World artistic culture Lesson plan The concept of architecture Types of architecture The language of architecture Styles of architecture Romanesque style in architecture Gothic. Universal learning activities

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1 R.V. Vardanyan WORLD ART CULTURE ARCHITECTURE HUMANITARIAN PUBLISHING CENTERww Moscow 2004

2 UDC 72 LBC V18 Reviewers: Rezvin V.A., Director of the State Museum of Architecture named after V.I. A.V. Shchuseva, Chairman of the Moscow Architectural Heritage Commission, Professor of the International Academy of Architecture; Revutskaya E.M., teacher of children's literature of the educational and pedagogical complex "Lyceum-pedagogical school named after. K.D. Ushinsky"; Sergeeva G.P., head. laboratory of aesthetic education MIROS, Ph.D. ped. Sci. World Artistic Culture: Architecture. M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, p.: ill. ISBN The book aims to provide the necessary information on the history of world architecture and Russian architecture as part of the world. The history of the development of architectural styles is revealed in a historically reliable and accessible way, the patterns of their occurrence and their features in different countries in different periods of the development of society are seen. The book is illustrated with photographs, drawings and diagrams, portraits of architects. A dictionary of architectural terms with drawings is given. This book can be used in the lessons of fine arts, history, literature, as well as the course "Moscow Studies". It covers all topics on architecture in the programs of educational institutions "World Artistic Culture". Readers of the book can be people of all ages: high school students, teachers and parents who want to improve their cognitive and educational level. UDC 72 BBK ISBN Vardanyan RV, 2003 VLADOS Humanitarian Publishing Center, 2003 Serial design of the cover. OOO Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS, 2003 Art design. OOO Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS, 2003 Model. LLC Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS, 2003

3 3 To the blessed memory of parents A FEW WORDS ABOUT THIS BOOK This edition has no direct addressee. The book can be read by schoolchildren, their parents, teachers. It will help answer the many children's "why?" And How?". In a popular and accessible form, this book will introduce the reader to excellent architects, their work, the basics of architecture and other issues related to it. The form of presentation of the material is diverse: here are essays and essays. Illustrative material will visually acquaint the reader with many monuments of architecture, the architectural principles underlying them. The author of the book, a professional architect and teacher who has worked with children and adolescents for many years, is convinced that a sense of beauty, aesthetic and ethical feelings cannot be aroused in a child without knowledge of works of art. You can only love what you know well. Information on architecture, presented in a popular and accessible way, will help the younger generation to become patriots of their hometown, their country, to understand and appreciate their history. The author expresses his deep gratitude for the assistance rendered in the creation of the book to the family of architects Topuridze and special thanks personally to Roman Konstantinovich Topuridze. The author sincerely thanks Gayane and Mayram Vardanyan, as well as Lyudmila Gennadievna Mikhailova, for their assistance in preparing the illustrative material.

4 4 APPEAL TO THE YOUNG READER Beautiful is nearby! How often do we hear and repeat this phrase. But do we always think about its meaning? Yes, we are thinking about it. Schoolchildren, for example, talk about it like this: "... Beauty in architecture is the smoothness and perfection of lines ..." (Elena Sh., 7th grade). "...Architecture always attracts people with its expressiveness..." (Ilya E., Grade 7). “... Beauty in architecture is, first of all, grace ...” (Natasha P., 7th grade). “...Architecture evokes certain feelings: joy, admiration, surprise, delight, or vice versa. This makes architecture an art...” (Vera M., 7th grade). But do all people feel this way? Or maybe they are so accustomed to the buildings and streets around them that they do not notice their beauty? After all, we do not always know how this beauty arose, who its creator is. The book before you will try to answer this question. It will help you get acquainted with the builders of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Florence, Milan, Paris, Dresden, St. Petersburg, Moscow. You will learn the names of great architects, get acquainted with their destinies and works that perpetuated their names. The book is divided into five sections. Each section has its own numbering. The figure is numbered with two digits: the first corresponds to the number of the section, the second to the serial number of the figure in this section. So let's open this book.

