The liri technique allows. Diagnosis of interpersonal relationships
Leary's method of diagnosing interpersonal relationships
Methodology created T. Leary (T. Lear), G. Leforge, R. Sazek in 1954 and is intended to study the subject's ideas about himself and the ideal "I", and also to study relationships in small groups. With the help of this technique, the predominant type of attitude towards people in self-esteem and mutual evaluation is revealed.
In the study of interpersonal relationships, social attitudes, two factors are most often distinguished: dominance-submission and friendliness-aggressiveness. It is these factors that determine the overall impression of a person in the processes of interpersonal perception. They are named by M. Argyle among the main components in the analysis of the style of interpersonal behavior and in content can be correlated with two of the three main axes of the semantic differential of Ch. Osgood: evaluation and strength. In a long-term study conducted by American psychologists under the direction of B. Bales, the behavior of a group member is assessed by two variables, the analysis of which is carried out in a three-dimensional space formed by three axes: dominance-submission, friendliness-aggressiveness, emotionality-analyticity.
To represent the main social orientations, T. Leary developed a conditional scheme in the form of a circle divided into sectors. In this circle, along the horizontal and vertical axes, four orientations are indicated: dominance-submission, friendliness-hostility. In turn, these sectors are divided into eight - according to more private relations. For an even finer description, the circle is divided into 16 sectors, but more often octants are used, oriented in a certain way with respect to the two main axes.
Timothy Leary's scheme is based on the assumption that the closer the subject's results are to the center of the circle, the stronger the relationship between these two variables. The sum of scores for each orientation translates into an index dominated by the vertical (dominance-submission) and horizontal (friendliness-hostility) axes. The distance of the obtained indicators from the center of the circle indicates the adaptability or extreme nature of interpersonal behavior.
The questionnaire contains 128 value judgments, of which 16 items are formed in each of the 8 types of relationships, ordered by ascending intensity. The methodology is designed in such a way that judgments aimed at clarifying any type of relationship are not arranged in a row, but in a special way: they are grouped by 4 and repeated through an equal number of definitions. During processing, the number of relationships of each type is counted.
T. Leary suggested using the technique to assess the observed behavior of people, i.e. behavior in assessing others ("from outside"), for self-assessment, assessment of loved ones, for describing the ideal "I". In accordance with these levels of diagnostics, the instruction for the answer changes.
Different areas of diagnostics allow you to determine the type of personality, as well as compare data on individual aspects. For example, "social "I", "real "I", "my partners", etc.
The methodology can be presented to the respondent either as a list (alphabetically or randomly) or on separate cards. He is invited to indicate those statements that correspond to his idea of himself, refer to another person or his ideal.
The maximum level score is 16 points, but it is divided into four degrees of attitude:
As a result, scores are calculated for each octant using a special "key" to the questionnaire. The points obtained are transferred to the discogram, while the distance from the center of the circle corresponds to the number of points for this octant (from 0 to 16). The ends of the vectors are connected and form a personality profile.
According to special formulas, indicators are determined by the main factors: dominance and friendliness.
Dominance = (I - V) + 0.7 x (VIII + II - VI) Friendliness = (VII - III) + 0.7 x (VIII - II - IV + VI)
A qualitative analysis of the data obtained is carried out by comparing discograms that demonstrate the difference between the views of different people. S.V. Maksimov gives indexes of reflection accuracy, differentiation of perception, the degree of well-being of the position of the individual in the group, the degree of awareness of the group's opinion by the individual, and the significance of the group for the individual.
The methodical technique allows studying the problem of psychological compatibility and is often used in the practice of family counseling, group psychotherapy and socio-psychological training.
13-16 - dictatorial, imperious, despotic character, a type of strong personality that leads in all types of group activities. He instructs everyone, teaches, in everything he strives to rely on his own opinion, he does not know how to accept the advice of others. Surrounding note this authoritativeness, but recognize it.
9-12 - dominant, energetic, competent, authoritative leader, successful in business, likes to give advice, demands respect.
0-8 - a self-confident person, but not necessarily a leader, stubborn and persistent.
II. Selfish
13-16 - seeks to be above everyone, but at the same time aloof from everyone, narcissistic, prudent, independent, selfish. Difficulties shifts to others, he treats them somewhat aloof, boastful, self-satisfied, arrogant. 0-12 - selfish traits, self-orientation, a tendency to compete.
III. Aggressive
13-16 - tough and hostile towards others, harsh, tough, aggressiveness can reach antisocial behavior.
9-12 - demanding, straightforward, frank, strict and sharp in assessing others, implacable, inclined to blame others for everything, mocking, ironic, irritable.
0-8 - stubborn, stubborn, persistent and energetic.
IV. Suspicious
13-16 - alienated in relation to a hostile and evil world, suspicious, touchy, prone to doubt everything, vindictive, constantly complaining about everyone, dissatisfied with everything (schizoid type of character).
9-12 - critical, uncommunicative, has difficulty in interpersonal contacts due to self-doubt, suspicion and fear of a bad attitude, closed, skeptical, disappointed in people, secretive, shows his negativism in verbal aggression.
0-8 - critical in relation to all social phenomena and people around.
V. Subordinate
13-16 - submissive, prone to self-abasement, weak-willed, inclined to yield to everyone and in everything, always puts himself in last place and condemns himself, ascribes blame to himself, passive, seeks to find support in someone stronger.
9-12 - shy, meek, easily embarrassed, inclined to obey a stronger one without regard to the situation.
