Professor knows. Theme, idea, problems of comedy N.V.
Synopsis of a Literature Lesson
The problems of the comedy "The Inspector General"
Target: to bring students to an understanding of the relevance of the moral, social and legal problems of the Russian authorities and society, depicted in the comedy "The Government Inspector".
Tasks.
· Educational:
Develop the ability to work with literary text;
Deepen students' understanding of social norms and human rights;
· Developing:
To form the ability to use the acquired legal knowledge in the analysis of specific situations;
Develop oral speech, thinking, the ability to express their point of view, stage skills;
· Educational:
To promote during the lesson the education of an irreconcilable attitude to violations of the moral and legal norms of public life.
Equipment:
Portrait, text of the play "The Government Inspector", illustrations for the work, multimedia equipment, handouts.
During the classes
1. Self-determination to activity
Today we have the final lesson on the comedy "The Government Inspector". We worked on the content of the play for several lessons. I hope that you will discover something new for yourself and in yourself. This will help us with the written creative work that will be done in the next lesson.
Gogol said:
“In The Inspector General, I decided to put together everything bad in Russia ... all the injustices ... and ... laugh at everything ... Through laughter ... the reader heard sadness ... "
How do you understand this statement? (Comedy is designed to make people laugh, but its main goal is to show through laughter the shortcomings, vices of society, that is, everything immoral, so that we become better.)
2. Actualization of knowledge.
Do you know the meaning of the word "immoral"?
What word is it derived from? (moral).
Who gave the first bribe? (Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin).
Let's get back to the play. Let's see how it all happened. You will be presented with a comedy scene prepared by your classmates.
Dramatization (act 4, phenomenon 3)
Fizminutka(standing, we applaud the actors)
What malfeasance did Lyapkin-Tyapkin commit? (bribe).
What is a bribe? Read the definition on the card.
Which document refers to a bribe? (Criminal Code)
This is the modern Criminal Code of Russia. What can be the conclusion? (modern officials also take bribes)
Are officials in Gogol's play immoral people?
Why? (Each of them has moral vices, committed an malfeasance. A moral person will not be allowed to commit a crime by conscience).
Can Khlestakov be called a moral person?
Dramatization (act 3, phenomenon 6)
(Applause)
Is the presented behavior of Khlestakov a violation of moral or legal norms?
Khlestakov did not break the law, but his behavior is immoral, he lies and boasts.
7. Reflection.
So, back to our lesson:
Learn to distinguish between moral and immoral behavior of the heroes of the comedy "The Government Inspector"
Is the behavior of the characters in the play moral or immoral?
Are comedy characters positive or negative?
The purpose of literature is to educate the reader. She is our guide to the world of morality and kindness.
Social norms help us to live correctly among people, to make the right choice.
What will we become? It depends on ourselves.
When you once hear the Word,
Check if it suits you.
Not everything that is fresh and new to the ears,
It suits you, and it is given to you.
Do not fall for praise and flattery,
Remember Khayyam - he knew a lot:
You'd rather starve than eat anything
And it's better to be alone than with just anyone!
If you do not find a companion on the road,
Go alone. The time will come - you will find.
But be sincere and strict with yourself,
Not allowing falsehood and lies in the heart.
I hope you have learned a useful moral lesson today, which was taught to us by the inimitable classic -.
Comedy NV Gogol's The Inspector General is one of the best plays in the world. Gogol, possessing the gift to generalize his observations and create artistic types in which everyone can find the features of people they know, in the best possible way ridiculed the negative aspects of Russian reality. The plot of "The Inspector General" is taken from life, the characters, who almost remind everyone of someone, make the comedy modern. The whole play is filled with hints that allow the reader to feel the relevance of the comedy.
Laughter is a great weapon. Laughing at the negative phenomena of life, Gogol makes the reader think about their causes, understand all their harmfulness and try to get rid of them. But maybe the play is really out of date? Maybe the images of her heroes have become incomprehensible to us, we don’t know what “Khlestakovism” is, what a “bribe” is, what sycophancy is? It is difficult to agree with this, although such an assumption sounds tempting. This comedy remains relevant today, none of the ridiculed vices has disappeared.
