestial bodies and their resources.
In 1972, under the auspices of UNESCO, the Convention on the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted, as well as the Recommendation on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage in the National Plan, in which the above terms were first used in the light of a coherent concept.
The Russian Federation participates in the aforementioned convention and bears the obligations arising from it by way of general succession under treaties of the USSR.
This concept has found a corresponding refraction at the regional pan-European level. According to the conventions of 1969 and 1985, adopted within the framework of the Council of Europe, the architectural and archaeological heritage of Europe is recognized as "the common heritage of all Europeans". The Russian Federation has been a full member of this authoritative international organization since February 1996 and participates in the above conventions.
The cultural program of the Council of Europe aims to:
→ promoting awareness and development of this identity, which constitutes the cultural mosaic of our continent;
→ search for joint solutions to problems such as the globalization of the economy and its consequences that Member States face in their cultural policies.
Based on the analysis of the legislation of a number of states (USA, England, Germany, France), as well as the principles and norms of international law, it can be concluded that in the above countries, as well as in the practice of international organizations, in particular, UNESCO and the Council of Europe for designations of cultural property, the two most common concepts are used: cultural heritage - das Kulturerbe (cultural heritage) and cultural property - das Kulturgut - patrimoine culturel (literally: cultural property). At the same time, the term "cultural property" in its content in one of the meanings is equivalent to the concept of "national wealth" and therefore is fully reasonably translated into Russian as "cultural property" .
Evidence of the concern of the world community for cultural heritage are the most important international legal acts in this area - conventions for the protection of cultural property: the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing Illicit Import, Export and transfer of ownership of cultural property, 1970, Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, etc.
For example, in accordance with Article 4 of the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property dated November 14, 1970, according to the criterion enshrined in this international legal instrument - according to the source of origin and creation - five groups of movable cultural property classified as cultural heritage. The first group includes "cultural property created by individuals or groups of persons who are citizens of a given state, and cultural property that is important for a given state and created on the territory of this state by foreign citizens or stateless persons residing in the territory of this state." The second group includes the values found on the national territory. To the third - cultural values acquired by archaeological, ethnological and natural-scientific expeditions with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where these values come from. The fourth group includes values acquired as a result of voluntary exchanges. And, finally, in the fifth - cultural values received as a gift or legally bought with the consent of the competent authorities of the country where they originate.
In general, the analysis of literature and legal acts, including international legal acts, relating to the preservation of cultural heritage, allows us to classify cultural values according to a number of criteria, namely:
1. Cultural values in the philosophical aspect are specifically expressed, the best creative result of the social labor of a certain historical era, recognized as a national or universal guideline of human activity for many generations.
2. Cultural values in the legal aspect are unique objects of the material world, which are the result of human activity of past generations or are closely related to it, having a national or universal cultural significance. They have the following characteristics: a) the conditionality of human activity or a close connection with it; b) uniqueness; c) universality; d) special significance for society; e) age.
3. Cultural values according to their internal value content are classified: 1) according to their ancestry - into scientific values and art values; 2) by species - into historical, archaeological, paleontological, philatelic, numismatic, etc. (scientific values); artistic, musical, cinematographic, architectural and sculpture values, etc. (values of art).
1.2. International organizations
in the World Cultural Heritage system
In modern international relations, international organizations play a significant role as a form of cooperation between states and multilateral diplomacy. The emergence of international organizations in the 19th century was a reflection and consequence of an objective trend towards the internationalization of many aspects of society. Mutual ties and cooperation between currently existing international organizations (there are more than 4,000 of them, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental) make it possible to speak of a system of international organizations, at the center of which is the UN. This leads to the emergence of new structures (joint bodies, coordinating bodies, etc.).
Today, one of the main functions of any international organization is the information function. It is carried out in two aspects: firstly, each organization publishes a series of documents directly related to its structure, goals and main activities; secondly, the organization publishes special materials: reports, reviews, abstracts on topical issues of international relations, the preparation of which serves as one of the activities of the organization to guide the international cooperation of states in specific areas.
The World Heritage System consists of several structures:
⌂ UNESCO World Heritage Foundation
⌂ World Heritage Committee
⌂ UNESCO World Heritage Center
⌂ World Heritage Bureau
The UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Fund is of outstanding value. This Fund, in accordance with the relevant articles of the Financial Regulations of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is a trust fund.
At the same time, the Department of External Relations interacts with:
UNESCO ;
International organizations of the World Heritage system;
State organizations;
Orthodox organizations;
Partners.
The Committee may inscribe a World Heritage property as defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention on the List of World Heritage in Danger if it is determined that the condition of the property meets at least one of the criteria given for any of the cases listed below.