0-8 - modest, timid, compliant, emotionally restrained, able to obey, has no opinion of his own, obediently and honestly performs his duties.
VI. Dependent
13-16 - sharply insecure, has obsessive fears, fears, worries for any reason, therefore dependent on others, on the opinions of others.
9-12 - obedient, timid, helpless, does not know how to show resistance, sincerely believes that others are always right.
0-8 - conformal, gentle, expecting help and advice, trusting, prone to admiration of others, polite.
VII. Friendly
9-16 - friendly and amiable with everyone, focused on acceptance and social approval, strives to satisfy the requirements of everyone, "be good" for everyone regardless of the situation, strives for the goals of microgroups has developed mechanisms of repression and suppression, emotionally labile (hysterical type of character) .
0-8 - prone to cooperation, cooperation, flexible and compromise in solving problems and in conflict situations, strives to be in agreement with the opinions of others, consciously conforming, follows conventions, rules and principles of "good form" in relations with people, an initiative enthusiast in achievement of the goals of the group, seeks to help, feel in the center of attention, deserve recognition and love, sociable, shows warmth and friendliness in relationships.
VIII. Altruistic
9-16 - hyper-responsible, always sacrifices his interests, seeks to help and sympathize with everyone, obsessive in his help and too active in relation to others, takes responsibility for others (there can only be an external "mask" that hides a person of the opposite type ).
0-8 - responsible in relation to people, delicate, soft, kind, emotional attitude towards people shows compassion, sympathy, care, affection, knows how to cheer up and calm others, disinterested and sympathetic.
QUESTIONNAIRE TEXT
Put a "+" sign against those definitions that match your idea of yourself (if you are not completely sure, do not put a "+" sign).
1. Others think favorably of him.
2. Makes an impression on others
I. 3. Knows how to dispose, order
4. Knows how to insist on his own
5. Possesses self-respect
6. Independent
II. 7. Capable of taking care of himself
8. Can show indifference
9. Capable of being harsh
10. Strict but fair
III. 11. Can be sincere
12. Critical of others
13. Likes to cry
14. Often sad
IV. 15. Capable of showing distrust
16. Often disappointed
17. Capable of being self-critical
18. Able to admit when you're wrong
V. 19. Willingly obeys 20. Compliant
21. Noble
22. Admire and imitate
VI. 23. Respectful
24. Seeking Approval
25. Capable of cooperation
26. Strives to get along with others
VII. 27. Friendly, benevolent
28. Attentive and affectionate
29. Delicate
30. Approving
VIII. 31. Responsive to calls for help
32. Selfless
33. Able to cause admiration
34. Respected by others
I. 35. Has a talent for leadership
36. Likes responsibility
37. Self-confident
38. Self-confident and assertive
II. 39. Businesslike and practical
40. Likes to compete
41. Strict and cool, where necessary
42. Relentless, but impartial.
III. 43. Irritable
44. Open and direct
45. Does not tolerate being commanded
46. Skeptical
IV. 47. Hard to impress him 48. Touchy, scrupulous
49. Easily embarrassed
50. Not confident
V. 51. Compliant
52. Modest
53. Often resorts to the help of others
VI. 55. Willingly accepts advice
56. Trusting and eager to please others
57. Always kind in getting around
58. Treasures the opinions of others
VII. 59. Sociable and accommodating
60. Kindhearted
61. Kind, inspiring confidence
62. Gentle and soft-hearted
VIII. 63. Likes to take care of others
64. Selfless, generous
65. Likes to give advice
66. Gives the impression of importance
I. 67
68. Domineering
69. Boastful
70. Arrogant and smug
II. 71. Thinks only of himself
72. Cunning and prudent
73. Intolerant of the mistakes of others
74. Selfish
III. 75. Frank
76. Often unfriendly
77. Embittered
78. Complainer
IV. 79. Jealous
80. Long remembers grievances
81. Prone to self-flagellation
82. Shy
V. 83
84. Meek
85. Dependent, dependent
86. Likes to obey
VI. 87. Lets others make decisions
88. Easily gets into trouble
89. Easily influenced by friends
90. Ready to trust anyone
VII. 91. Favorable to everyone indiscriminately
92. Sympathizes with everyone
93. Forgives everything
94. Overwhelmed with excessive sympathy
Target. The technique is designed to study the style and structure of interpersonal relationships and their features, as well as to study the subject's ideas about himself, his "ideal self", attitude towards himself. The technique allows to identify the conflict zones of the subject.
Description of the methodology. Based on research on interpersonal relationships, T Leary identified 8 general and 16 more specific options for interpersonal interaction, which he presented in the form of a circular psychogram. The polar variants in this scheme are opposite to each other.
The questionnaire was compiled according to these selected types of interpersonal behavior and is a set of 128 simple concise characteristics-epithets, which are grouped into 16 questions in 8 octants, reflecting various psychological profiles. The technique can be presented to the subject as a list or on separate cards. Assessing himself according to the items of the questionnaire, the subject must mark + those characteristics that he considers inherent in himself.
Instruction. “Here is a set of characteristics. Read each and mark with a + sign those that match your idea of yourself. Be careful, try to answer as accurately and truthfully as possible.
DATA PROCESSING
After the subject evaluates himself, scores are calculated for each of the 8 octants of the psychogram of the technique. Each plus is worth 1 point, so the maximum level score is 16 points.
Registration form
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What kind of person are you?