The implementation of this goal is possible through the solution of the following tasks: 1. The study of educational and methodological literature on this topic. 2. Analysis of the problems of the play "The Government Inspector". 3. Characteristics of the types of characters in the play "The Government Inspector". 4.Assessment of the relevance of the problems of comedy in our time.
Written in 1836, the comedy The Inspector General dealt a crushing blow to the entire administrative and bureaucratic system of tsarist Russia in the 30s of the 19th century. The author exposed to general ridicule not individual isolated cases, but typical manifestations of the state apparatus.
A silent scene, speaking surnames, a relief image of the image of officials, off-stage characters, remarks, a special type of dramaturgical conflict complement the satirical meaning of the comedy. The Inspector General is called one of the treasures of the Russian theater. Silent scene. Figure N.V. Gogol. Gogol is an excellent playwright.
The lies inherent in Khlestakov and other comedy heroes are currently only taking on a different look. The personal conscience is disappearing from the world more and more, and its voice is heard less and less. But this does not mean that conscience disappears in general, it changes its character. Ivan Alexandrovich Khlestakov.
Toadying, bribery, which is more characteristic of the mayor, is no less common in our time. In the modern world, bribery is becoming more and more sophisticated, causing enormous damage to society and the state. And sycophancy is becoming an incurable disease that creates many problems in the corporate culture. It does not so much harm society as it causes disgust. Anton Antonovich Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.
In the modern law enforcement system of our country, police bullies are often found. This is probably why the citizens of Russia are often more afraid of policemen than bandits. Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs have essentially become a privileged class, living by their own laws. Policeman Derzhimorda.
Embezzlement and indifference of Strawberry are inherent in the modern world. No one has yet estimated the losses of the state from the treasury - theft. One can only say that they cannot exceed the size of the state and local budgets taken together. But this is only direct damage. Indirect damage from embezzlement is much higher: state mechanisms that do not work, morality is destroyed, and in the end this damage is measured in human lives. Artemy Filippovich Strawberry.
Philistinism, gossip of these heroes is another of the vices of modern society. Gossip in our time is simply entertainment in the conditions of monotony and boredom. And philistinism is the life approach of many people who do not want to solve problems that fall out of the narrow circle of their personal interests. Pyotr Ivanovich Dobchinsky, Pyotr Ivanovich Bobchinsky.
In our time, the indifference of this hero is not uncommon. Most people are so preoccupied with their life's difficulties that they often do not have enough time to establish and maintain good human relationships with others outside the narrow family or business circle. Indifference is poison to the heart. Ammos Fedorovich Lyapkin-Tyapkin.
The immoral actions of Shpekin in the modern world are considered a crime, but there are more and more Shpekins. There are new means of communication, there are also people who are ready to read someone else's correspondence. E-mail boxes are hacked, telephone conversations are tapped. The deeply personal becomes public property. Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin.
In oppressed people without rights, such as a locksmith, a serf servant Osip, a non-commissioned officer's widow, there is a complete lack of self-esteem, the ability to resent their slavish position. Such traits for a modern person are simply disastrous. If a person does not respect himself, no one takes him seriously, he is lost in this aggressive world. The lower class.
Comedy NV Gogol's "Inspector General" has not lost its accusatory power even today, each of us has something to learn from the author. But along with modern whipping - kovy, derzhimordy and wild strawberries, we meet kind and sympathetic people who, by their actions, strive to change the world for the better. Conclusion.
Gogol is a writer of wide versatility: the author of the captivating "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", these poetic stories about the life of the Ukrainian people, the caustic satirist of the wretched bureaucratic world in St. Petersburg stories, the majestic, epic poet in the patriotic epic "Taras Bulba", the formidable, poem "Dead Souls"
And among this diverse creative activity, an honorable and great place belongs to Gogol the playwright. The author of The Government Inspector paved new paths for Russian theatrical art. He created the theater of life's truth, the theater of deep social realism, which adequately continued the best traditions of Russian drama.
