I. Ethnic structure of society - clan, tribe, nationality, nation

There are about 2 thousand nations, nationalities and tribes in the world. Most often, one country includes several nations, such states are called multinational, and these concepts are studied in detail in grade 8. Now let's try to figure out what the concepts of genus, nationality, ethnicity, nation, tribe, nationality mean, to identify their similarities and differences.

Ethnos

Ethnos is a common collective name for numerous consanguineous groups of people who form a tribe, nationality or nation.

It is possible to attribute a person to one or another ethnic group depending on his biological and social characteristics.

Each ethnic group has features that are characteristic of its representatives. They are formed over a long period of time and under the influence of various factors: natural and climatic conditions, territory of residence, historical past.

The appearance and character of people are influenced by the natural conditions in which their people lived for a long time. For example, strong winds, sandstorms determine such a sign as narrow eyes, and a hot, sunny climate has led to the appearance of people with swarthy and black skin. The remoteness of the place of residence, isolation was reflected in the way of life and relationships with other people.

So let's single out a number of characteristics of an ethnic group as a stable community of people:

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• blood relations;
• commonality of historical development;
• general area of ​​residence;
• common traditions;
• common cultural heritage;
• unity of life and language.

Tribe

This is the earliest form of ethnicity. Its appearance was preceded by the unification of people into families, clans and clans.

The family is the smallest of the groups based on consanguinity. It brings parents and children together. The union of several families forms a genus. Several clans that have entered into an alliance become a clan. An association of several clans is called a tribe.

The tribes had their own language, lived on the same territory. In addition, at this time the control system was already in its infancy. Each tribe had its own leader, as well as a special council in which the most important issues were discussed. Traditions and ceremonies were formed.

Ethnos: nations and nationalities

Nationality

This is a more developed form of the ethnic group, which replaced the tribe. Its main differences in that:

• she included large quantity of people;
• its appearance was associated with the emergence of states that united large territories into one whole;
• The unification of people now took place not only by blood ties, but by linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural characteristics.

Nation

This is a type of ethnic group, the largest group of people united by common institutions and values.

Nation signs:

• single territory;
• single language;
• commonality of the economic system;
• a single national character, a sense of solidarity.

Migration

People tend to constantly move due to natural disasters, military operations, the development of new territories for farming. Some peoples were forced to move from their homeland, as a result of which they joined another culture, territory, established ties with other ethnic groups, adopted their features. The place to which they moved became their historical homeland.

ethnic communities occupy a prominent place in social life. Ethnos - this is a historically established stable set of people who have common features and characteristics of culture, social psychology, ethnic self-consciousness. The external form of expression of an ethnos is ethnonym , ᴛ.ᴇ. self-name (Russians, Germans).

Ethnic communities are also called consanguineous . These include clans, tribes, nationalities, nations, families, clans.

A family- the smallest consanguineous group of people related by the unity of origin (grandmother, grandfather, father, mother, children).

Several families that have entered into an alliance form genus. Families united in clans

Clan- a group of blood relatives bearing the name of the alleged ancestor. The clan retained common ownership of land, blood feud, mutual responsibility. As remnants of primitive times, they remained in some areas of Scotland, among the Indians of America, in Japan and China. Several clans united to form tribe.

Tribe a higher form of organization big number clans and clans. Tribes have their own language or dialect, territory, formal organization (leader, tribal council), common ceremonies. Their number reached tens of thousands of people.

In the course of further cultural and economic development, the tribes were transformed into nationality, and those at the highest stages of development- in the nation.

Nationality- an ethnic community that occupies a place on the ladder of social development between the tribes and the nation. Nationalities arise in the era of slavery and represent a linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community. The nationality exceeds the tribe in number, blood ties do not cover the entire nationality, their significance is not so great.

Nation- an autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values ​​and institutions. Representatives of one nation no longer have a common ancestor and a common origin. They do not have to have a common language, religion.

So, the following ethnic communities have developed in history: tribe, people and nation.

Prerequisite The formation of an ethnos is the commonality of the territory, which creates conditions for close communication and unification of people. At the same time, diasporas (scattering) are then formed, although ethnic groups retain their identity. Others important condition The formation of an ethnos is the commonality of language. But the unity of spiritual culture, values, norms, patterns of behavior, traditions and associated socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness is of the greatest importance.

ethnic groups self-reproducing through internal marriages and through socialization and the creation of national statehood. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, society is individuals taken in stable, regular and institutionalized connections and interactions. Οʜᴎ are united by a single system of social institutions and communities that ensure the satisfaction of the vital interests of people.

ethnic communities- These are historically established social groups that have a common language, culture and historical identity. Sociologists also call these groups socio-ethnic communities and belong to one of the groups that make up social structure of society.

Main signs of ethnic community:

1. Its members are aware of their belonging to it.
2. Members of a community have a common origin.
3. Its representatives speak the same language and have a common culture.
4. Within it there is social organization in one form or another.

In social philosophy there are three types of ethnic communities:

1. Tribe. This type is inherent mainly in the primitive communal system, divided, as a rule, into genera and clans; the source of power is the leader or council of elders. This is the most primitive type of ethnic community.
2. Nationality. Nations are made up of tribes. Unlike them, they are based not on consanguinity, but on territorial unity. Nationalities began to take shape when the first states appeared. The culture, economy and power structure are already more highly developed here.
3. Nation. The highest type of ethnic community is an association on a national basis. Its representatives have, in addition to a common culture, language and territory, also a common economy, and common features of the mental make-up of people ( mentality).

Key features of the nation:

• common historical memory;
• developed national identity.

The term should not be confused nation with "nationality".

Nationality- a narrower concept, means belonging to any nation in relation to citizenship (for example, citizenship is Ukrainian, nationality is Russian).

For a deeper understanding of the term "nation" in the future, we will consider topics such as interethnic relations, national and social conflicts.

Additional materials on the topic: Ethnic communities.

Genus- association of people on the basis of kinship ties, tribe- union of clans nationalities - associations of people on the basis of territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation - large groups people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, national identity.

26. The subject of ethnosociology. Types of ethnic groups - tribe, nationality, nation. Signs of a nation.

social institution, cf. head of Society. The main social institution is the family.

The function of the family as a social institution: childbirth. The family is also a small group.Family Functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic and economic. A family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership. Nuclear family- consisting of 2 generations.