For cultural heritage sites:
Established danger- The object is threatened by a specific serious danger, the existence of which is proved, for example:
· serious destruction of materials;
serious damage to the structure and / or decorative elements;
· serious violation of architectural and/or town-planning connectivity;
· serious deterioration of the urban, rural or natural environment;
Significant loss of characteristics of historical authenticity;
significant loss of cultural significance.
Potential Hazard- The object is affected by factors that threaten to deprive the object of its inherent characteristics. Such factors can be, for example:
· change in the legal status of the object and the associated reduction in the category of protection;
Lack of security policy;
· harmful consequences of the economic development of the region;
the detrimental effects of urban development;
the emergence or threat of armed conflict;
· Gradual changes as a result of the impact of geological, climatic and other environmental factors.
The System of International Organizations for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage includes:
ICCROM (ICCROM). The International Research Center for the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property is an intergovernmental body that provides expert support for the conservation of sites included in the World Heritage List, as well as training in restoration technologies. The center was founded in 1956 and is located in Rome. It is an active member of the World Heritage Information Network.
ICOM (ICOM). The International Council of Museums was founded in 1946 with the aim of developing and supporting museums and their employees at the international level. The Council was the initiator of the creation of the World Heritage Information Network.
ICOMOS (ICOMOS). The International Council for the Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites was founded in 1956, after the adoption of the Venice Charter, with the aim of supporting the idea and methodology for the protection of monuments and sites. The Council evaluates properties proposed for inclusion on the World Heritage List, as well as comparative analysis, technical support and periodic reporting on the status of properties included in the List. The Council is one of the leading members of the World Heritage Information Network.
IUCN (IUCN). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is an international non-governmental organization that prepares recommendations to the World Heritage Committee for inclusion in the List of Natural Heritage Sites, and also prepares reports on the state of conservation of the sites included in the List through an international network of specialists. IUCN was established in 1948 and is located in Switzerland. IUCN has over 850 members.
OWHC (OWHC). Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC).
World Heritage Cities is an organization founded in 1993 to develop cooperation between World Heritage cities, especially in the framework of the implementation of the Convention. It promotes the exchange of knowledge and management experience, as well as mutual financial support in the protection of monuments and historical sites. A special approach is the need for a more dynamic management of objects located in cities due to the increased anthropogenic load. To date, there are more than 100 World Heritage cities in the world.
Chapter 2. Preservation of cultural heritage in the activities of international organizations (on the example of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage)
2.1.Mission and goals of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage
St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage was established in 1994 by the Institute of Conservation. Getty, the Administration of St. Petersburg and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The center was opened in June 1995 by Mrs. Tipper Gore, wife of US Vice President Al Gore. In 1996, the government of the Netherlands established the Peter the Great Foundation to support the Center's programs.
The main programs of the Center are:
√ Information programs;
√ Educational programs for professionals involved in the field of cultural heritage preservation;
√ Conservation projects;
√ Scientific projects;
√ Promoting the protection of cultural heritage;
√ Additional tuition for conservative students.
One of the Center's priorities is to strengthen and support the openness of the new Russia by building information bridges. Most of the curators, architects and conservators in leading Russian cultural institutions are on par with their Western counterparts in terms of education and professional competence. However, Russian conservatives were often deprived of information about important developments in their field, as they rarely had the opportunity to travel to the West during the Cold War. Equally, specialists from abroad had only a rare opportunity to come to Russia. Printed works that reached Russia were available only to a small part of the Russian conservative community (practically only to those institutions that could purchase foreign books and subscribe to foreign periodicals). In today's economic conditions, only a few of these institutions can afford to purchase foreign literature and subscribe to foreign periodicals. Thus, the lack of information from abroad is felt as acutely as in the past.
The Center's programs and services are centered primarily, though not exclusively, around preventive conservation, an approach that has been developed in the West over the past 20 years. preventive conservation is based on the idea that by applying macro-methods aimed at preserving the funds as a whole and at improving the conditions for their storage, more cultural monuments can be saved than by processing them one by one in turn. By focusing its programs on preventive conservation, the Center aims to promote and stimulate new conservation approaches without duplicating existing work. This will help bring international achievements closer to Russian practice.
2.2. Programs to promote the protection of cultural heritage
To successfully advocate for cultural heritage conservation to governments, corporate and private philanthropists, and the public at large, its advocates must have a broad understanding of its true value and why it needs to be preserved. This is the only way to guarantee the success of propaganda. Administrators working in the field of cultural conservation must have a solid understanding of the basic principles of management and financial responsibility. However, in order to provide the funds necessary to effectively fight for the preservation of cultural heritage, cultural specialists with a deep understanding of the relevant field and a talent for propagating are needed in leadership positions. This is perhaps the biggest challenge facing the international community of conservatives today, which is why the Center considers it a priority to train cultural professionals in the skills to advocate for the preservation of cultural heritage.