4. Knows how to insist on his own.
6. Independent.
9. Capable of being harsh.
10. Strict but fair.
11. Can be sincere.
12. Critical of others.
13. Likes to cry.
14. Often sad.
16. Often disappointed.
19. Willingly obeys.
20. Compliant.
21. Grateful.
23. Respectful.
24. Seeking approval.
28. Attentive, affectionate.
29. Delicate.
30. Encouraging.
32. Selfless.
36. Likes responsibility.
37. Self-confident.
38. Self-confident, assertive.
39. Businesslike, practical.
40. Likes to compete.
42. Relentless, but impartial.
43. Irritable.
44. Open, straightforward.
Questionnaire text
1. Others think favorably of him.
2. Makes an impression on others.
3. Knows how to dispose, order.
4. Knows how to insist on his own.
5. Has a sense of dignity.
6. Independent.
7. Able to take care of himself.
8. Can show indifference.
9. Capable of being harsh.
10. Strict but fair.
11. Can be sincere.
12. Critical of others.
13. Likes to cry.
14. Often sad.
15. Capable of showing distrust.
16. Often disappointed.
17. Capable of being self-critical.
18. Able to admit when you're wrong.
19. Willingly obeys.
20. Compliant.
21. Grateful.
22. Admiring, inclined to imitate.
23. Respectful.
24. Seeking approval.
25. Capable of cooperation, mutual assistance.
26. Strives to get along with others.
27. Friendly, benevolent.
28. Attentive, affectionate.
29. Delicate.
30. Encouraging.
31. Responsive to calls for help.
32. Selfless.
33. Able to arouse admiration.
34. Enjoys respect from others.
35. Has a talent for leadership.
36. Likes responsibility.
37. Self-confident.
38. Self-confident, assertive.
39. Businesslike, practical.
40. Likes to compete.
41. Persistent and cool where necessary.
42. Relentless, but impartial.
43. Irritable.
44. Open, straightforward.
45. Does not tolerate being commanded.
46. Skeptical.
47. He is hard to impress.
48. Touchy, scrupulous.
49. Easily embarrassed.
50. Not self-confident.
51. Compliant.
52. Modest.
53. Often resorts to the help of others.
55. Willingly accepts advice.
56. Trusting and eager to please others.
57. Always amiable in getting around.
58. Treasures the opinions of others.
59. Sociable, accommodating.
60. Kind-hearted.
61. Kind, inspiring confidence.
62. Gentle, soft-hearted.
63. Likes to take care of others.
64. Selfless, generous.
65. Likes to give advice.
66. Gives the impression of significance.
67. Commanding and commanding.
68. Domineering.
69. Boastful.
70. Arrogant, self-satisfied.
71. Thinks only of himself.
72. Cunning, prudent.
73. Intolerant of the mistakes of others.
74. Selfish.
75. Frank.
76. Often unfriendly.
77. Embittered.
78. Complainer.
79. Jealous.
80. Long remembers grievances.
81. Self-flagellation.
82. Shy.
83. Lack of initiative.
84. Meek.
85. Dependent, dependent.
86. Likes to obey.
87. Allows others to make decisions.
88. Easily gets into trouble.
89. Easily influenced by friends.
90. Ready to trust anyone.
91. Favorable to all indiscriminately.
92. Sympathizes with everyone.
93. Forgives everything.
97. Aspiring to success.
99. Manages others.
100. Despotic.
102. Vain.
103. Selfish.
104. Cold, callous.
106. Evil, cruel.
107. Often angry.
109. Resentful.
111. Stubborn.
113. Timid.
92. Sympathizes with everyone.
93. Forgives everything.
94. Overflowing with excessive sympathy.
95. Generous, tolerant of shortcomings.
96. Strives to patronize.
97. Aspiring to success.
98. Expects admiration from everyone.
99. Manages others.
100. Despotic.
101. Snob (judges people by rank and wealth, not by personal qualities).
102. Vain.
103. Selfish.
104. Cold, callous.
105. Biting, mocking.
106. Evil, cruel.
107. Often angry.
108. Insensitive, indifferent.
109. Resentful.
110. Imbued with the spirit of contradictions.
111. Stubborn.
112. Distrustful, suspicious.
113. Timid.
114. Shy.
115. Differs in excessive readiness to obey.
116. Soft-bodied.
117. Almost never object to anyone.
118. Intrusive.
119. Likes to be taken care of.
120. Overly trusting.
121. Strives to ingratiate himself with everyone.
122. Agrees with everyone.
123. Always friendly.
124. Loves everyone.
125. Too condescending to others.
126. Tries to console everyone.
127. Cares about others to the detriment of himself.
128. Spoils people with excessive kindness.
0-8 points. Self-confident, stubborn, persistent, can be a good mentor and organizer. Possesses the qualities of a leader.
9-12. Dominant, energetic, successful in business, likes to give advice, demands respect, can be intolerant of criticism, he tends to overestimate his own capabilities.
13-16. Powerful, dictatorial, despotic character, teaches everyone, didactic style of statements, not inclined to accept the advice of others, seeks leadership, commanding others, a strong personality with traits of despotism.
2. Independent - dominant
0-8 points. Confident, independent, self-oriented, competitive type.
9-12. Self-satisfied, narcissistic, with a pronounced sense of self-esteem, superiority over others, with a tendency to have a dissenting opinion different from that of the majority, and to occupy an isolated position in the group.
13-16. Strives to be above everyone, narcissistic, prudent. He is aloof towards those around him. Arrogant, boastful.
3. Aggressive
0-8 points. Stubborn, stubborn, persistent in achieving the goal, energetic, spontaneous.