V. Social culture- social norms and social values ​​on the basis of which social relations are formed.

VI. social values - the goals that people in society aspire to. Core Values – vital to society (health, well-being, family, etc.)

VII. social norms- rules of social behavior.

social norms (there are written and unwritten):

moral standards, ethical standards, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.

Functions of social norms: regulating, unifying, educational.

Conformist behavior - in line with accepted standards.

Behavior that does not conform to social norms deviant.

Deviant behavior:

Deviant behavior - violation that does not comply with the rules.

Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)

Delinquent behavior - committing crimes.

Compliance is ensured by the use sanctions- the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Function of sanctions- social control.

Sanctions:

positive(commendation) and negative(punishing)

Official and unofficial.

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PEOPLE

a community of people, historically formed from tribal unions (voluntarily or as a result of the conquest of some tribes by others). The emergence of nationalities is associated with the process of expanding intertribal economic and cultural contacts on the basis of a common territory and language. The first nationalities were formed during the period of decomposition of primitive communal relations and the formation of a slave-owning society (ancient Egyptian, ancient Hellenic, etc.). In Europe, the period of completion of the formation of nationalities coincided with the period of the formation of feudal relations (French, Russian, Polish, etc.). The process of the formation of nationalities contributed to the emergence of a single language and self-consciousness, as well as the strengthening of statehood.

Source: Thematic Philosophical Dictionary

Nationality

according to - “one of the forms of a community of people that historically follows a tribal community and is formed in the process of merging, consolidating various tribes in the conditions of a change in the primitive communal system by private property relations, the emergence and development of classes. The nationality is characterized by the replacement of former kinship ties by a territorial community, tribal languages ​​- by a single language, along with the existence of a number of dialects.

Each nationality has its own collective name, elements of a common culture arise within it.

The definition is rather vague, but in the second part it somewhat corresponds to the image that allows you to think about " folk themes". Especially - the place that concerns the general culture.

The transformation of a tribe into a nationality, a nationality into a nation and a people is facilitated by the accumulation of spiritual, material and social values, as well as large-scale and temporal factors.

Source: Theoretical aspects and foundations of the ecological problem: interpreter of words and idiomatic expressions

PEOPLE

one of the forms of a community of people, which historically follows a tribal community and is formed in the process of merging, consolidating various tribes in the conditions of a change in the primitive communal system by private property relations, the emergence and development of classes. N. is characterized by the replacement of former kinship ties by a territorial community, tribal languages ​​- by a single language, along with the existence of a number of dialects. Each N. has its own collective name; elements of a common culture arise within it. N. is typical both for the slave-owning (ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, and other N.) and for the feudal system (Old Russian, French, and other N.). With the development of capitalist relations, a new historical form of community of people arises - the nation. This process is complex and is carried out in various forms and at different paces. In addition, it does not cover all N.; some of them, mainly due to small numbers, insufficient development, could not complete the process of consolidation in the nation. N. existing in the socialist society are organically included in general process development of national relations.

Source: Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary

PEOPLE,

historically developed linguistic, territorial, economic. and the cultural community of people that precedes the nation. The beginning of the formation of N. refers to the period of consolidation of tribal unions; it was expressed in the gradual mixing of tribes, the replacement of former kinship. territorial connections. N. slave owners were the first to form. epochs (ancient Egyptian, ancient Hellenic, etc.). In Europe, the process of the formation of nationalism was completed mainly during the period of feudalism (Old Russian, Polish, French, and other nationalities). In other parts of the world, this process continued in subsequent eras. N. usually consisted of several. tribes close in origin and language (Polish - from the Slavic tribes: Polans, Wislan, Mazovshan, etc.), or from multilingual tribes mixed as a result of the conquest of some tribes by others (French - from the Gallic tribes, Roman colonists and Germans tribes: Franks, Visigoths, Burgundians, etc.). In the course of N.'s folding, in process of strengthening of communications between otd. its parts, the language of one of the ethnic. components (more numerous or more developed) turns into the common language of N., and the remaining tribal languages ​​are reduced to the role of dialects, and sometimes completely disappear; formed territorial, cultural and economic. commonality with a common self-name. The formation of the state contributed to the strengthening of N., but in the process of historical. N.'s development could not coincide with the state either territorially or in language.

With the development of capitalist relations and strengthening economic. and cultural ties N. turn into a nation. N., which were divided into parts of the state. borders, can give rise to several. nat. formations (Portuguese and Galicians, Germans and Luxembourgers, etc.), Old Russian. N. was the common root of Russian, Ukrainian. and Belarusian. N., which subsequently developed in the nation. No less frequent are cases when several people participated or are participating in the formation of one nation. N. In the USSR, certain N. (Turkmen, Kirghiz, etc.) turned into a nation, bypassing the capitalist. stage of development. Many N. (especially small ones) who have lagged behind in their development for a number of reasons may not turn into nations; over time, they enter into close ties with other, more developed N. and nations, assimilate their culture and language, and gradually merge with them.

The collapse of the columns. systems of imperialism and the conquest of many countries of Asia and Africa. independence accelerated the processes of ethnic. consolidation and growth of nat. self-awareness. From tribal territorial ethnic. groups formed new N. and nation.

Source: Soviet Philosophical Dictionary

PEOPLE

historically formed on the basis of the slave owner. and feud. building linguistic, territorial, economic. and the cultural community of people that precedes the nation. The defining criterion for distinguishing ethnic. communities is the nature of economic. building. The formation of tribal unions, accompanied by the strengthening of intertribal farms. and cultural ties, military clashes, migrations of the population caused by an increase in its numbers, the emergence of private property and classes - all this led to the gradual mixing of tribes, to the replacement of former blood relations. ties with territorial ties and the emergence of a new form of ethnic. community - N. The beginning of the formation of N. refers to the period of consolidation of tribal unions. N. slave owners were the first to form. epochs (ancient Egyptian, ancient Hellenic, etc.). The process of the formation of N. in Europe was completed mainly during the period of feudalism (Old Russian Polish, French, and other N.). In other parts of the world, this process continued into the next era. N. usually consisted of several. tribes close in origin and language (Polish - from the Slavic tribes: Polans, Wislan, Mazovshan, etc.; German - from Germanic tribes: Swabians, Bavarians, Alemans, etc.), or from multilingual tribes that mixed as a result the conquest of some tribes by others (French - from the Gallic tribes, Roman colonists and Germanic tribes: Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians, etc.). In the course of N.'s folding, in process of strengthening of communications between otd. parts of it, the language of one of the ethnic. components (more numerous or more developed) turns into a common language H., and the rest of the tribal languages ​​are reduced to the role of dialects, and sometimes completely disappear; formed territorial, cultural and economic. a community that often does not have a stable character. One of the indicators of the new community is the collective name, under which N. becomes known to neighbors. The formation of the state contributed to the strengthening of N., but in the process of historical. N.'s development could not coincide with the state either territorially or in language. In the east of Europe, where the creation of centralized states took place in the feud. era, they included a number of N.; the leading role in these states was played by the most developed in the political.