5 Architecture is primarily the art of distributing and combining space. A.P. Bryullov Section I. WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE

6 6 I. What is architecture Architecture is the art of organizing space, creating for a person such a form of space in which he can live, work, study and relax. The primitive man, without knowing it, became an "architect", creating housing for himself in order to hide from the weather. He was content, depending on climatic conditions, or random dwellings (caves, half-caverns), or easily erected and fragile huts, sheds, walls, pits. In addition to housing itself, primitive man built structures from huge boulders, which received various names. Menhirs (from the Breton "men" stone and "khir" long) stand alone vertical pillars-blocks more than 20 meters high (Fig. I.1). ARCHITECTURE OF ARCHITECTURE... Architecture is a science, adorned with many teachings and various arts... And so proportion, strength, peace, beauty and splendor lie down to any building, without which it cannot be commendable... M. Eropkin Their exact purpose not established, but researchers associate their appearance with funeral rites; perhaps they served to mark the boundaries of possessions. Cromlechs (from the Breton "krom" circle, "lech" stone) is the most complex type of megalithic structures (Fig. I.2, I.3). They are found mainly in Europe in western France and Great Britain, but also in Asia and America. For example, in Stonehenge (England) stone circles reach 30 meters in diameter. I.2. Cromlech "Stonehenge". Modern view from the east side Fig. I.1. Menhir Fig. I.3. Cromlech "Stonehenge". Reconstruction

7 Emergence of architecture I.4. Dolmen Trov. Cromlechs consist of vertically placed stones covered with horizontal slabs. Inside the circle, tall blocks with slabs placed in pairs form the center of the space. It is believed that the cromlechs had a cult significance. Dolmens (from the Breton "tol" table, "men" stone) were a volume of three or four stones in the form of a table or a burial chamber (Fig. I.4). In essence, among the ancient peoples (Egyptians, Etruscans, etc.), a residential building and a mortuary chamber had the same shape. In addition to stone, primitive man used branches, brushwood, tree trunks, sand, clay, limestone, animal skins, and in exceptional cases even ice as a building material. With the development of society (depending on the way of life), people began to create more durable dwellings, for example, yurts for nomadic shepherds, houses for the settled population. Dwellings could grow to large clusters (Sumerian "cities" of Mesopotamia, Caucasian villages, American pueblos). Over the millennia, the purpose of buildings has changed, their size has increased. 7 The development of architecture depends not only on material, technical and social opportunities, but also on climatic, production and material conditions, on the spiritual, philosophical and aesthetic views of society, as well as on the political system of the state. The level of society determines the types of buildings, the level of technology, the choice of building materials and structures, the material of the form, the plasticity of structures. As conditions, attitudes and structures change, so does architecture. Such changes occurred more than once, and this was reflected in the architecture. In ancient Egypt, hewn stones were the main material for the construction of monumental buildings. Mined on the outskirts of the Nile Valley BEAMS COLUMNS (PILLARS) Fig. I.5. Egypt. Temple of Amon. Post-beam construction BEAMS BEAMS

8 8 Fig. I.6. Ziggurat stone made it possible to erect stone pillars, block them with stone beams. So in Egypt there was a construction of column-racks and beams - a rack-and-beam system (Fig. I.5). The creation of architectural structures was determined not only by the availability of building materials, but also to a large extent by the influence of religion, which contributed to the creation of funerary monuments and temples. The Babylonians built ziggurats, raised high to the sky, stepped temples (Fig. I.6). Assyro-Babylonian architecture created vaults and a semicircular dome to cover. In Assyria, buildings were built from raw bricks or baked bricks. Temples were not built in Persia, since religion required nothing but altars for fire. Palace construction is developing here. In ancient Greece, the first place was given to the house for ordinary citizens, and not to palaces. The man was not humiliated, he was aware of his strength, and the architecture of Greece acquired a humanistic character. The main buildings of Greek architecture are public. Among them, the first place was given to the temple. The temple was intended for the life of a humanoid god. I. What is the architecture of the Etruscans, who inhabited in the 1st millennium BC. northwestern part of the Apennine Peninsula (modern region of Tuscany, Italy), achieved technical perfection and introduced the design of the vault. The Romans, who first subjugated the Etruscans and then the Greeks, took over the column and vault from them, included monumental secular buildings in the circle of buildings being erected, the construction of which was caused by the needs of Rome's life (terms, basilicas, amphitheaters and arches). The Romans influenced the development of the architecture of the conquered territories. The Roman heritage was long used in the Middle Ages. In the 5th and 6th centuries, Byzantine architects, combining elements of Christian, ancient and oriental architecture, with the support of Roman technology, guided by the Greek understanding of beauty, created a special central-domed building for Christian worship. The central dome system has become widespread in the architecture of all countries located along the Black Sea coast. Then, on its basis, a kind of architecture began to be created that meets the conditions of the climate and the life of society. This can be seen in Armenian and Georgian churches. Since the 7th century, Islamic states have used the architectural forms of the conquered cultural peoples, adapting them to their cult. This is how mosques were created, consisting of a quadrangular courtyard with a fountain for ablution, a room for worship and a high minaret for calling to prayer. Along with religious art