As part of its outreach program, with the help of partner organizations, the Center organizes exhibitions. These exhibitions are designed to draw the attention of the world community to the cultural wealth stored in the cultural institutions of St. Petersburg, as well as to the fact that many of them are under threat. The first traveling exhibition "Watercolors from the Banks of the Neva: Original Drawings from the New Hermitage" was organized jointly with the Russian State Historical Archive. It was held as a stand-alone event at the Consulate General of the Russian Federation in New York in January 1997 and later that year at the American Federation of Architects Octagon Museum in Washington DC.
The Center, acting both independently and jointly with partners, through publications, videos, lectures and other events seeks to increase awareness of the conservation needs of St. Petersburg around the world. In order to prevent the destruction of elements of the cultural environment, especially urban landscapes and cultural monuments, by rampant and uncontrolled commercial activities, the Center works closely with leading experts and politicians, promoting responsible policy towards the cultural environment at the local, Russian and international level.
2.3. Overview of the exhibition "THE WORLD IN THE EYES OF A CHILD"
The organization of children's charity exhibitions has become a good tradition in the Trubetskoy-Naryshkin mansion. Every year orphans from St. Petersburg orphanages take part in these exhibitions. On March 1, 2004, the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage organized another exhibition in the pink living room of the Trubetskoy-Naryshkin mansion (Tchaikovsky Street, 29) entitled "The World through the Eyes of a Child", where the works of orphans from orphanages were presented. The works of young artists were brought from Berlin, several cities in Holland, as well as from Washington. Pictures of German children are presented in a separate exhibition series "Preserving the Masterpieces of the World". The work was done by children from St. Hedwig's Hospital in Berlin.
A separate room of the exhibition was dedicated to the drawings of the children of the city of Washington, created with the support of the "Washington Arts Group" by Ms. Roslyn Cambridge in the Hirchshorn Museum. Seven works are written as variations on the themes of works of modern American painting, presented in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum. Each children's work was accompanied by a small poem by famous US poets.
"Fish" Laquita Forester, Washington Arts Group
« Composition » David Roger Washington Art group
A series of works dedicated to the beloved city appears before the audience in bright and colorful works created by orphans at the art studios of the orphanage No. 46 of the Primorsky District, which is supervised by the House of Scientists and the Neva Rotary Club. Interesting and talented children's teams have repeatedly presented their work at art exhibitions in St. Petersburg.
The guys dedicated their works to their city - St. Petersburg, and they all used different painting techniques. Here one could see an interesting combination of ink and watercolor, as well as gouache and cold batik. In this fabulous variety of material, technique, color schemes and combinations, and most importantly, in the perception of each child, the bright creative individuality of each of them was expressed.
"Walking around the city" Ashravzan Nikita, 8 years old, Orphanage No. 46
"Peter and Paul Fortress" Polukhin Vladimir, 11 years old
By tradition, the solemn opening of the exhibition was fun and interesting - with surprises, prizes and gifts. And the organizers have prepared a musical and game program for children, so that every child can feel a real holiday by being present at the exhibition of their paintings.
In 2004, under the auspices of the St. Petersburg International Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, together with other institutions and organizations, the following events were also held:
April 25-28, 2004 international conference “Art in the Church. XIX-XX centuries Problems of History, Conservation and Revival of Church Art.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the concept of the cultural heritage (property) of peoples is a logical reflection at the national level of the concept of world cultural heritage (property), enshrined in modern international law, and the terms "cultural heritage" and "cultural heritage" in their origin in their modern use are received into the internal law of states from the relevant international legal sources.
The most important document in the field of protection of the world cultural heritage is the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972). It concerns monuments, cultural and natural sites of exceptional value to all mankind.
The problems of preserving the cultural heritage of mankind include:
1) insufficient development of legal aspects of the protection of cultural property at the national level;
2) lack of due attention to this issue on the part of academic legal science;
3) a high level of illicit trafficking in cultural property both within individual states (including Russia) and at the international level (one of the clearest examples is the looting of cultural property in Iraq during the US invasion of this country);
4) insufficient understanding on the part of the world community of the importance of protecting cultural heritage.
The most significant contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage is made by international organizations operating under the auspices of the United Nations, especially UNESCO and the organizations of the World Heritage System.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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See Galenskaya L.N. Muses and law (legal issues of international cooperation in the field of culture), L., Publishing house of the Leningrad University, 1987; Klimenko B.M. common heritage of mankind. M., MO., 1989; Barchukova N.K. UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Property // Moscow Journal of International Law, No. 2, 1996.