and economic mich. relation to N. (for example, Russian). With the development of capitalist relations are strengthened economically. and cultural ties, liquidated farms. fragmentation of this N., it is being transformed into a nation. All signs characterizing N. receive new qualities. form. Nations are usually further ethnic. the development of certain N. and retain their names, however, the territorial boundaries of those and others may not coincide. N., which turned out to be cut into parts of the state. borders, can give rise to several. nat. formations (Portuguese and Galicians, Germans and Luxembourgers, etc.). Old Russian. N. was the common root of Russian, Ukrainian. and Belarusian. N., which subsequently developed in the nation; no less frequent are cases when several people participated or are participating in the formation of one nation. N. (thus, the Indonesian nation is formed from the Javanese, Sunds, Madurese, and other N.). Mn. N. under capitalism did not have time to become nations; with the victory of socialism, they take shape in the socialist. nation. The process of N.'s transformation into a nation is not universal. Mn. Nationalities (and especially small ones) that are lagging behind in their development for a number of reasons may not become nations. In the course of time, they enter into close ties with other, more developed N. and nations, lose their peculiarities in the field of culture and life, assimilate the culture of other peoples, perceive their language, and gradually merge with them. Such assimilation processes take place in many areas the globe. The collapse of the colonial system of imperialism and national liberation. struggle in colonial and dependent countries, obtaining state. independence, the liberation of the national economy from foreign dependencies, the growth of cities, measures to transfer nomadic tribes to settled life - all this contributes to the acceleration of ethnic processes. consolidation and growth of the national self-awareness. From tribal and local-territorial ethnic. groups formed new N. and nation. Lit.: Engels F., The origin of the family, private property and the state, in the book: Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 21; Lenin, V.I., What are “friends of the people” and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?, Soch., 4th ed., vol. 1, p. 137–38; Questions of the formation of Russian. peoples and nations. Sat. Art. ed. H. M. Druzhinina and L. V. Cherepnina, M.–L., 1958; Satybalov? ?., Historic. types of community of people, L., 1959; Moskalenko V. ?., Tribe, nationality, nation as a historical. forms of community of people, M., 1960; Bypassing capitalism (On the transition to socialism of the republics Central Asia and Kazakhstan). [Sat. Art. ], M., 1961; Alekseev V., Genus, tribe, nationality, nation (Historical forms of community of people), M., 1962; The number and resettlement of the peoples of the world, ed. S. I. Bruk, in the series: Peoples of the World. Ethnographic essays, under common. ed. S. P. Tolstova, M., 1962. FROM.

What is ethnos - concept, examples, ethnic relations

Source: Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 tons.

Insert the missing word by choosing from the following:

Tribes, nationalities, nations are the stages of development _______.

1) demos 2) ethnos 3) consensus 4) stratification

2. Insert the missing word. Influenced by features natural environment, social and economic factors, features of culture, life, customs, mores, characteristic of _______, developed.

1) class 2) caste 3) ethnic group 4) community

3. The most typical roles for most people include:

1) worker 2) citizen 3) family man 4) consumer.

4. Small groups, unlike large ones, include:

1) small entrepreneurs in the country

2) directors of enterprises in the region

3) a team of workers in a large factory

4) working countries

5. Which word is superfluous in the list of family ethics:

2) mutual respect

3) state registration marriage

4) respect for elders

6. The main directions of social policy include:

1) payment of state pensions and social benefits

2) governmental support family, motherhood, childhood;

3) labor protection and human health;

4) establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage.

Options: 1) 1.2 2) 2.3.4 3) 2.4 4) 1.2.3.4

7. Unlike the avoidance method social conflict negotiation method:

1) does not eliminate the causes of conflicts

3) means withdrawal from the conflict of one of the parties

4) avoids the use of violence

8. To reasons ethnic conflicts not applicable:

1) arbitrarily established national-territorial boundaries

2) restrictions on the use of the national language

3) the variety of economic relations of the nation with other peoples

4) the imperfection of the legal protection of the honor and dignity of people of a particular nationality in a multinational state

9. Insert the missing word. The transformation of nationalities into ... is due to the strengthening of economic ties within nationalities.

10. Small groups include:

1) parliament 2) political parties

3) voters 4) orchestra musicians

11. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

BUT. social relations- is the relationship between groups of people and individuals who occupy a certain position in society.

B. Social relations are the relations between people and technology.

12. From judgments A and B it is true:

A. Social relations are ties in society that are distinguished by breadth, stability, and duration.

B. Relations interpersonal, interclass, international, etc. - all these are social relations.

13. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

A. Social relations include the relationship between society and nature.

B. The individual and various groups of people are participants in the totality of social relations.

14. Indicators of the achieved personality status include:

1) social origin 2) age 3) education 4) sex

15. Indicators of the prescribed status of a person include:

1) connections 2) age 3) education 4) qualifications.

16. Fill in the missing word. Based on the strengthening of intertribal ties, nationalities are formed, and from related and unrelated nationalities, as a result of the development of economic ties, _______ arose.

1) ethnic groups 2) classes 3) estates 4) nations

17. The indicators of the achieved status of the individual include:

1) gender 2) social origin 3) age 4) financial situation

18. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

A. A family is a small group that includes all relatives.

B. A family is a small group based on the relationship between husband, wife, parents and children.

19. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

A. The family provides moral regulation of the behavior of family members.

B. The family provides economic support to minors and disabled family members.

20. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

A. Family - small social group, based on marriage, consanguinity, whose members are connected by common life, mutual material and moral responsibility.

B. The family includes parents and children, brothers and sisters, even if they are adults, have created their own families and permanently live apart from their parents.

21. Fill in the missing word. Many scientists consider _______ a type of ethnic group,

formed under capitalism.