Comedy was of particular interest to Gogol. He spoke of the fact that the theater is in the grip of vulgar laughter, which moves a rude crowd, chasing cheap effects, while the stage needs "electric, life-giving laughter."
The idea of such a comedy inspires Gogol. In February 1833, he wrote to Pogodin: “... I was obsessed with comedy ... She, when I was in Moscow, on the road, and when I arrived here, did not get out of my head, but so far I have not written anything ... "The dramatic excerpts "Morning of a Businessman", "Tyazhba", "Lakeyskaya", "Vladimir of the 3rd degree", written during this period, apparently, were preparatory sketches for a large work. Following these experiments, Gogol worked on the play "Grooms", which was later revised and called "Marriage" (1833-1842). The Inspector General and The Marriage expressed with particular fullness the features of the national identity of Russian literature, developed the line of social comedy already outlined by Fonvizin's Undergrowth and Griboyedov's Woe from Wit.
Gogol's comedies, in terms of the depth of realistic skill, the breadth of social coverage and the accusatory power of their satire, far outstripped the Western European theater and marked a new stage in the development of world drama.
Fonvizin and Griboyedov can be called the predecessors of Gogol in Russian dramaturgy. Griboedov acted as an innovator, moving away from the basic principles of comedy construction in his work (he pushed out a love affair, introducing a social conflict developing in conjunction with it; he filled the comedy with negative characters and depicted only one positive face, etc.).
The Inspector General (first staged on April 19, 1836 at the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg; simultaneously released as a separate edition) absorbed much of what was recorded in previous Gogol plays. All or almost all the motives that the writer considered modern and capable of starting a comedy were reflected in The Inspector General: the interest in a profitable marriage, and the harassment of a rank or award, and envy, and rivalry, and the desire to avenge neglect.
Innovation: 1) simplicity and generality of the plot (the arrival of the auditor affects the interests of all the characters, reveals all the secret thoughts, spiritual aspirations of the characters, all the driving springs of the life of the "prefabricated city."); 2) the type of Khlestakov as the main character (instead of a swindler leading a well-thought-out intrigue, in the center was a “stupid”, “without a king in his head” young man who did not set himself the conscious goal of deceiving officials, but who, by a combination of circumstances, was brought into the position of “ winner"); 3) “mirage intrigue”, in which the confrontation and efforts of the characters not only did not lead to a real result, but also obviously could not lead to it (since Khlestakov is not a real auditor); 4) silent scene.
The public character was highly inherent in Gogol's dramaturgy. His comedy The Inspector General was of great political importance. Gogol brought to the stage and hit the bureaucracy, which was the main support of the estate-monarchical state, with an instrument of satire. The typical images drawn by Gogol expressed the historical essence of bureaucracy as a social force. In the comedy "The Government Inspector" there are actually no positive characters. They are not even outside the scene and outside the plot.
The relief image of the image of city officials and, above all, the mayor, complements the satirical meaning of the comedy. The tradition of bribing and deceiving an official is completely natural and inevitable. Both the lower classes and the top officials of the city do not think of any other outcome than how to bribe the auditor with a bribe. The district nameless town becomes a generalization of the whole of Russia, which, under the threat of revision, reveals the true side of the character of the main characters.
The role of off-stage characters in the play is great. So Andrei Ivanovich Chmykhov is mentioned in the play only once, but his role is very important. From Chmykhov's letter, the mayor learns about the arrival of the auditor, and the actions of city officials begin to prevent the danger that threatens them. From his letter we learn that for the mayor, "like for everyone, there are sins." The fear of exposing these sins is what pushes officials to "cover up their tracks" and "splurge". Pangs of conscience are unfamiliar to these people. Not the expectation of a just retribution, but the fear of exposure is the driving force of the plot. Tryapichkin, Khlestakov's friend, as well as Chmykhov, never appears before the audience, but Khlestakov's letter to him is the beginning of the comedy's denouement. The truth is revealed in this letter, and everyone understands that they were deceived. Now it becomes clear that Khlestakov is not an auditor, and his characteristics of officials amuse everyone, except those to whom they are addressed.