Dukov E.V. and others. Introduction to the sociology of art: Proc. settlement for humanitarian universities. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2001, pp. 185-189.
International law and protection of cultural heritage: Documents, bibliogr./Comp. M.A. Polyakova; Ed. S.I. Sotnikova- Athens: B.I., 1997; Cultural Policy of Russia: History and Modernity. Two views on the same problem / Ed. I.A. Butenko; Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.-M.: Liberea, 1998; Maksakovskiy V.P. World Cultural Heritage: Nauch. - popul. reference ed./Maksakovsky V.P.-M.: Logos, 2002.
UNESCO: Goals, structures, activities: Chronicle, facts and figures / Comp. Reuther W., Hüfner K.; Ed. Drozdov A.V.-M.: Rudomino, 2002.
European Cultural Convention (ETS No.18) (1982), ISBN 92-871-0074-8; Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (ETS No. 121) (1985), ISBN 92-871-0799-8.
Molchanov S.N. To the question of the use in the legislation of the concepts of "cultural heritage and" cultural heritage ". - Yekaterinburg, 1998.
International law. A common part. / Yu.M. Kolosov, V.I. Kuznetsov.-M., 1999.
United Nations: key facts. Publishing house "Ves Mir", M., 2000.
Shibaeva E., Potochny M. Legal issues of the structure and activities of international organizations. M., 1988. S. 76.
International organizations of the UN system: Handbook / Comp. A.A. Titarenko; Ed. V.F. Petrovsky-M.: International relations, 1990.
If you mentally imagine the development of mankind, then the following picture is observed: there is a gradual convergence of peoples, states, cultures. Previously, individual countries and peoples of the world were isolated from each other. Now they have entered into close deep ties - they all found themselves in conditions of mutual contacts, relationships of interdependence. There are various kinds of international and regional organizations and institutions that regulate political, cultural, economic and other relations between states and peoples.
The emerging global system is very complex and diverse. It involves peoples and states at different levels of development, having their own national cultures and traditions, their own religious ideas and beliefs. All this poses many new problems that mankind has not yet realized and has not learned how to solve in accordance with the new realities.
Researchers of globalization, both domestic and foreign, are too fond of studying integration issues. They forget that integrative processes are complex and contradictory. For example, the European Union, in addition to coordinating common actions on certain issues, does not yet testify to the true integration of the European peoples. Suffice it to say that the European constitution has not yet been adopted, which was rejected by the French, the Dutch and some other members of the European Union. Will it be a confederation or something else? The problem of political citizenship of the European Union has not been resolved. Will the Germans, French, Italians disappear, and will new Europeans appear in their place? What will be the ideals, values, norms of this new community? Will they drop everything in common? In general, the European Union is not a union of peoples, but a union of states.
If some Europeans appear instead of the French, Germans and other peoples of Europe, then the French, German, Spanish and other cultures of the European peoples must disappear. But won't Europe become poorer? I think the question is right. This question also applies to Russia, which is going through a difficult period in its history. In Russia, for example, it is no longer customary to talk about historical memory, without which there is no continuity of generations. And without the continuity of generations there is no history of the people. It is impossible to deny everything that was created by previous generations. It is appropriate to recall Pushkin in this regard: “Savagery, meanness and ignorance does not respect the past, groveling before the present alone.” Past and present are a single whole. There is no past without the present and no present without the past. The memory of the past helps nations to know better their traditions, their culture, their national values and, starting from them, move further along the path of social progress. The memory of the past helps to preserve one's national identity.
Patriotism is associated with historical memory. If national borders and national states disappear in the era of globalization, is patriotism, that is, love for the Motherland, for one's traditions, customs, and one's culture, necessary? Some researchers reject patriotism, others, on the contrary, defend it. In my opinion, the supporters of patriotism are right. In order to preserve one's ethnic identity, one must protect and increase one's culture. Patriotism is unthinkable without national identity. Modern American researcher S. Huntington in the book "Who are we?" writes that identity, that is, self-consciousness, is inherent not only to the individual, but also to social groups and peoples. Without identity there is no individual, no group, no nation.
Patriotism does not exclude internationalism, respect for other peoples, for their cultural values. But patriotism rejects cosmopolitanism. By the way, the most ardent supporters of globalization - the United States - have not abandoned patriotism at all. They do not indiscriminately criticize their historical past. Moreover, they try not to cover many facts of their history that could interfere with the patriotic education of citizens. In today's world, Americans want to dominate. It is no coincidence that Z. Brzezinski openly declares that the goal of US policy should, without any justification, consist of two parts: it is necessary to fully consolidate its own dominant position for at least one generation, but preferably for an even longer period of time; and it is also necessary to create a geopolitical structure that will be able to cushion the inevitable upheavals, the inevitable survival. Thus, a goal is indicated with which other countries and peoples cannot agree. Such an undisguised, brazen imposition of their ideals and goals caused a backlash. This reaction, aimed at protecting the uniqueness of their culture, their national identity, at creating the most favorable climate for their own development, to ensure the progress of their society, was reflected in patriotism.