1) nationality 2) tribe 3) nation 4) clan

22. The family as a social community is not characterized by:

1) composition, completeness

2) the presence of a household plot

3) income level

4) place of residence

60. The concept of ethnic communities. Types of ethnic groups.

According to the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the statement is not true:

1) the family is a voluntary union of a man and a woman who have entered into marriage

2) the family is a union in which the mother has most of the responsibility for raising children

3) husband and wife take equal part in the family upbringing of children

4) the family is under the protection of the state

24. Fill in the missing word. The more common this social status in society, the ... its rank.

1) higher 2) lower 3) more stable 4) not more stable

25. Unlike the method of negotiations, the method of arbitration in social conflict:

1) means strict adherence to the norms of laws

2) allows you to come to an agreement

3) allows you to consider alternative solutions

4) makes it possible to resolve the conflict

26. Which provision does not apply to the legal foundations of marriage:

1) the procedure for concluding a marriage

2) rights and obligations of spouses

3) establishing the rules of the wedding ceremony

4) the rights of children and parents

27. Which of the following does not apply to the legal basis of marriage:

1) the procedure for concluding a marriage 2) a marriage contract

3) the procedure for dissolution of marriage 4) the choice by the spouses of the place of registration of marriage

28. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

A. As a result of the expansion of interethnic interaction, there is an overcoming of national isolation and isolation.

B. Interethnic interaction exacerbates the contradictions between peoples.

29. From judgments A and B it is true:

1) only A 2) only B 3) both A and B 4) neither A nor B

A. The higher the level of production, the more intense the interaction between nations.

B. Interethnic economic ties contribute to solving the problems of peoples' livelihoods.

30. Insert the missing word. The condition for the emergence of _______ is the common territory and the common language.

1) castes 2) demos 3) ethics 4) ethnos

31. Interethnic cooperation is not characterized by:

1) mutual influence and mutual enrichment of national cultures

2) overcoming national limitations

3) the strengthening of nationalism and chauvinism

4) deepening knowledge of languages ​​of interethnic communication

32. Fill in the missing word. The historically established stable ethnic community that arose in the process of the formation of the internal market is called _______.

1) tribe 2) class 3) people 4) nation

33. Small groups include:

1) intelligentsia

2) university graduates

3) delegation to an international congress

4) teachers of higher educational institutions of the country

34. Unlike the method of arbitration, the method of avoiding social conflict:

1) makes it possible to resolve the conflict

2) allows you to come to an agreement

3) does not mean the elimination of the conflict

4) allows you to consider alternative solutions

35. Unlike large social groups, small groups do not include:

1) peasants of the country 2) a team of field growers

3) farm workers 4) class students

36. Fill in the missing word. People belonging to one (th) ________ speak the same language, are united by a common economic ties, territory, culture.

1) ethnic group 2) class 3) estate 4) nation

37. The causes of interethnic conflicts do not include:

1) dissatisfaction of a nation that does not have its own statehood

2) arbitrarily established national-territorial boundaries

3) the danger of erosion of the ethnic group as a result of the influx of a foreign-speaking population

4) development of cultural ties of the nation with other peoples

38. The essence of the humanistic approach to solving ethnic problems implies:

a) search for consensus (agreement)

b) the permissibility of the use of violence

c) development of democracy, legal principles in the life of society

d) priority of individual rights over the rights of the state and nation

Options: 1) b, d; 2) a, c. G; 3) b, c, d.

39. The concept of "ethnos" includes

a) clan b) tribe c) class d) stratum e) nation

Options: 1. a. b. d; 2. c, d, e; 3. a, b, c

40. The acquired social status of a person is determined by:

a) gender b) origin c) profession d) education e) marital status e) race

Options: 1. a, b, d; 2. b, e, f; 3. c. g. d

41. Speaking of social stratification, sociology essentially describes:

1. Solidity (unity of a diverse) society.

2. Personal behavior and its motivational structure.

3. Social inequality.

4. The most general social structure of society.

42. The social status of a person is:

1. The totality of legal rights and obligations of a person.

2. The generally recognized influence of a person.

3. Property status of the individual.

4. A certain (rights, duties, roles) position of a person in the system of social relations.

5. The significance or attractiveness of an individual for a particular social group, society as a whole.

43. Which of the following is the cause of ethnic conflicts in the territory former USSR?

A. Ignorance of the national language and culture.

B. Unresolved socio-economic problems.

B. Humiliation of the nation, violation of its rights.

D. Cultural integration,

D. Territorial problems.

E. The selfish interests of local people are angry.

Options: 1. A, C, D 2. B, C, D, D, E 3. B, C, D, E 4. A, B, D, D

44. The social structure of society is

1. the totality of social communities of people

2. set of classes and nations

3. set of classes and layers.

45. Which of the listed social groups exist in modern Russian society.

A. Working class.

B. "Shadows" (mafia, racketeering, smuggling, speculation).

B. Kolkhoz peasantry.

D. The middle layer (representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, farmers, managers).

D. Technical and humanitarian intelligentsia.

E. Landed aristocracy.

Options: 1. A, B, D, D, E 2. A, D, E 3. A, B, C, E 4. A, B, D, D

46. ​​What are the main trends in the development of nations and interethnic relations.

A. Differentiation. B. Assimilation. B. Development of culture. D. Merger E. Integration

E. Development of national consciousness

Options: 1. A, C, D, E 2. B, D, D 3. A, D 4. A, B, C, D, D, E

47. For a humanistic approach to ethnic issues characteristic:

A. Search for consensus (agreement).

B. Development of democracy, legal principles in the life of society.

B. Refusal of national violence in all forms and manifestations.

D. The priority of the rights of the individual over the rights of the nation.

Options: 1. A, C, 2. A, B, C, D 3. C, D 4. B, D

48. The main features of the nation are (choose the correct combination)

1. Unity of origin.

2. Common territory.

3. General culture (symbols, values, traditions).

4. Common citizenship.

5. National identity.

6. General rights and obligations towards each other.

A. All answers are correct; B. 1, 2, 3; V. 1, 2.3, 5; G. 2,3, 4.

49. An objective criterion of social stratum is ...

1. place of residence 3. place of birth

2. prestige 4. wealth

50. Inequality in income, power, prestige is:

1) discrimination 2) stratification

3) classification 4) structuralization

51. The totality of learned and performed by a person social functions and their corresponding patterns of behavior is the content of:

1) social role 2) social status

52. The main idea of ​​the humanistic approach to solving national problems is:

1) ensuring the rights and freedoms of national minorities

2) recognition of the priority of individual rights over the rights of the state and nation

3) the right of nations to self-determination

4) cultural and national autonomy

53. The provision of certain social guarantees for able-bodied, poor and unemployed segments of the population is implemented by the state through:

1) fiscal redistribution of income in society

2) providing entrepreneurs complete freedom actions within the law

3) maintenance in society high level employment, creation of new jobs in the public sector

4)Installation minimum wage labor

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Historical forms of community of people: family, clan, tribe, nationality, nation.