9 The Emergence of Architecture 9 As a hitecture, palace architecture developed in the Islamic states with many luxurious halls, shady and cozy chambers. With the adoption of Christianity by Russia in the 10th century, Byzantine architecture first came to Kyiv and Novgorod, then to Vladimir, and in the 16th and 17th centuries to Moscow. The forms borrowed from Byzantine architecture, combined with the old traditions of Russian wooden architecture, taking into account climatic, social and other conditions, became the basis for creating a completely independent Russian architectural style of the 16th-17th centuries. In the second half of the 10th century in Europe, the two main forces, feudal society and the church, determined two areas of architecture: the construction of castles and temples. The architecture of this era was called Romanesque. The new word "Gothic" in architecture was said in the middle of the XII century. In Gothic buildings, the vertical line prevailed over the horizontal. The lancet arch and vault on light, thin columns transferred the entire load to the pillars and retaining walls with the help of light arches. Massive walls were no longer erected, huge windows appeared, and instead of darkness, light reigned in the cathedrals. Gothic architecture originated in France and there it was the most elegant, and in Germany the most majestic. Gothic covered all the Catholic countries of Europe and dominated for two centuries. From the XIV century, a new era of the Renaissance begins. At this time, the personality of a person comes to the fore. There is a liberation of man from medieval ideals, and the new society turns to the ancient world, imbued with humanistic ideals. The architectural style created in this era reflected all the changes in society. By the name of the era, it was called the Renaissance and was widespread throughout Europe in the 15th-17th centuries. In the architecture of the 17th and early 19th centuries, two trends of the Baroque develop; then classicism. It should be noted here that these directions in Russia had their own individuality. Since the 60s of the XIX century in Western Europe there has been a gradual transition from classicism to antiquity and eclecticism (a mixture of different styles). At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, a new style of modernity was emerging in architecture. During these years, in the architecture of Russia, rich in the traditions of ancient Russian architecture, styles differ: Russian-Byzantine, eclecticism, pseudo-Russian, modern, neo-Russian and neoclassicism. Russian architects of these periods create interesting buildings and structures. Architecture is the history of the development of human society, immortalized in stone. Architectural monuments help a person to comprehend the history of society, awaken his thought and imagination.

10 10 I. What is architecture THREE REQUIREMENTS TO ARCHITECTURE (convenience, beauty, durability) Many people, like you, dear reader, live in cities and towns of different countries. These cities consist of a variety of buildings and structures that form streets, squares, parks and gardens. All buildings are divided into residential and public. Dwelling houses are the houses in which we live; public buildings kindergartens, schools, various institutions, cinemas, stadiums, museums and theaters where we study, work and relax. There are other buildings as well. These are factories and factories, industrial enterprises where people produce something. Buildings and structures are designed by an architect and built by a builder. "Architect" is a Greek word meaning "chief builder". This concept came to Europe more than 400 years ago. In Russia, before Peter I, the word "architect" was not used, and the builders were called "architect", "ward master", "stone and carpenter headman". Only at the beginning of the 18th century, in the era of Peter I, did the word “architect”, adopted in Western Europe, begin to be used in Russia. The architect, when he creates buildings, has always faced and faces a more difficult task than the artist, composer or writer. An artist may hide a bad painting in the basement of a museum, a composer may not play a poorly written piece of music, a reader may leave an uninteresting book on a bookshelf. But what can be done with a poorly designed and built architectural structure?! The great German poet Goethe said: "You can make mistakes, but you can't build mistakes." However, not only the architect is responsible for a bad building. Builders are also responsible. How they build the building together will determine its beauty and strength. In distant historical times, buildings were designed and built by the same person. He drew and drew, and when all the drawings were ready, he supervised the construction. Many great architects erected their wonderful architectural structures, which have remained for centuries. In Ancient Egypt, Imhotep built a stepped tomb, in Ancient Greece Mnesicles Propylaea, in Ancient Rome Vespasian Colosseum, in the Middle Ages in France Pierre de Montreau Saint-Chapelle, in the Renaissance in Italy F. Brunelleschi Educational House. In Russia architects B. Rastrelli built the Winter Palace, A. Zakharov Admiralty, A. Voronikhin Kazan Cathedral. At the same time, the latter proved himself not only as a talented architect and urban planner, but also as a brilliant engineer, having created the first metal dome of the cathedral. Other architectural monuments are also associated with the names of many architects. Since ancient times, people have sought to build in such a way that buildings, whatever they are intended for, are comfortable, beautiful and durable. These three basic requirements have been observed since the dawn of architecture. These requirements are still followed today.