9-12. Demanding, straightforward, frank, strict and sharp in assessing others, implacable, inclined to blame others for everything, mocking, ironic, irritable.
13-16. Excessive perseverance, unfriendliness, rigidity, hostility towards others, intemperance, irascibility, aggressiveness, reaching antisocial behavior.
4. Distrustful - skeptical
0-8 points. Realistic in judgments and actions, critical of others, skeptic, non-conformal.
9-12. Pronounced tendency to criticism. Disappointed in people, withdrawn, secretive, touchy. Distrustful of others, experiencing difficulties in interpersonal contacts due to suspicion and fear of a bad attitude. He manifests his negativism in verbal aggression.
13-16. Alienated in relation to a hostile and evil world, very suspicious, extremely touchy, prone to doubt everything, vindictive, constantly complains about everyone (schizoid type of character).
5. Submissively shy
0-8 points. Modest, timid, compliant, emotionally restrained, able to obey, has no opinion of his own, obediently and honestly performs his duties.
9-12. Shy, meek, easily embarrassed, inclined to submit to the stronger without considering the situation.
13-16. Submissive, prone to self-abasement, weak-willed, inclined to yield to everyone and in everything, always puts himself in last place and condemns himself, ascribes blame to himself, passive, seeks to find support in someone stronger.
6. Dependent
0-8 points. Conformal, gentle, expecting help and advice, trusting, prone to admiration by others, polite, in need of recognition.
9-12. Obedient, fearful, helpless, unable to show resistance, sincerely believes that others are always right.
13-16. Very insecure, has obsessive fears, fears, worries for any reason, therefore dependent on others, other people's opinions, over-conformal.
7. Collaborative
0-8 points. Inclined to cooperation, cooperation, flexible and compromise in solving problems and in conflict situations, strives to be in agreement with the opinions of others, consciously conforming, follows conventions, rules and principles of good manners in relations with people, an initiative enthusiast in achieving group goals, strives to help , feel in the center of attention, deserve attention and love, sociable, shows warmth and friendliness in relationships.
9-16. Friendly and amiable with everyone, focused on acceptance and social approval, strives to satisfy the requirements of everyone, be good for everyone regardless of the situation, strives for the goals of the microgroup, has developed mechanisms of repression and suppression, emotionally labile (hysterical type of character).
8 Altruistic
0-8 points. Responsible towards people, delicate, soft, kind, emotional attitude towards people shows compassion, sympathy, care, affection, knows how to cheer up and calm others, disinterested and sympathetic.
9-16. Hyper-responsible, always sacrifices his own interests, seeks to help and sympathize with everyone, obsessive in his help and too active in relation to others, inadequately takes responsibility for others (there can only be an external mask that hides the personality of the opposite type).
The obtained quantitative indicators for each of the octants from 0 to 16 are transferred to the psychogram. On the corresponding octant-coordinate number, at the level corresponding to the points obtained, arcs are drawn. The inner part of the octant, separated by an arc, is shaded. After all the results obtained during the examination are noted and the inner, central, part of the circle of the psychogram is shaded to the level outlined by the arcs, a kind of fan is obtained. The most shaded octants correspond to the prevailing style of interpersonal relations of this individual. Characteristics that do not go beyond 8 points are characteristic of harmonious personalities. Indicators exceeding 8 points indicate an accentuation of the properties revealed by this octant.
Scores reaching the level of 14-16 indicate the difficulties of social adaptation. Low scores for all octants (0-3 points) may be the result of the subject's secretiveness and lack of frankness. If there are no octants shaded above 4 baals in the psychogram, then the data are doubtful in terms of their reliability: the subject did not want to evaluate himself frankly.
The first four types of interpersonal relationships - 1, 2, 3 and 4 - are characterized by the predominance of non-conformal tendencies and a tendency to dejunctive (conflict) manifestations (3.4), greater independence of opinion, persistence in defending one's own point of view, a tendency to leadership and dominance (1 ,2).
The other four octants - 5,6,7,8 - represent the opposite picture: the predominance of conformal attitudes, congruence in contacts with others (7.8), self-doubt, susceptibility to the opinions of others, a tendency to compromise (5, 6).
According to two special formulas, indicators are determined by two main factors: dominance and friendliness.
Dominance: (1 - 5) + 0.7 x (3 + 2 - 4 - 6). Friendliness: (7 - 3) + 0.7 x (8 - 2 - 4 + 6).
In general, the interpretation of the data should focus on the predominance of some indicators over others and, to a lesser extent, on absolute values. The subjects in whom the dominant type of interpersonal relationship prevails (octant I) are characterized by optimism, quick reactions, high activity, pronounced achievement motivation, a tendency to dominance, an increased level of claims, ease and speed in decision-making, homonomy (i.e. orientation mainly on one's own opinion and minimal dependence on external environmental factors), extraversion. Actions and statements can outstrip their thoughtfulness. This is a reaction of the “here and now” type, a pronounced tendency to spontaneous self-realization, an active influence on the environment, an aggressive position, the desire to lead others and subordinate others to their will. II octant, corresponding to the independently dominant type of interpersonal relations, with a clear predominance over others, according to the study, is combined with such features as traits of complacency (or narcissism), distance, self-centeredness, an overestimated level of claims, a pronounced sense of rivalry, manifested in the desire to take separate position in the group. Dominance here is less focused on common interests with the group and is not manifested by the desire to lead people along, infecting them with their ideas. The style of thinking is unconventional, creative. The opinion of others is perceived critically, one's own opinion is elevated to the rank of dogma or quite categorically defended. Emotions lack warmth, actions lack conformity. High search activity is combined with rationality. Low compliance.