Critics also noted the features of the image of Khlestakov. An upstart and a dummy, the young man easily deceives the highly experienced mayor. The well-known writer Merezhkovsky traced the mystical beginning in comedy. The inspector, as an otherworldly figure, comes for the soul of the mayor, repaying for sins. “The main power of the devil is the ability to seem not what he is,” this is how Khlestakov’s ability to mislead about his true origin is explained.
Remarks play a special role in the comedy The Inspector General. In "Remarks for the gentlemen of the actors" the author characterizes the characters with irony - openly expressing his attitude ("He is smarter than his master ... and silently a rogue") or hiding him in portrait descriptions ("... a very fat, clumsy and clumsy man ").
Gogol, creating a portrait of society and showing the imperfection of a person, finds a new type of dramatic conflict. It would be natural to expect that the playwright would take the path of introducing into the conflict a hero-ideologist, a true auditor, who serves "the cause, not the persons", capable of exposing the officials of the county town. However, he abandons the tall hero comedy genre. In comedy there is neither a hero-ideologist, nor a conscious deceiver who leads everyone by the nose. Anyone who is mistaken for an auditor does not even suspect this and does not make any deliberate attempts to fool the officials. The peculiarity of the comedy is that officials are fighting against a ghost created by their bad conscience and fear of retribution.
The portrait of each character helps us to compose their speaking names. Having opened the very first page of the comedy and found out that, for example, the surname of a private bailiff is Ukhovertov, and the district doctor is Gibner, we get, in general, already a fairly complete picture of these characters and the author's attitude towards them. These portraits are revealed even deeper in the speech characteristics of the characters. The respectable Mayor and the conversation is sedate and measured: “So this is the circumstance”, “Enough, enough for you!” The provincial coquette Anna Andreevna is fussy and unrestrained; her speech is abrupt and expressive: “Who is this? This, however, is annoying! Who would that be?” Khlestakov, by the way, is somewhat similar in his manner of speaking to Anna Andreevna. The same abundance of exclamations, chaotic, abrupt speech: “I, brother, am not of that kind! I don't recommend...”
The main literary device used by Gogol in the comic depiction of officials is the grotesque. In The Inspector General, much is built on exaggeration: the stupidity of Khlestakov is fantastically exaggerated, brought to the “ideal” level, the situation of delusion is comically exaggerated, but the main thing is a mirage intrigue that highlights the absurdity of human life.
The role of the silent scene in the play is great. She is the last, final chord of the work. The shocked officials froze with horror in anticipation of the inevitable reprisal.
Gogol gave a silent scene as an allusion to the triumph of justice, the establishment of harmony. As a result, the feeling of anxiety and fear only intensified. Indeed, the fear that arose at the beginning of the scene, and then safely melted away when the officials paid off the "auditor" and calmed down, returned. But now the feeling of anxiety increases many times over - the officials find themselves in an even worse situation than at the beginning of the play. After all, having thrown all their strength to please Khlestakov, they never bothered to restore at least external order in their affairs.
The skill of Gogol as a playwright is new and original, and it is no coincidence that The Inspector General is one of the treasures of the Russian theater.
Gogol's idea was designed to involve the viewer in the play, to make them feel that the city depicted in the comedy does not exist somewhere, but to some extent anywhere in Russia, and the passions and vices of officials are in the soul of each of us. . Gogol addresses everyone and everyone. This is the meaning of Gorodnichiy’s famous remark: “What are you laughing at? You are laughing at yourself! * The epigraph also indicates this;
"Theatrical tour * and" Examiner's Denouement *, where the audience and actors discuss
comedy, Gogol, as it were, seeks to destroy the wall separating the stage and the visual
The theme is the image in the comedy of all bureaucratic Russia with all its vices, ridicule of the harmful vices of man, injustice, arbitrariness, fraud, pretense, hypocrisy and self-interest ...
Of course, not only civil servants act in comedy. We meet in the comedy all the many faces of Russia: the local nobility, and the merchants, and the bourgeoisie, and the peasantry. But the author pays special attention to the characteristics of the city bureaucracy, since the upcoming visit of the auditor violates their peace of mind.