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Lesson #28

Architecture

XX century

D.Z.: Chapter 25, ?? (p.319-320), tv. assignments (p.320-322)

Lesson #26

Part 1

LESSON OBJECTIVES

promote students' awareness of the role of architecture of the twentieth century in world culture;
Develop skill independently study the material and prepare it for the presentation; continue to develop the ability to analyze works of architecture;
Bring up culture of perception of architectural masterpieces of the twentieth century.

CONCEPTS, IDEAS

constructivism;
modulor;
C. E. Le Corbusier;
V. E. Tatlin;
"world style";
constructivism in the USSR;
monument "Tower of the III International";
"organic architecture";
F. L. Wright;
O. Niemeyer;
"ideal city"

Universal learning activities

characterize features  correlate  evaluate value and contribution   describe and analyze     explore the problem of novelty  shoot a video report
characterize features development of world architecture of the XX century. (on the example of masterpieces of architecture);
 correlate a work of architecture with a specific historical era, style, national school;
 evaluate value and contribution individual architects in the history of the development of world art;
 comment on scientific points of view and evaluation of creativity of individual authors;
 describe and analyze monuments of world and domestic architecture in the unity of form and content;
 develop an individual creative project an architectural structure in the style of one of the architects of the 20th century;
 conduct a comparative analysis the best examples of architectural constructivism in the work of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin;
 explore the impact of creative method A. Gaudi on the architecture of F. L. Wright (as part of an individual creative project);
 explore the problem of novelty architectural solutions of O. Niemeyer and the rejection of classical traditions;
 shoot a video report about modern architectural monuments of your city

STUDY NEW MATERIAL

Lesson assignment. What is the importance for the World civilization and culture of the creativity of representatives of the architecture of the twentieth century?

sub-questions

Constructivism of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin. New ideas and principles of architecture of the XX century. Sh. E. Le Corbusier as the creator of the "universal style" in the architecture of the XX century. Search for simple shapes and systems of proportions. Artistic principles of Sh. E. Le Corbusier (on the example of famous buildings). The development of constructivism in the USSR. V. E. Tatlin as the founder of Soviet constructivism and design. Artistic ideas of V. E. Tatlin and their real implementation. The model of the monument "Tower of the III International" is the main creation of the architect.
"Organic Architecture" by F. L. Wright. Worldwide recognition of the creative method of F. L. Wright (on the example of Kaufman's villa). Originality and novelty of architectural solutions of works.
O. Niemeyer: an architect accustomed to surprise. Uniqueness of style and "poetry of form". The dream of an "ideal city" and its real implementation (on the example of the city of Brasilia). The search for the national identity of modern architecture

The main directions in the architecture of the early twentieth century:

Modern
Constructivism
organic
Postmodernism
Deconstructivism

At the beginning XX centuries have been replaced by clear designs .

In the architecture of the 1920s -1930s. occupied a dominant position constructivism (simplicity, utilitarianism and economy) original version of the pan-European trend functionalism , called international style.

Functionalism (in Soviet Union - constructivism ) - a direction that requires strict compliance with buildings and structures.

CONSTRUCTIVISM (construo - build) - a direction that arose in the twenties of the 20th century.

Constructivism - Soviet avant-garde method (direction).

Constructivism – the application of geometric principles in all spheres of life (architecture, furniture, clothing).

Target - the dispensation of modern life, the transformation of social life.

Ideas and principles:

- the architecture should be light and give a feeling of soaring;

Architecture must subdue the huge streams of light inside the building and learn how to play with lighting effects from the outside;

Thanks to new materials and technologies, architecture must learn to operate with integral spaces of enormous dimensions.

In the architecture of the twentieth century. harmoniously combined new technical

opportunities and creativity.