The straight-line-aggressive type of interpersonal relationships (the predominance of indicators of octant III) revealed a pronounced proximity to such personal characteristics as rigidity of attitudes, combined with high spontaneity, perseverance in achieving goals, practicality with insufficient reliance on accumulated experience in a state of emotional capture, an increased sense of justice, combined with self-righteousness, an easily ignited feeling of hostility when opposed and criticized, spontaneity and straightforwardness in statements and actions, increased resentment, easily fading in a situation of a comfortable, not infringing on the prestige personality of the subject.
IV octant - incredulous - a skeptical type of interpersonal relations - is manifested by such personal characteristics as isolation, isolation, rigidity of attitudes, a critical attitude towards any opinions other than one's own, dissatisfaction with one's position in a microgroup, suspicion, hypersensitivity to critical remarks addressed to oneself, non-conformity of judgments and actions, a tendency to build rigid and overvalued conclusions associated with the belief in the hostility of others, anticipating hostility in statements and behavior, which is justified by a priori confidence in human unkindness, systemic thinking based on concrete experience, practicality, realism, a tendency to irony, high conflict, which may not be so obvious (when compared with type III) and accumulate, thereby creating increased tension and contributing to growing isolation.
V octant - submissive-shy type of interpersonal relationships - turned out to be predominant in individuals who are painfully shy, introverted, passive, very scrupulous in matters of morality and conscience, subordinate, unsure of themselves, with an increased tendency to reflection, with a marked predominance of motivation to avoid failure and low motivation achievements, low self-esteem, anxious, with an increased sense of responsibility, dissatisfied with themselves, prone to blaming themselves for everything in case of failures, easily falling into a state of sadness, pessimistic about their prospects, accurate and executive in work, avoiding wide contacts and social roles in which they could attract the attention of those around them, vulnerable and impressionable, painfully focused on their shortcomings and problems.
VI octant - dependent - obedient type of interpersonal relationships. Persons with a predominance of indicators of octant VI show high anxiety, increased sensitivity to environmental influences, a tendency to a pronounced dependence of motivational orientation on relationships developing with significant others, their own opinion on the opinion of others. The need for affection and warm relationships is leading. Self-doubt is closely related to unstable self-esteem. Diligence and responsibility in work create a good reputation for them in the team, however, inertia in decision-making, conformity of attitudes and self-doubt do not contribute to their advancement to the role of leader. Increased suspiciousness, sensitivity to inattention and rudeness of others, increased self-criticism, fears of failure as the basis of motivational orientation form the outline of conformal behavior.
VII octant - collaborating - a conventional type of interpersonal relations - has such individual-personal characteristics as emotional instability, a high level of anxiety and a low level of aggressiveness, increased responsiveness to environmental influences, dependence of self-esteem on the opinions of significant others, the desire to be involved in group trends, cooperation. Exaltation, the need for an outpouring of friendliness on others, the search for recognition in the eyes of the most authoritative personalities of the group. The desire to find community with others. Enthusiasm, susceptibility to the emotional mood of the group. A wide range of interests with some surface hobbies.
VIII octant, the predominance of which makes it possible to classify the type of interpersonal interaction as responsible-generous, is combined with such personal characteristics as a pronounced need to comply with social norms of behavior, a tendency to idealize the harmony of interpersonal relations, exaltation in the manifestation of one's convictions, pronounced emotional involvement, which can be more superficial character than it is declared, the artistic type of perception and processing of information, the style of thinking is holistic, figurative. Easy getting used to different social roles, flexibility in contacts, sociability, benevolence, sacrifice, striving for activities useful to all people, manifestation of mercy, charity, missionary personality. Artistry. The need to make a good impression, to please others. The problem of suppressed (or repressed) hostility, causing increased tension, somatization of anxiety, a tendency to psychosomatic diseases, vegetative imbalance as a result of blocking behavioral reactions. In order to study the structure of the “I”, the intrapersonal harmony of the individual, the above instructions should be added: “After you have assessed yourself according to the characteristics given in the questionnaire, do the same with regard to the image of the “I” that you are striving for, that is describe with the help of the same characteristics the "ideal" of your "I". At the same time, do not forget to include those properties that you possess, if they do not contradict your idea of \u200b\u200bthe ideal. The data obtained are calculated and entered on the psychogram in the same way as in the first case, after which the analysis and comparison of the assessment of the subject of his actual and ideal image of the "I" is carried out.
The simplest and most common option is insignificant quantitative differences that allow one to judge which features of one's style of interpersonal behavior do not suit the individual. If in the image of “I” the V octant is drawn more than others, and in the image of the “ideal I” it is significantly reduced and an increased I octant is opposed to it, then the subject considers himself excessively passive, shy and timid in interpersonal relationships and would like to get rid of these properties, be more confident.