Historical forms of community of people.

Ethnos- history is a complex group of people. Ethnic - connection with belonging to any people. Genus - the 1st ethnic group of pre-class O., possessing a common origin, a common language, customs, beliefs, etc. The economic basis of the clan was the primitive communal community and the equal distribution of products. Tribe- a larger community. It consisted of several clans, where, along with the clan's own family, there was also a tribe's own. Appeared management top. The tribal community created favorable conditions for the accumulation of industrial experience, the development of language and culture, but blood-kinship ties held back population growth. Under the influence of developed PS, the tribe disintegrated into paired families. Further development of ORT leads to the emergence of a private community, and along with it, a new form of community of people has appeared - nationality, such a form of community, with which people, living in the same territory, are connected by the peculiarities of culture, norms of life, which are fixed in customs and traditions. The nationality of the warehouse is usually in the slave-holding society. The development of capitalist relations leads to the emergence of nations. Nation - a stable collection of people, to-rye connected by a common language, territory and community of economic life, as well as a feature of psychology, fixed in the features of culture given people. Here we see clear differences between one people and another.

FAMILY - the smallest consanguineous group of people connected by the unity of origin (grandmother, grandfather, father, mother, children).

Several families that have entered into an alliance form a ROD. Families united in clans.

CLAN - a group of blood relatives bearing the name of an alleged ancestor. The clan retained common ownership of land, blood feuds, and mutual responsibility. As remnants of primitive times, they remained in some areas of Scotland, among the Indians of America, in Japan and China. Several clans united to form a tribe.

TRIBE - a higher form of organization, covering a large number of clans and clans. They have their own language or dialect, territory, formal organization (chief, tribal council), common ceremonies. Their number reached tens of thousands of people.

In the course of further cultural and economic development, the tribes were transformed into nationalities, and those, at the highest stages of development, into nations.

NATIONALITY - an ethnic community that occupies a place on the ladder of social development between the tribes and the nation. Nationalities arise in the era of slavery and represent a linguistic, territorial, economic and cultural community. The nationality exceeds the tribe in number, blood ties do not cover the entire nationality.

A NATION is an autonomous, not limited by territorial boundaries, political grouping, whose members are committed to common values ​​and institutions. Representatives of one nation no longer have a common ancestor and a common origin. They do not have to have a common language, religion, but the nationality uniting them was formed thanks to common history and culture.

National relations in the world are among the most important and in some regions the most restless, provoking wars, revolutions, etc.

And along with them, of course, the ideology (substantiation) of these relations, nationalism, also plays a huge role. It can be defined as the worldwide praise of one's people, country, religion, etc. Nations that do not have their own state sometimes strive to create one, and - on the contrary, the ruling peoples strive to suppress such desires.

In different suits, certain indicators may come to the fore: whether religion, language, customs, etc.

Historical types of ethnic group

National relations lie in the way in which these differences coexist; whether there is enmity, hatred, confrontation, or, on the contrary, peace, harmony, mutual understanding; whether they look at a person primarily from the position: who is he by nationality, or, on the contrary, is this the last thing; how they treat interethnic marriages, etc. Forms of support are also important national characteristics

A family - essential element social structures. The position of the family serves as a barometer of the state of society, shows the degree of its progress towards providing its citizens with real opportunities for social. development. To strengthen the position of the family, the governments of many countries take special. Measures. They are incl. It includes various kinds of allowances and financial benefits, leave to care for small children, the creation of pre-school children's institutions, and the adaptation of working hours to the needs of families.

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Four types of ethnic or ethno-social communities are known in history, which are closely interconnected and which can be considered as certain stages in the development of an ethnos from small social groups to large ones. These include clan, tribe, nationality and nation.

Genus- it's small ethnic group, whose representatives are connected by blood ties and trace their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal). The genus replaced the primitive herd and its most important feature was exogamy, that is, the prohibition of marriages within the clan. Due to the latter circumstance, clans could not exist in isolation from each other and united into tribes, since otherwise it was impossible to ensure the physical reproduction of the population.

Tribe - this is an ethno-social community of a primitive communal (pre-class) system, which is a set of clans connected by a common culture, unity of religious ideas, consciousness of a common origin, as well as the presence of self-government and self-name. It was the tribe that served as the main social unit of the primitive system, since it provided the necessary set of functions of social reproduction and, above all, the function of physical reproduction of new generations. The genus was a large consanguineous family, and it is more correct to consider it not so much as an independent ethno-social community, but as the main structural component of the tribe. The formation of the clan and tribe was associated with the same segment on the scale of historical time - the transition from the primitive herd to the social state.

The clan and tribe were the product and the main form of existence of the primitive communal system, however, tribal relations persist today, and not only among small peoples living in isolation from the rest of the world (Australian natives and the like), but also in such completely civilized countries as India, Brazil, Indonesia, some peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia, etc. – wherever significant elements have been preserved traditional image life.

If the genus and tribe arise during the formation of the primitive communal system, then nationality appears during its decomposition. Nationality is an ethnic and social community that historically follows the tribe and precedes the nation. The nationality grows out of a mixture of different tribes and the formation of tribal unions associated with a certain territory. Nationality, therefore, is based not on consanguinity, but on territorial unity. Within the framework of a single territory, common economic and cultural ties arise between the tribes, a common language, a single religion, and a common self-name are formed. However, it should be borne in mind that residence in a certain area is a general condition for the formation of any ethnic group, and nationality is no exception in this respect. Each tribe always had its own territory, delimited from the territories of other tribes by some natural boundaries, but for the tribe, the main pivotal factor was still not the common territory, but blood ties and relationships. For the nationality, the commonness of the territory became such a main constitutive factor, and kinship, tribal ties faded into the background.