Club named after Zuev, Moscow

Club them. Rusakova

Main objects – functional structures of a new type:

railway stations, factories, plants, bridges, public buildings and residential buildings.

building Mosselprom, Moscow

The architects sought to create a comfortable atmosphere with simple and clear forms of buildings.

For emphasis, use: asymmetry, opposition of horizontal and vertical planes, combination of building with landscape.

In architecture, forms of honeycombs, ears, shells, corn cobs, etc. are created.

Opera House in Sydney. Australia

Principles of the new architecture:

lightness and feeling of soaring;
a lot of light inside the building;
huge space.

Windows often began to replace walls, interiors were freed from excesses and congestion with details.

Steel frames with vertical structures, stuffed with high-speed elevators and other equipment, clearly threw challenge to the classics .

Characteristic features of constructivism - severity, geometrization, conciseness of forms and solidity of appearance.

– creator of the first skyscrapers , which have become a symbol of the modern American city. He formulated the principles of the construction of high-rise buildings, which architects still use.

LOUIS

SULLIVEN

(1856-1924)

The first skyscraper of the Chicago architect Louis Sullivan in the city of St. Louis made a real revolution in architecture.

skyscrapers in Chicago. USA

“... A man’s house should resemble a “bee dwelling”, therefore, “beehives for people” should be erected - uniform and standard structures where a person will feel like a part of a giant urban biosphere.”

Chicago. Skyscrapers.

Louis Sullivan formulated the principles of skyscraper construction: First - skyscraper needs underground floor, which will house boilers, power plants and other devices that provide the building with energy and heat. Second - the first floor should be given to banks, shops and other establishments that need a lot of space, lots of light, bright shop windows and easy access from the street. Third - the second floor should have no less light and space than the first.

Fourth - between the second floor and the uppermost should be located countless office spaces , which do not differ from each other in terms of layout. Fifth - top floor , as well as underground, must be technical . Here are the ventilation systems.

An outstanding French architect of constructivism in XX in., creator of the "world style".

For the first time, he began to use prefabricated reinforced concrete modules in his buildings.

LE CORBUSIER

Le Corbusier. Villa Savoy. 1927-31 Poissy

The foundations for the "new architecture" he sought in purely geometric shapes, lines at right angles, in perfect combinations of vertical and horizontal, in absolute white .

The famous villa is distinguished by exquisite perfection of forms and clarity of proportions. Terraces located at different levels, walkways, ramps and stairs penetrating the space, bright lighting create the impression of merging with nature and the possibility of complete privacy for a person.

Villa Savoy(1927-1931) Poissy, France

invents a system of architectural proportions derived from the proportions of the human figure - modulor

HOUSE IN MARSEIL (1945-1952)

A house - a dwelling for a person - is a "machine for living".

– peculiar model of an ideal dwelling for a person . Designed for 350 families (approximately 1600 people), it clearly embodies the author's idea that "a house is a machine for living."

The house is raised on high pillars, it includes 337 duplex apartments, shops, hotels, roof garden, gym, jogging track, swimming pool, kindergarten , that is, everything that a person needs for a comfortable life.

architectural structures

Le Corbusier

Notre-Dame-du-Hau Chapel,

Ronchamp, France

House

Centrosoyuz

in Moscow.

AT USSR the development of constructivism was important not only for architecture, but for all forms of art. Artists of the 1920s put forward the task of constructing the material environment surrounding a person. They sought to use the new technique to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms and expedient

structures. Original architectural designs

brothers A. A., V. A. and L. A. Vesnin, M. Ya. Ginzburg,

A. V. Shchuseva, I. I. Leonidova, K. S. Melnikova were carried out in the largest cities of Russia.

Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin

- the founder of Soviet artistic constructivism and design, painter, stenographer.

Tower of the III International. 1919-1920s

Height 400m, 1.5 times the Eiffel Tower.

ORGANIC (organic architecture)- a direction in architecture, first formulated by Louis Sullivan based on the provisions of evolutionary biology in the 1890s .

Parallel with constructivism, a direction was developed, conventionally called "organic architecture".
The building is made up of many different blocks, which are completed only as part of a building .

Organic architecture means rejection of strict geometric shapes .

When designing each building takes into account the type of surrounding area, its purpose Everything is in harmony.

Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at a glance.

The reasons that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture:

the presence of new structural materials that allow you to create the most bizarre architectural forms;
the feeling of unity with nature, which gives such a building.