If the image of the “I” includes high indicators of the IV octant (i.e., it reveals distrust, alertness, dissatisfaction with the existing relations with the environment), and the image of the ideal “I” reveals the predominance of the VIII octant and significantly reduced IV indicators, then when interpreting the results, one should take into account that the subject is burdened by interpersonal conflict and is partly inclined to self-critically evaluate his role in the current situation, ideally striving to be friendly and congruent with the people around him. Thus, each time the ratio of polar indicators (in terms of the content characteristics of signs of opposite octants - III and VII, II and VI) indicates what are the ways to compensate for those personality traits that worsen the adaptation of the individual in the social environment. If in the first option (actual "I") octants predominate, reflecting the characteristics of dependent and conformal behavior (V, VI, VII), and in the second (ideal "I") - octants that reveal independence and dominance (I, II) or aggressiveness (III), then the subject painfully experiences the subordination of his position, his self-esteem suffers and compensatory efforts are aimed at improving his social status. If the ratio is reversed, i.e., independence, dominance and aggressiveness prevail (II, I, IV), and ideally, the subject would like to be closer to the people around him and get rid of those character traits that contribute to the breakdown of interpersonal relationships (stubbornness (III ), aggressiveness (IV), distance (II), self-confidence (I), then here we are talking about strengthening self-control over direct, spontaneous behavior.
Experience shows that, in fact, both the image of the actual "I" and the ideal are an integral part of the structure of the integral "I". Moreover, people around a person are often perceived according to his ideal "I", and his actual "I" represents his own problems. conscious and under control.
Normally, there are usually no significant discrepancies between the "I" actual and ideal. Moderate (non-conflict) discrepancy or, rather, incomplete coincidence should be considered as a necessary condition for further personal growth, self-improvement. Dissatisfaction with oneself is more often observed in persons with low self-esteem (V, VI, VII octants), as well as in persons in a situation of protracted conflict (IV octant). The predominance of both I and V octants is characteristic of people with the problem of painful pride, authoritarianism, IV and VIII the conflict between the desire for recognition by the group and hostility, i.e. the problem of suppressed hostility, III and VII - the struggle of motives for self-affirmation and affiliation, II and VI - the problem independence - subordination that arises in a difficult official or other situation, forcing to obey in spite of internal protest. The ratio of polar octants is interpreted in approximately the same way when comparing the image of the "I" and the ideal "I". Personalities who have dominant, aggressive and independent behavior traits are much less likely to show dissatisfaction with their character and interpersonal relationships, however, they may also have a tendency to improve their style of interpersonal interaction with the environment, while an increase in the indicators of one or another octant will determine the direction, on which the individual moves independently in order to improve himself. This is of great importance for a psychologist when choosing methods for correcting an individual's behavior, taking into account his intrapersonal resources and the degree of awareness of existing problems. The presence of a pronounced intrapersonal conflict, manifested by a significant discrepancy in the assessment of the actual and ideal "I", is evidence of high neuroticism.
T. Leary suggested using the technique to assess the observed behavior of people, i.e. behavior in assessing others ("from outside"), for self-assessment, assessment of loved ones, for describing the ideal "I". In accordance with these levels of diagnostics, the instruction for the answer changes.
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Instruction You are presented with a list of characteristics. You should carefully read each one and decide if it matches your idea of yourself. If so, mark it with a plus sign or write “yes” next to it. If it does not match, do not write anything.
At the same time or sequentially, you can evaluate the proposed characteristics in terms of "I am ideally" (what you want to be), as well as how these characteristics fit any person you are interested in - "my partner". Try to be sincere. If you are not completely sure, do not put the "+" sign.
Questionnaire
1. Others think favorably of him. |
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5. Has a sense of dignity |
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9. Capable of being harsh |
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13. Likes to cry |
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17. Capable of being self-critical |
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21. Grateful |
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25. Capable of cooperation |
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VIII | 29. Delicate |
33. Able to cause admiration |
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37. Self-confident |
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41. Strict and cool, where necessary |
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45. Does not tolerate being commanded |
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49. Easily embarrassed |
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53. Often resorts to the help of others |
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57. Always kind in getting around |
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VIII | 61. Kind, inspiring confidence |
65. Likes to give advice |
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69. Boastful |
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73. Intolerant of the mistakes of others |
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77. Embittered |
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81. Prone to self-flagellation |
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85. Dependent, dependent |
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89. Easily influenced by friends |
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VIII | 93. Forgives everything |
97. Strives for success |
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101. Snob (judges people by rank and wealth, not by personal qualities) |
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105. Snarky, mocking |
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109. Resentful |
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113. Timid |
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117. Almost never minds anyone |
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121. Strives to find the location of everyone |
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VIII | 125. Too condescending to others |
Results processing and interpretation
Please note that the list of characteristics is divided into blocks I to VIII with 4 questions in each block. Blocks I to VIII are repeated, the answerer "passes" them 4 times. Having assessed the presence of all the proposed 128 characteristics, sum up the number of "+" for each block. Write out the result:
Block I - ... points (i.e., the total amount of pluses in answering block I, which occurs 4 times);
II block - ... points and so on until the VIII block.
If you have evaluated several personalities "I am now", "I am ideally", "My partner", then each person being assessed needs its own separate scoring (the number of "+") for each block.
As noted above, to represent the main social orientations, T. Leary developed a conditional scheme in the form of a circle divided into sectors (Fig. 1)
Rice. 1. Social orientations of the individual
In this circle, the result of the "aggressiveness-friendliness" orientation is located along the horizontal axis, and "dominance-submission" is located along the vertical axis. In turn, these sectors are divided into eight - according to more private relations. For an even finer description, the circle is divided into 16 sectors, but more often octants are used, oriented in a certain way with respect to the two main axes.
T. Leary's scheme, we repeat once again, is based on the assumption that the closer a person's results are to the center of the circle, the stronger the relationship between these two variables. The distance of the obtained indicators from the center of the circle indicates the adaptability or extreme nature of interpersonal (social) behavior.
The maximum level score is 16 points, but it is divided into four degrees of attitude:
0-4 points - low;
5-8 points - moderate (adaptive behavior);
9-12 points - high (extreme behavior);
13-16 points - extreme (before pathology).