The idea of the comedy "The Government Inspector" in the epigraph preceding the comedy: "There is nothing to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked" - the main idea of the play is laid down. Gogol's idea is not only to laugh at what is happening, but to point to future retribution
The environment, order, foundations are ridiculed. This is not "a mockery of Russia", but "a picture and a mirror of public ... life." In the article “Petersburg Stage in 1835-36,” Gogol wrote: “In The Government Inspector, I decided to put together everything bad in Russia that I knew then, all the injustices ... and laugh at everything at once. But this, as you know, produced a tremendous effect. The silent scene that ends the action is a vivid evidence of this. Officials of the county town will face retribution. The exposure of negative characters is given in comedy not through a positive character (there is no such character in the play), but through action, actions, dialogues. The negative heroes of Gogol themselves expose themselves in the eyes of the viewer. They are exposed not with the help of morality and moralizing, but by ridicule. “Only laughter strikes vice here,” wrote N.V. Gogol.
Issues
The breadth of artistic generalization allows us to see in the comedy a satire on the entire state bureaucratic system of tsarist Russia.
In The Inspector General, Gogol made his contemporaries laugh at what they were used to and what they had ceased to notice. But most importantly, they are accustomed to carelessness in spiritual life. The audience laughs at the heroes who die spiritually. Let us turn to examples from the play that show such a death.
The mayor sincerely believes that "there is no person who would not have some sins behind him. It is already so arranged by God himself, and the Voltaires speak against it in vain." To which Judge Ammos Fedorovich Lyapkin-Tyapkin objects: “What do you think, Anton Antonovich, are sins?
The judge is sure that bribes by greyhound puppies cannot be considered as bribes, "but, for example, if someone has a fur coat that costs five hundred rubles, and his wife has a shawl ..."
Devotion to the ideals of friendship and "liberty of the saint" in the lyrical works of A.S. Pushkin ("In the depths of Siberian ores...").
An example of Pushkin's friendly devotion is the message "In the depths of the Siberian ores ..." It is addressed to the exiled Decembrists. The uprising against the tsarist regime of advanced noble officers, which took place in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, stirred up the entire public life of Russia. It was also a rich source of inspiration for A. S. Pushkin, the singer of will and freedom, who hates tyranny.
Deeply experiencing the fate of the officers exiled to hard labor, impressed by the courage and scope of the work they started, the poet writes to his friends full of the most sincere admiration “In the depths of Siberian ores ...“.
In the depths of Siberian ores
Keep proud patience
Your mournful work will not be lost
And doom high aspiration.
According to A. S. Pushkin and many progressive people of that time, the uprising was not defeated, because the work begun so decisively would be supported by descendants.
After the suppression of the uprising, many turned away from the arrested Decembrists, even friends who were afraid of the royal disfavor. That is why the poet expresses the hope that
The desired time will come:
Love and friendship up to you
They will reach through the gloomy locks ...
The poet seeks to support his comrades in the days of difficult trials. Wanting to inspire courage in their hearts, he calls on his friends to keep “proud patience”, assures them that the struggle was not in vain, their work was not in vain. The author believes that “the desired time will come” and their friendly union will reunite:
Heavy chains will fall
The dungeons will collapse - and freedom
You will be gladly received at the entrance,
And the brothers will give you the sword.
What do you think, what features, signs in his "Autumn Evening" "peeped" F.I. Tyutchev? What personality traits, in your opinion, should a person have in order to be able to “peep” such traits?
The poem "Autumn Evening" refers to the period of the early work of F. I. Tyutchev. It was written by the poet in 1830 during one of his short visits to Russia. Created in the spirit of classical romanticism, an elegant, light poem is not just landscape lyrics. Tyutchev comprehends the autumn evening in it as a phenomenon of the life of nature, looking for an analogy to the phenomenon of nature in the phenomena of human life, and these searches give the work a deep philosophical character.