FRANK LLOYD

WRIGHT

“...Architecture should first of all “serve” human life, and only then be a symbol of the abstract concepts of “goodness and beauty”. The building should not suppress the landscape, but naturally grow out of it, merging with it and forming an organic unity.

(1869-1959)

The idea of organic architecture, put forward by the American architect and art theorist Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959), has received worldwide recognition and practical

implementation in many countries. He assigned architecture the role of a unifying principle between man and the environment. In his opinion, it should first of all "serve" the life of a person, and only then be a symbol of the abstract concepts of "goodness and beauty." The building should not overwhelm

landscape, but naturally grow out of it, merging with it and forming an organic unity.

Under the influence of Japanese architecture, he developed his so-called "Prairie Style"- light overhanging cornices, low open terraces located in secluded gardens near natural reservoirs. He believed that the prairies have "a beauty of their own", and therefore the architect's task is to "see and emphasize this natural splendor."

His interests included private country villas and massive urban developments.

Country Kunlei's house . riverside

VILLA E. KAUFMANN "ABOVE THE WATERFALL" (1936-1939)

More than a hundred private houses were created by F.L. Wright in just ten years, but brought a unique architectural solution to each.

The villa has become a true masterpiece of the architect. The rough fold of the walls of crushed stone naturally continued the rocks, merging with a small waterfall, mighty trees and a forest stream. Reinforced concrete beams anchored in the rock supported a complex system of overhanging terraces. The stairs in the center of the house descended directly to the waterfall. The architecture of the building literally "dissolved" in nature.

MUSEUM MODERN ARTS Guggenheim (1943-1959) New York

one of the first contemporary art museums in the world. Now this museum, located in Manhattan in New York, enjoys well-deserved fame and is popular with visitors.

“.. Wright was the last romantic and the first rationalist in American architecture” (A. V. Ikonnikov).

Visitors to the Guggenheim Museum start at the top and spiral down. This unique concept of the layout of the halls was proposed by the architect F. L. Wright.

Oscar Niemeyer and its palaces of glass and concrete.

Oscar Niemeyer - a classic of architecture who worked with Le Corbusier, who built "city of the future"- the capital of his country, Brasilia and co-author of the project of the UN headquarters in New York. He did not stop creating almost until his death.

Oscar Niemeyer has died at the age of 105. His legacy is more than 400 buildings in 18 countries around the world,

(1907-2012)

"I am not attracted to right angles and straight, unchanging and clear lines created by man. I am attracted to curves, free and sensual. Those curves that we can see in mountain silhouettes, in the form of sea waves, on the body of a beloved woman"

Niemeyer's most famous project is that of the city of Brasilia.

The master plan of the new capital of Brazil (Brazilia) was based on the intersection of two axes, shaped like the silhouette of a flying airliner.

He became famous for his experiments in the field of reinforced concrete architecture.

His corporate identity is distinguished by a wide the use of curvilinear forms, an abundance of light, space.

ministry

foreign affairs

Brazil

"I believe that the architecture is a success if it is visible immediately after the main structures are completed. That's what's important, and not what they're covered with later," he said in an interview.

Residential building "Kopan" in São Paulo (1951-1965), short for C ompanhia P an- A mericana de H oteis e Turismo

A huge undulating building resembling a waving flag, this is the largest residential complex in Latin America.

The house consists of six blocks attached to each other. All blocks are connected to each other in three places: roof, shopping arcade and basement floors .

Height - 140 m, 38 floors, 1160 apartments and approximately 5000 inhabitants . The City Hall of São Paulo assigned its own index (ser.: 01046-925) to the building due to its dense population.

Square 6006 m² .

Government Palace in Brasilia, 1960

The originality of the architectural style of O. Niemeyer is

extraordinary plasticity of forms, expressed in smoothness

transitions from interior to exterior space, introduction to the composition of works of painting and sculpture, organic

connection of architecture with landscape gardening art.

Often his style is called the style of "elegant curved lines."

Museum of Contemporary

art in Niteroi, 1996

“I am not attracted to a right angle, nor a straight, rigid,

rigid line created by man. The freely curved and sensual line beckons me. That line that reminds me of the mountains of my country, the bizarre bends of rivers, high clouds ... "

O. Nemeyer

Cathedral in Brasilia, 1960-1970

They rise above the earth, like a giant crown, only 16 white arrow-shaped columns , each of which in the form of a parabolic curve away from the small roof. 90-ton supports taper to the ground, which gives the whole structure an unusually light and elegant look. Most complex functional parts building hidden underground . Between the pillars is colored glass mesh, which, when viewed from the outside at night or from the inside during the day, is a bright vault of blue and green hues.