The scores obtained for each answer are transferred to the diagram. In this case, the distance from the center of the circle corresponds to the number of points for this block (from 0 to 16). The ends of the vectors are connected and form a personality profile. An example of such a profile is shown in Fig. 2
Rice. 2. Personal profile of social orientations
So, the test result is presented as a shaded part in the diagram. This is the personality profile of the subject on this test. The following formulas calculate indicators for two main factors: "dominance" and "friendliness".
Dominance is (I - V) + 0.7 x (VIII + II - IV - VI)
Friendliness = (VII - III) + 0.7 x (VIII - II - IV + VI)
Determine which indicator prevails for you.
A qualitative analysis of the data obtained is carried out by comparing diagrams that show the difference between the views of different people.
The methodical technique allows studying the problem of psychological compatibility and is often used in the practice of family consultations, group psychotherapy and socio-psychological training.
Personal profile analysis
Types of relationships to others based on the results of each of the eight blocks:
I. Authoritarian
13-16 - dictatorial, imperious, despotic character, a type of strong personality that leads in all types of group activities. He instructs everyone, teaches, in everything he strives to rely on his own opinion, he does not know how to accept the advice of others. Surrounding note this authoritativeness, but recognize it.
9-12 - dominant, energetic, competent, authoritative leader, successful in business, likes to give advice, demands respect.
0-8 - a self-confident person, but not necessarily a leader, stubborn and persistent.
II. Egoistic
13-16 - seeks to be above everyone, but at the same time aloof from everyone, narcissistic, prudent, independent, selfish. Difficulties shifts to others, he treats them somewhat aloof, boastful, self-satisfied, arrogant.
0-12 - selfish traits, self-orientation, a tendency to compete.
III. Aggressive
13-16 - tough and hostile towards others, harsh, tough, aggressiveness can reach antisocial behavior.
9-12 - demanding, straightforward, frank, strict and sharp in assessing others, implacable, inclined to blame others for everything, mocking, ironic, irritable.
0-8 - stubborn, stubborn, persistent and energetic.
IV. Suspicious
13-16 - alienated in relation to a hostile and evil world, suspicious, touchy, prone to doubt everything, vindictive, constantly complaining about everyone, dissatisfied with everything (schizoid type of character).
9-12 - critical, uncommunicative, has difficulty in interpersonal contacts due to self-doubt, suspicion and fear of a bad attitude, closed, skeptical, disappointed in people, secretive, shows his negativism in verbal aggression.
0-8 - critical in relation to all social phenomena and people around.
V. Subordinate
13-16 - submissive, prone to self-abasement, weak-willed, inclined to yield to everyone and in everything, always puts himself in last place and condemns himself, ascribes blame to himself, passive, seeks to find support in someone stronger.
9-12 - shy, meek, easily embarrassed, inclined to obey a stronger one without regard to the situation.
0-8 - modest, timid, compliant, emotionally restrained, able to obey, has no opinion of his own, obediently and honestly performs his duties.
VI. Dependent
13-16 - sharply insecure, has obsessive fears, fears, worries for any reason, therefore dependent on others, on the opinions of others.
9-12 - obedient, timid, helpless, does not know how to show resistance, sincerely believes that others are always right.
0-8 - conformal, gentle, expecting help and advice, trusting, prone to admiration of others, polite.
VII. Friendly
9-16 - friendly and amiable with everyone, focused on acceptance and social approval, strives to satisfy the requirements of everyone, "be good" for everyone regardless of the situation, strives for the goals of microgroups has developed mechanisms of repression and suppression, emotionally labile (hysterical type of character) .
0-8 - prone to cooperation, cooperation, flexible and compromise in solving problems and in conflict situations, strives to be in agreement with the opinions of others, consciously conforming, follows conventions, rules and principles of "good form" in relations with people, an initiative enthusiast in achievement of the goals of the group, seeks to help, feel in the center of attention, deserve recognition and love, sociable, shows warmth and friendliness in relationships.
VIII. Altruistic
9-16 - hyper-responsible, always sacrifices his interests, seeks to help and sympathize with everyone, obsessive in his help and too active in relation to others, takes responsibility for others (there can only be an external "mask" that hides a person of the opposite type ).
0-8 - responsible in relation to people, delicate, soft, kind, emotional attitude towards people shows compassion, sympathy, care, affection, knows how to cheer up and calm others, disinterested and sympathetic.
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Theory
The presented technique, which was published in 1954, is the result of the joint work of such well-known authors as T. Leary, G. Leforge, R. Sazek. Based on determining the level of self-esteem and mutual evaluation, it is expressed in such factors as "dominance - submission", "friendliness - hostility". Named by M. Argyle among the main components in the analysis of the style of interpersonal behavior, in terms of content they can be correlated with two of the three main axes of Ch. Osgood's semantic differential: evaluation and strength.
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Procedure
Those who decide to take the Leary Test online for free will be presented with a series of judgments about a person's character and their relationship with other people. Reading one after another, you need to mentally imagine the situation and indicate whether it corresponds to your idea of \u200b\u200bhow it should be. If the description of the situation coincides with your variant of behavior in society, put a “+” sign, if not, put a “-” sign. An adequate test result can only be obtained if you answer sincerely. In case of doubt about the answer to a question, it is recommended to prefer the “–” sign to the “+” sign. After completing the assessment of the real "I", try to take the test again and put down the signs as you think they should be in case of an ideal reaction to the situation. Do not forget to indicate the judgments that characterize specifically you, some familiar person or your ideal. The technique can be presented to the test person either as a list (in alphabetical order or in random order), or on separate cards.The purpose of this technique is to study the subject's ideas about himself and the ideal "I", as well as to study relationships in small groups. This technique was created by T. Leary, G. Leforge and R. Sazek in 1954 and is essentially a method for diagnosing interpersonal relationships.