Features:
grace of autumn evenings
variegation of trees
sad orphan land
gusty, cold wind
In the instant impression of the autumn evening, Tyutchev contained his thoughts and feelings, all the infinity of his own life. Tyutchev compares autumn with spiritual maturity, when a person acquires wisdom - the wisdom to live and appreciate every moment of life.
To notice this, it seems to me, you need to have life experience or just meet such suffering people on your way. And, of course, you need to be a talented poet.
(play, comedy)
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (surname at birth Yanovsky, since 1821 - Gogol-Yanovsky; 1809 years, Sorochintsy, Poltava province - 1852 year, Moscow) - Russian prose writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist, recognized as one of the classics of Russian literature. He came from an old noble family Gogol-Yanovsky. Together with Pushkin, Gogol appeared the founder of critical realism in Russian literature. The name of Gogol was the banner of revolutionary Russia - the Russia of Belinsky, Herzen and Chernyshevsky. Belinsky called Gogol "one of the great leaders" countries "on the way of consciousness, development, progress". Chernyshevsky considered Gogol "the father of Russian prose", the head of the school that gave Russian literature "a resolute striving for content, and, moreover, striving in such a fruitful direction as critical." In the deaf years of the feudal Nikolaev regime, Gogol denounced the landowners, tsarist officials and purchasers with terrible force.
Gogol began work on the play in the autumn of 1835. It is traditionally believed that the plot was suggested to him by A. S. Pushkin. This is confirmed by the memoirs of the Russian writer Vladimir Sollogub: “Pushkin met Gogol and told him about the case of some passing gentleman who pretended to be a ministry official and robbed all city residents.” According to another version , also described by V. Sollogub, On September 2, 1833, the governor-general of Nizhny Novgorod, Buturlin, took over as the auditor of Pushkin himself, when Alexander Sergeevich arrived in Nizhny Novgorod to collect materials about the Pugachev rebellion.
Gogol himself spoke of his work in the following way: In The Inspector General, I decided to gather together everything that was bad in Russia, which I then knew, all the injustices that are being done in those places and in those cases where justice is most required of a person, and at one time laugh at everything.
The stage fate of the play did not develop immediately. It was possible to obtain permission for the production only after Zhukovsky managed to convince the emperor personally that “there is nothing unreliable in comedy, that it is only a cheerful mockery of bad provincial officials,” the play was allowed to be staged. The second edition of the play dates back to 1842.
Realism in the composition of the comedy "The Government Inspector" (language emphasizes Realism, the role of remarks)
Gogol brought out a gallery of immortal images in comedy, giving each of them typical features and endowing each of them with a bright individualized speech characteristic. Language Gogol's comedy is mainly the language of its characters, and the language of the characters, organically connected with the internal appearance of this or that character, is the main means of revealing the character.. Not only central characters, but even episodic characters who flashed through only one phenomenon have a highly individualized speech. In the unsurpassed ability to give each image a convex, distinctly individualized speech characteristic and in this very characteristic to include elements of satirical self-revelation lies the skill of Gogol the realist, surprising in its subtlety and aesthetic value. Uncovering the speech of the characters belonging to various social circles(officials, hinderers, merchants, less, policemen, servants) Gogol skillfully knows how to endow each of them with words and expressions, inherent in his social psychology, profession, his life experience.In general, the speech of the characters is distinguished by truthfulness, simplicity, naturalness, an abundance of colloquial and colloquial turns and intonations, which gives the whole work the character of genuine realism.
In order to reveal the inner world of the character Gogol often resorts to remarks. In some remarks, Gogol points to the actions of the characters, for example: the mayor “makes a grimace”, Bobchichinsky “twirls his hand near his forehead”, the quarterly “runs in a hurry”, Khlestakov “pours soup and eats” and many others; in other remarks clarifies the psychology of the characters: the mayor says “in fear”, Anna Andreevna - “with disdain”, Khlestakov - “drawing”, the judge - “lost”, Marya Antonovna - “through tears”, etc. Sometimes Gogol draws the psychological evolution of characters with several side by side remarks .