It must be said that although the most active measures have been taken in recent years to discredit patriotism, accusations of chauvinism and nationalism, patriotism has been preserved thanks to the strong conservatism of our society. And in this regard, we must talk about healthy conservatism, which was aimed at the survival of the nation, at preserving the best ideals, at solving the most pressing issues not only for our country, but also for the international community. There are different kinds of conservatism. There is conservatism, which is reactionary in nature. In Russia, there has always been and is conservatism, which preserved and protected the best Russian traditions. In every society there are problems of tradition. You can choose traditions that will only give negative results, or you can choose traditions that select the best, most adapted, most socially oriented ways for the survival of the people.
One can, of course, blame patriotism for all sorts of sins. However, Russian patriotism did not give the final opportunity to sell our country, did not give the opportunity for the triumph of separatism in its open spaces. He did not allow the upper strata of the population to turn into an octopus for the entire Russian people. It gave impetus to a true understanding of the real interests of our country. He did not allow the comprador bourgeoisie to suck all the juice out of our state.
It should be noted that not only the layman, but also people with academic degrees and academic titles, do not always understand and represent the processes that are actually taking place in the modern world. So, in recent years, so-called "economic killers" have appeared in the West, who deliberately offer other countries and peoples a deliberately false path of development, leading them to a dead end, not ensuring their stability. Ultimately, they are under the control of developed countries. It should also be noted that the so-called liberal path of development has not led a single backward state to economic success. Only those countries have achieved a high level of development that have not abandoned their cultural values, their national identity and their way of life. First of all, we are talking about India, China, South Korea, etc. Therefore, the preservation of a kind of backbone for each state is the key to its success. Patriotism is central to this backbone.
To understand the essence of patriotism or national identity, a comparative analysis of Russian and American patriotism can be made. American patriotism is based on the idea of a so-called large space under US control. The well-known German political scientist K. Schmidt wrote that all US foreign policy intentions are based on progressive initiatives. Initially, the Monroe Doctrine put forward sounded like an American doctrine for Americans, and then it turned into the formula "the whole world for the USA."
The Americans have fixed the principles of unlimited hegemony in the system of international law. Even President Roosevelt put forward a provision on the existence of a special international law, the main subject of which is the United States. They began to proceed from the fact that their will is the law for the whole world. Moreover, they use all means, including military ones, to implement their will. The American researcher G. Vidal writes that the United States is waging an eternal war in the name of eternal peace. "... Every month we are presented with a new disgusting enemy, which we must strike before it destroys us." The United States has declared the whole world a zone of its vital interests. They are imposing the American model of globalization. American transnational corporations around the world have their own branches and work for the US economy. American pop music, American values are being imposed on the rest of the world.
The American authorities proclaimed the "right" and even the "duty" of the United States to impose its political system throughout the world. Historian J. Fiske wrote that in the near future the American system of government will spread from pole to pole, and both hemispheres will be dominated by the United States with its political institutions and institutions. American ideologists have called this US desire for world domination a "space trend."
As early as the end of the 19th century, many American researchers and the military put forward the theory of moving borders, which later embodied in the policy of open doors on a global scale. It has been stated that the US has no fixed borders and that its borders are flexible. At the present time, one can trace the vivid embodiment of this doctrine in life. Of course, the United States understands that the situation has changed significantly and that direct military occupation, the seizure of other countries, is associated with great costs. Since it is only natural that the population of the occupied countries will put up strong resistance, the United States does not seek to openly seize territories. They seize control over the strategy of state behavior. Establish control over its economic, political and cultural institutions. Inside the country, they find a fifth column that works under their dictation.
The United States aims to weaken Russian influence in Eastern Europe and the CIS countries and turn this region into its sphere of influence. The US intends to create permanent channels of influence in order to prevent the revival of the former Soviet Union. Obviously, all this presupposes and authoritatively requires certain protective measures, and the development of Russian patriotism is such a natural measure.
American culture is based on the principles of piety, racism, individualism, the cult of power, consumerism, competition, selfishness, etc.