What is the new quality? community of territory at the people? As already noted, nationality arises during the period of decomposition of primitive collectivism and the establishment of a society based on social differentiation and social inequality. The inevitable product of such a society is state, which begins to control a certain territory, relying on legitimate coercion. The unity of the territory, maintained by state coercion and becomes the main constitutive condition and hallmark of that new ethnic and social community, which is nationality.

So, nationality- this is a historical type of ethnic community that arises during the period of decomposition of the tribal organization of society and is based not on consanguinity, but on territorial unity, which is supported by state coercion. In other words, the basis of the nation is political unity, supported primarily by the power of state power.

The first peoples of the slave-owning era were formed - the ancient Egyptian, ancient Hellenic, etc. The process of the formation of nationalities in Europe ended mainly in the period of feudalism. In other parts of the world, this process continued in subsequent eras.

Nationalities usually consisted of several tribes, close in origin and language. For example, the Polish nationality was formed from the Slavic tribes of the Polans, Visslans, Mazovshans, etc., the German - from the Germanic tribes of the Swabians, Bavarians, Alemans, etc. , the French people arose from a mixture of Gallic tribes, Roman colonists and Germanic tribes.

The formation of nationalities went hand in hand with the process of the formation of the state, however, in the course of further historical development, nationalities could no longer coincide with the state either territorially or in language. So, for example, in the East of Europe, where the formation of centralized states took place in the feudal era, a number of nationalities were included in their composition. The decisive role in these states was played by the most politically and economically developed nationalities, for example, the Russians. Nationality is a product and the main ethno-social group of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages.

As the transition from a traditional agrarian society to an industrial one begins, the process of turning a nationality into a nation begins. Nations are usually a further ethnic development of certain peoples and retain their names, although the territorial boundaries of those and others may not coincide. Thus, the nationalities, which were cut into pieces by the new state borders, gave rise to several national formations (Portuguese and Galicians, Germans and Luxembourgers, etc.). At the same time, there are cases when several nationalities participated or are participating in the formation of one nation. Thus, the Indonesian nation was formed from Javanese, Sunds, Madurese and other nationalities.

It should be added to what has been said that the process of turning peoples into nations is not universal or all-encompassing. Many nationalities, especially small and lagging behind in their development for a number of reasons, eventually enter into closer ties with other, more developed peoples and nations and gradually lose their ethnic characteristics in the field of culture and life, assimilate the culture and language of more developed peoples and gradually merge with them. Such a process is called assimilation.

Nation represents the latest socio-ethnic formation from a historical point of view. She is a product and typical shape the existence of a bourgeois industrial society based on a market economy. A nation is an object of study in many sciences, including not only ethnography and sociology, but also history, social philosophy, demography, political science, law, etc. The complexity and versatility of the very phenomenon of a nation is manifested in a variety of approaches to determining its main features.

One of these approaches, which goes back to H. Spencer, is the definition of a nation as a continuation and complication of consanguineous, tribal relations. At the forefront here are the signs of a biological property associated with the similarity of physical traits, the unity of blood, the unity of the race. We have already spoken about the cognitive possibilities of such an approach; its initial premises and conclusions are refuted by reality itself.

Another understanding of the nation is offered by the so-called cultural-psychological theory. Its representatives (O. Bauer, R. Springer) consider the nation as a purely cultural community with a common self-consciousness and historical destiny and not rigidly associated with a certain territory or state affiliation. This theory formed the basis cultural and national autonomy programs.

This approach to understanding the nation has certain grounds. History really knows peoples who were or are in a state of diaspora or dispersion and do not have a compact residence in any territory, as well as a single statehood. Jews and Armenians can serve as an example. For such peoples, the only unifying basis remains ethnic self-consciousness - the preservation of the language, common cultural traditions, ideas about a common historical destiny, etc. And yet, most nations have both state and territorial certainty, and in their respect the cultural-psychological theory under consideration does not work well. The features of a nation that this theory brings to the fore coincide with the most general features of any ethnos and do not allow one to differentiate its individual types, for example, to distinguish a nation from a nationality.

The following approach to the definition of a nation (we will call it provisionally statist) considers the nation as a co-citizenship, as a political community, as a collection of citizens of one state, regardless of their race, religion, language and cultural differences. This approach has its own historical foundations; it took shape in the 17th-18th centuries. during the period of the first bourgeois revolutions in Western Europe, when the first secular national states took shape in the struggle against the feudal theocratic state. However, this approach also has its own definite limitations. In purely theoretical terms, from the standpoint of the etatist approach, it is rather difficult to distinguish between a nation and a nationality, since the latter is also a state-political community. This approach, voluntarily or involuntarily, leads to the idea that an ethnos turns into a nation only when it acquires its own statehood. Perhaps this thesis corresponded to the historical conditions of Western Europe in the 17th-18th centuries, but it clearly contradicts the conditions of modern life.

The number of states on our planet is an order of magnitude less than the number of existing ethnic groups. The vast majority of states are multiethnic and multinational, so the demand for their own statehood for each nation inevitably leads to an aggravation of interethnic contradictions and the growth of national separatism. To this it should be added that at present there are very few pure ethnic groups, which, without mixing with others, live compactly in a certain territory. From this it follows that in modern world the sign of a nation is not so much the presence of its own statehood, but the presence of statehood as such, – belonging to a particular state including multinational.

In ordinary life, people most often identify state and nationality, while sociology considers the state and the nation as interrelated, but different social phenomena. “British” and “English”, “Russian” and “Russian” are not coinciding concepts. The first concept in each pair characterizes the state affiliation of the individual, the second - his nationality. A British subject can be not only an Englishman, but also a Scot, Welsh or Greek, just like a citizen Russian Federation according to his nationality, he can be Russian, Tatar, Chechen, Bashkir, etc.

The most important difference between state and national belonging, from the point of view of sociology, is that the state is a social institution, while the nation is a social community. Relations between the state and its subjects are built on completely different principles compared to relations between representatives of the same nation. The first one is based on the real relationship between the subject and the object of management, the second one is based on national self-consciousness, built on the identification of the individual with collective ideas about the common historical fate and about their difference from other similar ethnic formations.

At the same time, it is impossible not to see that in practice there is some kind of mutual attraction between the state and the nation. The state seeks to appropriate the authority of the nation in order to strengthen its own demands on its subjects, and the nation seeks to take shape in the state and seize its power potential to realize its ethnic interests, which may include territorial, economic and cultural (religious, linguistic, etc.), and simply the need to strengthen the cohesion of the nation.