Innovation of N.V. Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector" (problematics of comedy, speech, typification of comedy heroes)
The appearance in 1836 of the comedy The Inspector General was a significant event in the public life of the 19th century.. The author not only criticized and ridiculed the vices of tsarist Russia, but also called on viewers and readers to look into their souls, to think about universal human values. Gogol called his comedy a play that "raises public abuses." Epigraph "There is nothing to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked" emphasizes the problematics of the play, generalizing the accusatory meaning of The Inspector General. “Everyone got it here, and most of all to me,” Nicholas I himself once said.
Talking about the innovation of comedy, it is important to note that Khlestakov's character was new in literature . Yes, of course, even before N.V. Gogol, rogues and swindlers, liars and braggarts were ridiculed in comedies, but the characterization of such characters was usually limited to any one feature. And Khlestakov becomes a more complex hero, this is a generalized image that includes many vices.
Gogol's heroes are typical, they can be found at all times and epochs. And today, more than a century and a half after the play was written, you can meet the mayor, Lyapkins - Tyapkins, strawberries, cotton. Gogol does not endow his heroes with some exceptional traits of virtue or depravity, as was done before. His characters are realistic, and therefore they cannot be divided into "bad" and "good". Each of them is "sick" with some kind of social ailment...
There are no positive characters in the play.. “Why hasn’t at least one exalted, noble person been put up here, on whom the thought would have rested? Then, that a good person would be pale and insignificant here ”- said Gogol himself. It is also important to note that the speech of the same hero changes depending on the circumstances, which creates the comical nature of the whole situation as a whole. The mayor is very rude to his subordinates, calling them archwives, samovars, yardsticks, cheaters. But his vocabulary is completely different in a conversation with Khlestakov, to whom he says: “let me suggest”, “I wish you good health”, “do not make unhappy”.
Thus, we can say that the appearance of the auditor was of great importance for Russian literature of the nineteenth century. Gogol abandoned many classical norms in creating his comedy and introduced many new principles that characterize the characters from a new perspective.
Composition, plot
The composition of the play is also unusual, since it does not have a traditional exposition.. From the very first phrase of the Gorodnichiy, the plot begins. The final silent scene also surprised theater critics a lot. Previously, no one used such a technique in dramaturgy.
The classic confusion with the main character takes on a completely different meaning from Gogol.. Khlestakov was not going to pretend to be an auditor, for some time he himself could not understand what was happening. He simply thought that the district authorities were fawning over him only because he was from the capital and fashionably dressed. Osip finally opens his eyes to the dandy, persuading the master to leave before it's too late. Khlestakov does not seek to deceive anyone. Officials are deceived themselves and involve the imaginary auditor in this action.
The plot of the comedy is built on a closed principle: the play begins with the news about the arrival of the auditor and ends with the same message. Gogol's innovation was also manifested in the fact that in comedy no subplots. All actors are tied into one dynamic conflict.
The main character himself was an undoubted innovation.. For the first time he was a stupid, empty and insignificant person. The writer characterizes Khlestakov in this way: "without a king in his head." The character of the hero is most fully manifested in scenes of lies. Khlestakov is so inspired by his own imagination that he cannot stop. He piles up one absurdity after another, he does not even doubt the "truthfulness" of his lies. A player, a spendthrift, a lover of hitting on women and throwing dust in the eyes, a “dummy” - this is the main character of the work.
In the play, Gogol touched upon a large-scale layer of Russian reality: state power, medicine, court, education, post office, police, merchants. The writer raises and ridicules many unsightly features of modern life in The Inspector General. Here is total bribery and neglect of one's duties, embezzlement and servility, vanity and a passion for gossip, envy and deception, boasting and stupidity, petty vindictiveness and stupidity. … Why not! The Inspector General is a real mirror of Russian society.
Unusual for a play is the strength of the plot, its spring. This is fear. In Russia of the 19th century, high-ranking officials carried out the audit. Therefore, the arrival of the “auditor” caused such a panic in the county town. An important person from the capital, and even with a "secret order", horrified the local officials. Khlestakov, who in no way resembles an inspector, is easily mistaken for an important person. Anyone passing from St. Petersburg is suspicious. And this one lives for two weeks and does not pay - this is exactly how, according to the inhabitants, a person of high rank should behave.