Russian patriotism has fundamentally different roots. It has never been aimed at destroying another civilization, another culture, another state, other ideals. Russia, unlike the United States, has never destroyed other peoples, even the Russian colonization, which they like to refer to, was of a different nature. On the one hand, it was a story when many peoples were part of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kalmykia, etc., and on the other hand, the so-called people's colonization became widespread in Russia, when the people were resettled, when the people joined and passed on joint experience . Thanks to the patriotic education of all Soviet people, victory was won over German fascism.
To introduce high humanitarian values and ideals of life, and not the ideals of destruction, annihilation and coercion of other peoples - this is what the modern world needs.
Russian culture is very different from American culture. American culture, as already noted, is inherent in the cult of power, the cult of personal success and money-grubbing. Unlike American culture, Russian culture is built on fundamentally different foundations. Sobornost and collectivism dominate in Russia. In Russia, we have always empathized with each other, provided gratuitous assistance to each other. Profit, wealth, acquisitiveness, consumerism and other liberal values have never been put in the first place in Russia. Russian culture is a culture of high ideals and aspirations, a culture of high values. Such a culture makes it possible to put oneself in the position of another and act in accordance with this position. Only such a culture could save the whole world from the fascist plague, bringing numerous victims. Americans still remember the events in Pearl Harbor, where about three thousand people died. At the same time, many in the West forget about those monstrous losses that the Soviet Union suffered in the name of the triumph of justice and freedom throughout the world. The daily losses of the USSR in the first months of the war amounted to 50-60 thousand people, that is, they were 20 times more than the one-time losses of American troops at Pearl Harbor.
The cultural space of Russia in the late 80s of the XX century turned out to be severely destroyed and flawed. Until now, it has not been restored and is not filled with the values that the Russian people need. During these years, the theory and practice of education were deprived of specific value and significant guidelines and a long-term sound strategy. Spiritual colonialism dominated in Russia, the complete predominance of the values of the so-called democracy, and it was believed that only the perception of Western values, the values of liberal democracy, could solve all the problems of reforming and developing Russia. The country followed an imitative path of development, which did not give much success to anyone. For example, the experience of China, India, the countries of South Africa and others shows that only an independently, rationally chosen path of development can bring real success.
However, it is clear that blind copying of Western experience cannot produce significant results. Naturally, no one raises the question of denying Western values. Of course, it is possible and necessary to borrow positive foreign experience. But first of all, we must rely on our own traditions and cultural values. Only in this case can you preserve your national identity.
Thus, the globalization taking place in the modern world, which has engulfed all spheres of public life - economic, political, cultural and others - is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, it is objective, since as humanity develops, the integration processes of cultures, civilizations, peoples and states deepen. But, on the other hand, globalization leads to the loss of national mentality, national identity, national values and cultures. The world is becoming cosmopolitan and monotonous. But there is every reason to correct the negative consequences of globalization. After all, people make their own history. Therefore, they can and should eliminate the negative aspects of globalization. It is possible and necessary to preserve national identity and national culture.
Pushkin, A. S. Works: in 3 vols. - M., 1986. - T. 3. - P. 484.
Brzezinski, Z. Grand chessboard. - M., 1998. - S. 254.
Vidal, G. Why do they hate us? Eternal war in the name of eternal peace. - M., 2003. - S. 24.
Published: Electronic age and museums: Materials of international. scientific conf. and meetings of the Siberian branch of the scientific council ist. and local historian. museums under the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation "The role of scientific research in the modernization of stock and exposition activities of local history museums", dedicated. 125th anniversary of the Omsk state. ist.-local lore. museum. Part 1. - Omsk: Ed. OGICM, 2003. - S. 196 - 203.
Cultural heritage and museum in the era globalization.
The last decade of the 20th century is considered to be a turning point in the development of world and national culture. It is distinguished by processes convergence various ways of recording and transmitting information based on the latest digital technologies, which made it possible in principle to merge the "whales" of the cultural industry (print, film, television and computer) and communication (telephone, television and electronic networks). Active implementation new technologies accelerated both the globalization of culture and diversification cultures that set the main parameters for the development of man and mankind in the 21st century.
The current situation in society necessitates close attention to culture as a development factor. This thesis is not just the opinion of researchers and the principled position of experts in the field under consideration, it is actually a social imperative based on an impartial scientific analysis of the general situation in the country and options for its development. This is also evidenced by a number of documents adopted at the international level, UN and UNESCO programs that include culture in broader development strategies.
In this context, addressing the problems of preservation, interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage in the museum seems to be extremely relevant and justified. The preservation of cultural heritage throughout the 20th century has been and still is one of the priorities of the state cultural policy of Russia. There are numerous monuments of history in our country, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art formed the richest layers of the cultural heritage of Russia, which are closely related to the emergence and activities of domestic museums.