Palace of the National Congress in Brasilia, 1960

The architect's life's work was the development of a general

building plan "the first capital of modern civilization" the city of Brasilia.

Having designed the bulk of the administrative

and residential buildings, for three years (1957-1960) he embodied the dream of an ideal city commensurate with the needs

man and responding to his ideas of beauty. Literally from scratch, one of the most unusual cities on the planet was created, which currently has UNESCO World Heritage Site status.

National Museum of Brazil, 2006

The contrast of domes and pyramids, arrow-shaped columns and rounded bowls, strict geometric shapes and open

squares and parks, space and logic in the layout of the streets - all this makes the city, created by the genius of O. Niemeyer, uniquely bright

and expressive.

National Museum and National Library in Brasilia, 2006,

according to the projects of 1958

test questions

1 . What principles of constructivist architecture were embodied by C. E. Le Corbusier?

What distinguishes his urban planning projects? Did he manage to

"social mission" of architecture, to create for a person a "fertile and

cheerful picture?

2. Tower of V. E. Tatlin - a monument III Internationale - still not lost

its relevance and strikes with the courage of architectural and artistic

solutions. What are the main discoveries of the author? What did it show

universality of his views? How utopian do you think

ideas of a great dreamer? What is the reason for their oblivion and subsequent

revival in the art of world architecture? Compare samples

Architectural constructivism in the work of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and V. E. Tatlin.

3. The unrealized ideas of V. E. Tatlin were later used in many

modern buildings, for example: buildings of the government complex

Brasilia (architect O. Niemeyer), designs of the Center. J. Pompidou in Paris (arch.

R. Rogers, R. Piano), the building of the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New

York (architect F. L. Wright), Sydney Opera House (architect J. Utzon). How much

it is legitimate to assert that the tower of V. E. Tatlin became a model,

stimulating the creative thought of modern architects? What are you in

see the real embodiment of the ideas of V. E. Tatlin? Explain your answer.

4. The historian of the art of architecture P. Nuttgens wrote about the Villa "Above the Falls":

“Wright has created the clearest example of a man-made structure that complements

nature." In what way and how did it “complement nature”? What embodiment in his

architectural appearance found the "prairie style"? As in the works of F. L. Wright

the eternal dream of human life among untouched nature has come true?

Can we talk about the influence of A. Gaudi on the work of F. L. Wright?

5. In an interview, O. Niemeyer said: “The main thing in architecture is that it

was new, touched a person’s soul, was useful to him, so that a person could

enjoy it." What is the novelty of O. Niemeyer's architecture? Is she capable

to excite the soul of a person and at the same time be useful to him?

creative workshop

1. Give a comparative description of the building you know

modernity and constructivism. To what extent are they responsible

criteria of architecture: usefulness, strength and beauty? In which

would you personally prefer to live in the building? Why?

2. C. E. Le Corbusier formulated five basic principles

new architecture: house on poles to strengthen connection with

environmental space; open floor plan that

allows you to change and adjust functional processes;

free construction of the facade for wider compositional

decisions; taking into account visual perception, it is proposed

horizontally tapered form of windows; flat roof for

increasing the usable area where gardens can be placed. Which

reflected in the buildings of Le Corbusier found these principles

architecture? What was its impact on

further development of architecture?

3. Consider the image of the chapel in Ranshan by C. E. Le Corbusier.

What new technologies were used in its construction? What

the monumentality of its architectural appearance? Compare it

work with traditional cult known to you

buildings. What makes them different?

creative workshop

4. The idea of V. E. Tatlin to create a tower of the III International can

be considered in the light of high-rise construction in various

historical eras (pyramids of Ancient Egypt and pre-Columbian

America, ziggurats of Mesopotamia, engineering and religious

buildings of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Ancient East). What kind

tasks set by their creators? How they embodied

the main ideas of his historical era?

5. At the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New York,

designed by F. L. Wright, architectural historian

D.S. Curl saw "A striking exercise in formal

geometry", but not a building intended for

viewing works of art. Others perceived it

like a massive sculpture. What do you think were the reasons

for such ratings?