Stage 1, Preliminary (Information Gathering). The subject is offered a questionnaire consisting of 128 statements-characteristics.
1. Knows how to like.
2. Makes an impression on others.
3. Knows how to dispose, order.
4. Knows how to insist on his own.
5. Has a sense of dignity.
6. Independent.
7. Able to take care of himself.
8. Can show indifference.
9. Capable of being harsh.
10. Strict but fair.
11. Can be sincere.
12. Critical of others.
13. Likes to cry.
14. Often sad.
15. Capable of showing distrust.
16. Often disappointed.
17. Capable of being self-critical.
18. Able to admit when you're wrong.
19. Willingly obeys.
20. Compliant.
21. Grateful.
22. Admiring and prone to imitate.
23. Respectful.
24. Seeking approval.
25. Capable of cooperation, mutual assistance.
26. Strives to get along with others.
27. Benevolent.
28. Attentive and affectionate.
29. Delicate.
30. Encouraging.
31. Responsive to calls for help.
32. Selfless.
33. Able to arouse admiration.
34. Enjoys respect from others.
35. Has a talent for leadership.
36. Likes responsibility.
37. Self-confident.
38. Self-confident and assertive.
39. Businesslike, practical.
40. Competitive.
41. Persistent, where necessary.
42. Relentless, but impartial.
43. Irritable.
44. Open and direct.
45. Does not tolerate being commanded.
46. Skeptical.
47. He is hard to impress.
48. Touchy, scrupulous.
49. Easily embarrassed.
50. Insecure.
51. Compliant.
52. Modest.
53. Often resorts to the help of others.
55. Willingly accepts advice.
56. Trusting and eager to please others.
57. Always amiable in getting around.
58. Treasures the opinions of others.
59. Sociable and accommodating.
60. Kind-hearted.
61. Kind, inspiring confidence.
62. Gentle and soft-hearted.
63. Likes to take care of others.
64. Generous.
65. Likes to give advice.
66. Gives the impression of significance.
67. Commanding-imperious.
68. Domineering.
69. Boastful.
70. Arrogant and self-satisfied.
71. Thinks only of himself.
72. Sly.
73. Intolerant of the mistakes of others.
74. Prudent.
75. Frank.
76. Often unfriendly.
77. Embittered.
78. Complainer.
79. Jealous.
80. Long remembers grievances.
81. Prone to self-flagellation.
82. Shy.
83. Lack of initiative.
84. Meek.
85. Dependent, dependent.
86. Likes to obey.
87. Allows others to make decisions.
88. Easily gets into trouble.
89. Easily influenced by friends.
90. Ready to trust anyone.
91. Kind to everyone indiscriminately.
92. Sympathizes with everyone.
93. Forgives everything.
94. Overflowing with excessive sympathy.
95. Generous and tolerant of shortcomings.
96. Strives to help everyone.
97. Aspiring to success.
98. Expects admiration from everyone.
99. Manages others.
100. Despotic.
101. Treats others with a sense of superiority.
102. Vain.
103. Selfish.
104. Cold, callous.
105. Biting, mocking.
106. Evil, cruel.
107. Often angry.
108. Insensitive, indifferent.
109. Resentful.
110. Imbued with the spirit of contradiction.
111. Stubborn.
112. Distrustful and suspicious.
113. Timid.
114. Shy.
115. Helpful.
116. Soft-bodied.
117. Almost no one minds.
118. Intrusive.
119. Likes to be taken care of.
120. Overly trusting.
121. Strives to ingratiate himself with everyone.
122. Agrees with everyone.
123. Always friendly with everyone.
124. Loves everyone.
125. Too condescending to others.
126. Tries to console everyone.
127. Cares about others to the detriment of himself.
128. Spoils people with excessive kindness
The task is as follows: the subject must evaluate, in particular, whether each proposed statement corresponds to his idea of himself. With a positive assessment, the corresponding statement is highlighted (for example, the serial number of this statement is circled or crossed out with a cross), but with a negative one, it is not. (Note that a similar procedure can be carried out to assess the ideal "I", i.e. the ideal of the subject, as well as to assess his close people, employees, partners, etc.)
Stage 2. Processing of the received results. First of all, statements-characteristics are combined into groups.
The first group consists of statements with serial numbers 1-4, 33 - 36, 65 - 68 and 97-100; the second group, respectively, 5 - 8, 37-40, 69-72 and 101-104; the third - 9-12, 41-44, 73-76 and 105-108; fourth - 13-16, 45-48, 77-80 and 109-112; fifth - 17-20, 49-52, 81-84 and 113-116; the sixth - 21-24, 53-56, 85-88 and 117-120; the seventh - 25 - 28, 57 - 60, 89-92 and 121-124 and, finally, the eighth - 29-32, 61-64, 93-96 and 125-128.
Then the total number of selected statements is counted, i.e. the number of circles or crosses in each of the groups, and the resulting values \u200b\u200bof l, pb ..., l 8 are plotted in the form of points on the corresponding axes of the diagram, and these points are connected, forming a polygon unique for each individual, a "personal profile" (Fig. 12.9).