Traditionally, the problem of cultural heritage is considered mainly in terms of the preservation of monuments of the past, mainly through museumification or museum storage. But the sphere of cultural heritage usually includes individual elements, and not the entire cultural complex of the past, which characterizes facts, events or phenomena of reality. Often, even an architectural monument, “torn out” from the historical and cultural context of its era, cannot be studied and perceived adequately.
In connection with the ongoing global transformations in society and culture, the interpretation of cultural heritage is also changing, acquiring a more expanded interpretation. The idea that the ways of interaction between society and nature is the most important part of the cultural heritage, which also makes up the undoubted contribution of each nation to the treasury of world culture, is gaining more and more recognition. The museum's use of environmental knowledge and its management both at the local and global levels should become the most important direction in the museum field, one of the ways to counter environmental risks caused by urbanization and technogenic factors.
It seems fruitful for museum activities to comprehend and actively implement the main provisions of the concept of cultural heritage developed by the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage. The modern concept of cultural heritage allows us to understand it as a reflection of the historical experience of the interaction between man and nature, and not just as a collection of individual monuments. This is due to new approaches to rethinking history, with new principles for identifying cultural monuments of the peoples of Russia, with the inclusion in the framework of the heritage of such phenomena as historical technologies, traditional forms nature management, landscapes, etc.
In the era of globalization, the idea of preserving cultural diversity comes to the fore. The cultural diversity of society, the country and the world as a whole is an objective trend caused by the current heightened understanding of each nation of its history and culture as an absolute value, its way of life as an inalienable right. This is largely due to the natural reaction to the processes of unification, primarily Westernization cultures in which one system of values is the basis of universal norms. Modern museums, revealing new layers of cultural heritage, should focus on tolerance, respect and pride in the diversity of cultures. Support for cultural diversity is the most important means of counteracting the globalization of culture, as well as preventing conflicts of an ethno-cultural nature. Because of this, a serious reorientation of the activities of traditional museums as institutional forms of cultural heritage preservation is necessary, or a significant transformation of these forms that allow preserving, interpreting and demonstrating not only a variety of material monuments, but also phenomena of spiritual culture. It is no coincidence that eco-museums, open-air museums, museums of traditions, folklore museums, for example, the museum-reserve of peasant songs in the village. Catarach Sverdlovsk region, as well as the creation of special museum-type institutions such as cultural heritage centers. Researchers note that the actualization of the study and preservation of non-material forms of culture led to the emergence of "museums of action", "environmental museums" at the turn of the century. The innovative nature of these so-called "living" museums necessitates close attention to the problems of their further development. Thus, attempts are being made to develop general methods for updating heritage in an environmental museum: fixation, reconstruction, modeling and construction.
There is a lot of evidence that it is in modern conditions that cultural monuments have acquired special significance, increasingly fulfilling the functions of cultural values of the past, actively participating in the socio-cultural processes of the present. Thus, museums, expanding the boundaries of their meaning and purpose, act not only in the traditional role of custodians and translators of cultural heritage, but also become an organic part of modern social and economic processes. The revival of historical places involves not only the restoration of monuments, the creation of museum-estates, museum-reserves, unique historical territories, but also their live development, the restoration of historically determined forms of management, local traditions and schools, crafts and trade. The implementation of this principle assumes that the joint orientation of cultural and economic policy will make it possible to see the guarantee of the future in the actualization of heritage. social development.
It is worth paying attention to the acceleration of the modernization process in museums at the turn of the century, the main components of which we single out:
A change in the socio-cultural situation, manifested, in particular, in the emergence of new subjects of cultural activity in the museum sphere (private galleries, leisure centers, non-state educational structures), resulting in the development of competition;
The lack of mastery of new technologies by most museums, primarily social interaction, which creates a resource deficit, hinders the development of museums adequate to today's transformations and reduces their competitiveness;
Introduction of modern information technologies in Russian museums is happening intensively, but not evenly, therefore, in general, mastering them is still at an early stage. More advanced are the large museums of capital cities and regional centers. All of them are presented both on their own sites and on foreign servers.
For regional museums, the possibility of presenting on the Internet has significantly expanded as a result of the organization in 1996, within the framework of the Museums of Russia on the Internet project, of the server Museums of Russia, where various museum information is collected and made available. Today, the Internet contains data on almost all real-life museums, moreover, there are many integrative sites with a myriad of documents from museums around the world.
Despite the relevance involvement museums in the process of using network technologies, in our opinion, in the era of globalization, the social aspect of modernization will be of fundamental importance, that is, mastering new management methods, organizing both internal and external - partnerships, primarily with the museum audience, building public relations. Undoubtedly, information technologies play and will continue to play an important role in the implementation of this direction.