Every ethnic group, to one degree or another, is characterized by the so-called ethnocentrism- the conviction that one's own ethnic group and everything related to it is correct, morally approved and that one's own ethnic group, its interests should be given preference in any situation. An extreme form of ethnocentrism is the belief in the biological and cultural superiority of members of one's own ethnic group over other groups, but even in its mildest forms, ethnocentrism manifests itself as a tendency to evaluate all other ethnic groups in terms of one's own interests.

In relation to the nation, ethnocentrism manifests itself as nationalism. Belonging to a nation is understood by him as a destiny that is stronger than any person: it is the unity of the nation, its common destiny that precedes any economic or political interests and really gives these interests meaning and weight. Let's dwell on this issue in more detail.

Nationalism usually requires power, that is, the right to use violence, in order to ensure the safety and continuity of the nation. The state power, which has a monopoly on violence, is best suited for this purpose. As soon as one succeeds in identifying the state with the nation, presenting it as an organ of self-government of the nation, the chances of success for nationalism increase sharply. State power makes it possible to force the exclusive use of the national language in all official institutions, to ensure control over education and culture in general with the aim of universal and mandatory introduction into the consciousness of every member of society of the values ​​of the nation that dominates in this state and thereby make everyone national patriots from birth.

For its part, the state is also interested in nationalism, or rather in identifying itself with the nation. The state always needs to legitimize its power, to convince its subjects of its legitimacy, of the need to fulfill all its requirements. In a modern democratic society, this is most often achieved through rational persuasion with references to calculations and benefits. If the state manages to fully identify itself with the nation (of course, this does not apply to multinational states), then the situation changes fundamentally. The nation state acts on behalf of the nation and requires submission not for the sake of any specific calculations and benefits, but in the name of the interests of the nation, which do not need any special justification, but are a value in themselves. Disobedience to the state now becomes something even worse than breaking the law - it turns into a betrayal of the cause of the nation, into a vile immoral act which deprives the perpetrator of human dignity.

Thus, just as the state needs nationalism to legitimize itself, so nationalism needs the state to be more viable. The nation-state is the product of this mutual need. However, nation-states are found in the modern world much less frequently than one might expect, and this is explained by the fact that one of the necessary conditions for the emergence of such a state is the absolute predominance and compact residence of any ethnic group in a certain territory. Such ethnic groups are extremely rare today. In the Russian Federation, for example, out of 21 republics, only in 5 the titular population exceeds 50% of the population of this republic (including Chechnya). Nation states are most often formed as a result of the collapse of various kinds of empires, for example, the colonial system of imperialism in the countries of Asia and Africa or multinational states built on the national-territorial principle - former Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, USSR.

Summing up what has been said, it should be noted that the national community cannot be replaced by a state community, as well as by a racial, tribal, cultural, religious or territorial community. There are many different nations that are mostly of the same race. Representatives of the same nation often profess different religions, just as the same religion is professed by representatives of different nations. There are nations that live in one state and do not have their own national statehood, and vice versa, there are many nations, some parts of which live in different states (for example, Russians in the CIS countries). This, of course, does not mean that the listed features have nothing to do with the nation, it is only that they do not reveal the essence of the concept of the nation, do not allow it to be distinguished from other historical types of ethnic and social communities.

The concept of a nation, of course, includes a common language, culture, ethnic identity, psychological make-up, and a certain state and territorial affiliation, and joint economic life. But what is the main one of the listed series? Which of these features is the initial, constitutive feature of the nation - a feature that distinguishes it from other historical types of ethnic communities, and, above all, from the nationality?

In modern and recent history, such a sign is community of economic life, which is formed on the basis of the formation of the domestic market. The development of industrial capitalism creates a socio-territorial division of labor that binds the population economically into a single economic organism. This also leads to political concentration - to the creation of nation-states in place of the former feudal fragmentation.

So, summing up, we can give a definition of a nation. Nation- an ethno-social community that has historically developed in a given territory, which is characterized by the unity of economic life (single internal market), common language, culture, typical features of the mental warehouse. Nations are formed when political unity within a territory begins to be maintained not only and not so much by state coercion, but also by economic interest in the functioning of a single economic mechanism, a single market.

Nations arise from kindred and unrelated tribes, races and nationalities. The Russian nation was formed from related East Slavic tribes, but at the same time many elements from the surrounding West and South Slavic, Germanic, Finno-Ugric and Turkic-speaking peoples joined it. The French nation was formed as a result of the merger of the Gauls, Germans, Normans, etc. The North American nation arose from immigrants of almost all European countries, with which, in part, Indians and blacks from Africa mixed.

The prototypes of the nation arose already in antiquity. They developed where a market arose around large cities, there was trade, and people in large areas communicated in the same language. However, such communities of people were local in nature and did not differ in stability. Only the development of an industrial capitalist society led to the formation of an internal, and then a world market, and thus initiated the process of the formation of nations as a global phenomenon.

Europe became the epicenter of the formation of modern nations. Here, earlier than in other regions, national movements began, and a system of nation-states developed. XVI - XVIII centuries. and the first half of the nineteenth century. - the era of the formation of nations in Western Europe, North America and Russia. In the twentieth century the process of nation formation received an additional impetus in connection with the collapse of the world colonial system in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Last colonial empire – Portuguese – broke up in the 70s. 20th century