The structure of the comedy "The Government Inspector"
The comedy was not written as an ordinary story (text divided into chapters), but as a script for a play. Comedy reads very well in this style: less description, more action (dialogue). In contrast to conventional works, where character descriptions go only when they meet the reader, the descriptions of the characters are written on the first pages of the comedy.
The atmosphere of the comedy "The Inspector General". Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol chose a simple county town as the scene of action. But still, it cannot be called simple, since Gogol tried to depict Russia in miniature.
images
In the comedy, Gogol created a collective image of bureaucracy. Civil servants of all ranks are perceived as a single organism, since they are close in their desire for money-grubbing, confident in impunity and the correctness of their actions. But each character leads his own party.
Chief here, of course, mayor. Anton Antonovich Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky in service for thirty years. As a grasping person, he does not miss the benefit that floats into his hands. But the city is in complete disarray. The streets are filthy, the prisoners and the sick are disgustingly fed, the policemen are always drunk and loose their hands. The mayor pulls the beards of merchants and celebrates name days twice a year to get more gifts. The money allocated for the construction of the church has disappeared. The appearance of the auditor greatly frightens Anton Antonovich. What if the inspector does not take bribes? Seeing that Khlestakov takes money, the mayor calms down I try to please an important person by all means. The second time Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky is frightened when Khlestakov boasts of his high position. Here he becomes afraid to fall into disfavor. How much money to give?
funny image Judge Lyapkina-Tyapkina, who passionately loves dog hunting, takes bribes with greyhound puppies, sincerely believing that this is "a completely different matter." There is a complete mess in the waiting room of the court: the watchman brought geese, “all sorts of rubbish” is hung on the walls, the assessor is constantly drunk. And Lyapkin-Tyapkin himself cannot figure out a simple memorandum . In the city, the judge is considered a "freethinker", since he has read several books and always speaks pompously, albeit completely stupid.
Postmaster Shpekin sincerely wonders why you can not read other people's letters. For him, all life is interesting stories from letters. The postmaster even keeps the correspondence he especially likes and rereads it.
In the hospital trustee of charitable institutions Strawberry there is also chaos. Patients do not change underwear, and the German doctor does not understand anything in Russian. Strawberry is a toady and an informer, not averse to throwing mud at his comrades.
Attractive comical couple urban gossips Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky. To enhance the effect, Gogol makes them similar in appearance and gives the same names, even the names of the characters differ in only one letter. They are completely empty and useless people. Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky are busy only collecting gossip. Thus, they manage to be in the center of attention and feel their importance.
superintendent of schools Luka Lukich Khlopov is mortally afraid of the authorities, is distinguished by extreme ignorance; policemen Ukhovertov, Svistunov and Derzhimorda always drunk, rude to the inhabitants of the town.
Khlestakov's character consists of contradictions, he behaves “as it turns out”, and therefore at different moments he demonstrates a variety of behaviors: either begging for food humbly, then taking on a patronizing look in the scene with petitioners, then uncontrollably boasting, reveling in his own fantasies, in a conversation with groveling before him city officials. Officials, listening to Khlestakov's insane, illogical lies, understand that he is stupid, but his mythical rank overshadows human qualities, so no one notices the many contradictions and reservations that betray his true position. Khlestakov is not able to imagine real life (for example, what they do ministers, how “friend” Pushkin lives and what he writes), his imagination is poor: nothing but soup, which arrived on a steamer from Paris, and a watermelon worth seven hundred rubles, comes to his mind; despite the fantastic cost, his apartment corresponds to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe luxury of a petty official - "three rooms are sort of good."
The image of Khlestakov as a representative of the noble and bureaucratic society of the Nikolaev era is typical. His ambitious dreams, the desire for ostentatious luxury and external glamor, the desire to splurge on the utter insignificance and emptiness of the personality were called "Khlestakovism", and Khlestakov's surname became a household name.
The only positive comedy character is laughter.