Museums are gradually moving away from the model, limited to museum collections. The orientation of museums to the entire spectrum of the cultural heritage of the city, region and the transmission of collective experience through a system of stationary expositions and temporary exhibitions that complement it, revealing regional specifics, makes it possible to strengthen the social activity of the population, its involvement in solving socially significant problems. Computer technologies and multimedia products created by the museum will make it possible to involve a much larger number of people in these problems, thereby expanding the circle of real and potential museum audience.
Cultural heritage sites have always been a potential for the development of tourism. Today, cultural heritage, which includes the following groups of objects: historical and cultural territories, historical cities and towns, museum-reserves, national parks, historical parks, forms the framework of tourist and excursion routes, largely contributing to the intensive development of the tourism industry. The growth of tourist activity in the late 1990s gave an undoubted impetus to the development of domestic museums. Many museums and museum-reserves began to create their own travel and excursion agencies, which actually became the beginning of a new stage in museum activity, when cultural institutions are not only used by various tourism companies, but also begin to use the income received in this area to realize their interests. This trend is another evidence that cultural heritage can play a significant role not only in social, but also in economic development, and its preservation and use, and its preservation and use should become an organic part of sociocultural development programs.
Multimedia technologies are increasingly being used by museums to preserve and promote tangible and intangible cultural heritage, as well as to intercultural exchanges and inter-museum contacts. Access to various types of cultural products and multimedia services through information highways provides both specialists and users with unlimited opportunities to become familiar with world culture in all its diversity. Today you can visit many museums of the world in virtual mode without crossings and queues. What's more, 3D imaging and interactive interfaces open up vast expanses for museums of experimental art. In general, these technologies have great potential to promote intercultural dialogue, but the virtual world does not replace, but only complements the real one. The specificity of the museum, primarily as an institution for the storage, processing and transmission of subject forms of culture, should not be lost. The expansion of virtuality does not provide the emotional fullness of the human being. The multifaceted properties and functions of a museum object constitute the material modality of culture. It is the thing, the object in its uniqueness or typicality, indisputable reality and authenticity, plurality of meanings and meanings, that forms the basis of the adaptive and inculturating possibilities of the museum.
Today, one cannot ignore the fact that the development of information technologies and the emergence of virtual museums stimulate a rethinking of the very phenomenon of the museum. It is interpreted by specialists as a functional organ of social consciousness, which arises at the intersection points of information and communication processes, as a meaningful field consisting of "already built" models of consciousness. This definition arose in the process of creating virtual museums as a special form of presenting diverse information. A virtual museum, unlike the usual one, which works with things and forms, “is an opportunity to represent the entire museum content, where both objects from the museum collection and reconstructions of lost things can coexist in a single environment. And all this can be organized into an associative structure that can be defined as cultural memory - not in a metaphorical, but in a literal sense. The virtual museum thus becomes a fact of the reality of the electronic age, which cannot be ignored.
Museums, participating in the process of formation of the information society, have already faced, and probably will still face, a number of complex and multifaceted problems. One of the most important is the maintenance of cultural diversity in the information society, because globalization is perceived by many as a threat to national traditions, local customs, beliefs, and values. In this sense, the museum is one of the few public institutions that provide opportunities and create optimal conditions for cultural identification.
Obviously, the problems of cultural heritage and the museum are not yet sufficiently studied, and a deeper scientific analysis will be required before they can be adequately used in the cultural policy and museum practice of the 21st century.
See: Kaulen. at the turn of the century: the space of interaction of cultures //Cultural worlds: Materials of scientific. conf. "Typology and types of cultures: a variety of approaches". - M., 2001. - S.216-221.
Kaulen. heritage objects: from object to tradition // Culture of the Russian province: century XX - XXI century. Materials Vseross. scientific-practical. conf. - Kaluga, 2000. - S. 199-208.
Kaulen. actualization of heritage objects and the problem of classification of museums // Theory and practice of museum business in Russia at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries / Proceedings of the State Historical Museum. Issue. 127. - M., 2001. - S. 86-98.
See Nikishin in global networks of electronic communications // Museum and new technologies / On the way to the museum of the XXI century. - M., 1999. - S. 127-140.
Selivanov in the open information space. // Museum and new technologies / On the way to the museum of the XXI century. - M., 1999. - S. 85-89.
Cher Museum on the Internet // Internet. Society. Personality: Culture and Art on the Internet: Proceedings of the IOL-99 conference, Perm, 2000. - P. 30-34.
Drikker Art Museum in the Information Space // Museums and the Information Space: the Problem of Informatization and Cultural Heritage: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conf. ADIT-98 (Ivanovo). - M., 1999. - S. 21-24.