6. The work of O. Niemeyer was strongly influenced by Sh. E. Le

Corbusier, however, he managed to develop his own style. How

can be explained by the fact that some critics call

Niemeyer's architectural structures with sculptures, and himself

"Sculptor-monumentalist"? Is this legal, with your

points of view?

Topics for design studies or presentations

1. The development of architectural ideas of Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

2. The basic principles of architecture and their implementation Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

3. Features of urban ensembles Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

4. Sh. E. Le Corbusier is the architect of the future.

5. "World Style" Sh. E. Le Corbusier.

6. Architectural constructivism of one of the cities of Russia.

7. Creative search for constructivist architects in the 1920s-1930s.

8. Expressive possibilities of V. E. Tatlin's works.

9. Artistic ideas of V. E. Tatlin and their real embodiment in the works of modern architecture.

10. The significance of V. E. Tatlin's work in the development of the art of design and architecture.

11. The Tower of Babel and the Tower of the Third International by V. E. Tatlin: Utopia or Reality of Design.

12. Ideas of "organic architecture" and their figurative embodiment in

works of F. L. Wright.

13. Architectural fantasies of F. L. Wright.

14. "Prairie style" and its embodiment in the buildings of F. L. Wright.

15. What is the originality of the architectural solution of the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art?

16. The problem of figurative expressiveness in the work of O. Niemeyer.

17. "Poetry of form" O. Niemeyer.

18. Features of religious architecture.

19. The dream of an "ideal city" and its embodiment in creativity (on the example of the city of Brasilia).

20. Creations of Sh. E. Le Corbusier and O. Niemeyer: an experience of comparative analysis.

21. The work of O. Niemeyer: the novelty of architectural solutions or the rejection of classical traditions.

Today I found out...
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Literature:

Programs for educational institutions. Danilova G.I. World art culture. – M.: Bustard, 2011
Danilova, G.I. Art / MHK. 11 cells Basic level: textbook / G.I. Danilova. M.: Bustard, 2014.
Kalinina E.M., teacher of fine arts and MHK, MOU "Yermishinskaya secondary school", r.p. Ermish, Ryazan region http://urokimxkizo.ucoz.ru/

Lesson plan The concept of architecture Types of architecture The language of architecture Styles of architecture Romanesque style in architecture Gothic style in architecture Classicism in architecture Empire style in architecture Baroque architecture in Rococo architecture Western European and Eastern architecture. Building types. Practical task

ArchitectureArchitecture is the art of designing and building, rising to the level of generalization of ideas and expressing in an artistic form a person's ideas about the world, space, time, eternity and movement, joy and triumph, or, on the contrary, sadness, loneliness.

Romanesque architecture The artistic style of Western European art 10 - n.13 centuries. Churches Monasteries Castles basis - Roman architecture simple stereometric volumes (cube, cylinder, parallelepiped, prism) integrity triumph of material thick powerful walls, massiveness severe fortress appearance statics semicircular arch main architectural types Artistic features

Gothic architecture (from the name of the German tribe ready) Artistic style of the middle of the 12th - 16th centuries. city cathedral palaces castles town halls shopping malls Artistic features main architectural types rise of the spirit and mind breakthrough to the divine lightness, scale frame system cross vault lancet arch openwork stone carving overcoming material dynamics

Classicism in architecture (from lat. сlassici - exemplary) Art direction 17 - n.19 century. Idea of statehood, law and order urban ensemble triumphal arches public buildings

Empire in architecture (from French empire - empire) Art direction ¼ 19th century. urban ensemble triumphal arches public buildings

Baroque in architecture (from Italian barocco - strange, bizarre) The last stage of classicism The idea of state power urban ensemble triumphal arches public buildings Artistic features the main architectural types grandiosity showiness pomposity spatial scope dynamics contrast of material and texture, light and darkness

Rococo in architecture (from French gosso - strange, bizarre) Artistic direction of the 1st half of the 18th century.

Check yourself? 1. List the main types of architecture 2. Name the main European styles of architecture in the sequence of their occurrence 3. Define the architectural style by keywords: a) restrained decor, logic, clarity, Antique aesthetics b) massiveness, severity of appearance, statics, simplicity c) grandiosity , spectacularity, pomposity, contrast d) monumentalism, lapidarity e) lightness, scale, takeoff of the spirit, frame system 4. Instead of dots, choose the right words to define: “Architecture is ... to design and build, expressing in ... form. .. man about the world"