Genus and tribe. The first, specifically human form of community that replaced the herd way of life was the clan. The clan represented an association of blood relatives with a common origin, common customs and beliefs. The clan was the first social formation in the history of society, as it developed at two levels - ethnic and social, which led to the birth of a family, human reproduction, education and upbringing of children, care for the elderly. The clan was multifunctional, laying the foundations of the craft in the process of hunting and fishing, inventing and making devices for them, processing the extracted, equipping the places of residence. Necessary conditions The existence of the clan was the communal ownership of a certain territory with hunting (fishing) grounds and their protection from external encroachments. The distribution in the clan was egalitarian, labor productivity was primitive. A higher form of community of people at that historical time tribe appeared. A tribe is an association of several genera. Like the clan, the tribe was based on blood ties. However, the appearance of tribes marked the beginning of the dismemberment of a single multifunctional tribal community. The tribe carried only a part of socially significant functions related to the maintenance of customs, the strengthening of faith, the protection of the territory, the language of communication, and the economic unit remained tribal community. This fact laid the foundation for the separation of the ethnic social community - the tribe - from directly economic functions. With the emergence of a family (paired living), a tendency to separate family relations, the tendency to separate blood relations from ethnic ones. Nationality is a higher form of social association than a tribe, which is a historically established linguistic, territorial, economic and spiritual community. The need for intertribal economic and spiritual ties, the migration of the population, the struggle for territory contributed to the formation of an alliance of tribes. Private property was born, stronger tribes dictated their conditions to the weak ones, class division began, kinship ties gave way to territorial ones, and a new social community appeared - nationality. Nationality evolved historically for a long time. Its basis was a higher mode of production, economic, spiritual, linguistic and territorial community of life. The formation of states also contributed to the strengthening of the nationality, although in the process of historical development they could not coincide both territorially and in language. For example, France - Belgium, Sweden - Norway, Russia - White Russia - Little Russia. The nationality did not have the integrity of economic life, subsistence farming prevailed. Nation. The formation of a nation is historical. It evolved through interrelated processes to form its own territory, establish and develop economic relations, national language, legal framework, state, mentality, culture. With the development of society and the state, economic and spiritual ties gradually strengthened, a national market arose, economic fragmentation was eliminated, and the scattered elements of a separate nationality united into a single social whole: nationalities developed into nations. Historically, the emergence of nations has no single basis. Some nations on the planet arose as a result of transformations within one nationality (the Swedes, the British and some other European peoples), others - by rallying into a nation a number of nationalities that are generally similar in language and culture (the French nation was formed as a result of the merger of the northern French and Provencal peoples). For European nations their formation within the framework of centralized states on the basis of one or several ethnically close nationalities is characteristic, however, some of them developed in conditions of political fragmentation (Italians, Germans). In the East and South-East of Europe, the formation of nations took place within multi-ethnic empires (Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman). The nation is a unique historical formation of mankind. The uniqueness of the nation is due to the geographical and historical environment, mentality, originality of economic development, way of life, traditions, culture, state structure. Formed its own special image of spirituality, morality, national character and self-consciousness. However, there are no nations similar in all respects on the planet, although they may be in close territorial proximity, like Russians and Belarusians, Hungarians and Austrians, Turks and Bulgarians, Czechs and Slovaks. But geographical proximity only emphasizes national features, and does not erase them. Signs of a nation. The first sign is the commonality of the territory. The commonality of the territory is an important feature of the nation, since the territory is the formal space for people in which they historically live and carry out activities. Such concepts as "motherland", "fatherland", "country", "state" are essential in the territorial unity of the nation, but with their own conceptual specificity. At the same time, the residence of people in one territory does not in itself consolidate them into a single nation. Unique example in modern history, demonstrating the declarative nature of territorial unity - this is the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), as well as the Union of Independent States (CIS) - a non-confederal association of part of the republics of the former USSR. The “Soviet people”, “one nation”, declared by the Soviet political system, its Communist Party, did not become them, and the CIS states, after the collapse of the USSR, still do not find a common understanding in many parameters of the social structure and life, although they constitutionally lived in one territory. It is appropriate to recall the fact that the East Slavic tribes, and then the nationalities, occupied the territory of the European part of our country for a long time, nevertheless, the formation of the Russian and Ukrainian nations took place only in recent centuries, and the formation of the Belarusian nation could only be completed in the 20s gg. 20th century The second sign is the common language. National language- this is the speech and administrative language of people, understandable to the whole nation, entrenched in literature and jurisprudence. Only a linguistic community provides a full-fledged economic, managerial, scientific, pedagogical, defense and other life of the country. However, it must be borne in mind that the language may be the same for several peoples, but they do not constitute a nation: Austria - Germany, Spain - Argentina, France - partly Belgium and Canada. The commonality of the language is considered in conjunction with other features of the nation. The third sign is the commonality of economic life. This is the essence of a nation. The point is not that the nation produces any single product, but that the industrial and economic specialization of the regions of the country, the strengthening of financial and trade relations within the state contribute to the unity of the nation, strengthening its international position, strengthening its defense capability, etc. According to its Constitution, Russia included 89 subjects of the Russian Federation. Currently, the process of consolidation of the subjects of the Federation is underway. Based on the results of nationwide referendums in the constituent entities of the Federation, the Perm Region and the Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug were merged into Perm region; Irkutsk Region and Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug to Irkutsk Region; from the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug to the Trans-Baikal Territory, several more federal unification processes are in the process of being resolved. Each subject of the Federation has its own economic features that allow them to participate in the planned economic life of the country. The specialization of regions in the economic sphere of public life allows the state to build a unified economic policy that meets national needs and interests. The fourth feature is common features of mentality and culture. The mentality of a nation is a historical phenomenon, it is a reflection in the minds of the people of the peculiarities of its existence and the entire system of relations. The mentality represents the measure of the spiritual values ​​of the nation. It manifests itself in the peculiarities of its national character, state structure, mores, customs, traditions, habits, inclinations; is reflected in music, in songs, in dances, in painting, in literature, in architecture, in language, in all kinds and types of activity. A special role belongs national identity, which is formed throughout the history of the formation and development of the nation, allowing people to proudly identify themselves in the national "We". Self-awareness of the nation is valued in essence - it is love for one's Motherland, internal civil position, readiness to serve the Fatherland with valor and defend it, the main thing is a satisfied sense of self-distinction from other nations: for example, the Germans have pedantry, the Americans have superiority, the Norwegians have thoroughness. We, the Russians, have an inflexibility that borders on complaisance, a resurgent Orthodoxy, and historical catholicity. With regard to culture, it is necessary to note the fact that it reflects all the best in the nation. The culture of a nation is that valuable thing that it has created in its history in all spheres of public life and is worthily passed on from generation to generation. In this regard, Russia has something to be proud of: we were the first to conquer outer space, carry out a thermonuclear reaction, create an icebreaker fleet, develop rocket technology and zero gravity production technology, develop seaplane construction, implement laser location, founded the world's leading schools of ballet, chess, figure skating, sports dances on ice, etc. The fifth sign is the unity of legal norms, statehood. Law in its essence is a historical phenomenon. It originated along with the birth of society, the formation of the state, and developed as national independence was formed, in accordance with national characteristics, the state structure and government. Law includes two levels - natural and positive. Natural law is objectified by the triad: formal equality, freedom and justice. Positive law represents legal dogma or law. A nation is a complex historical formation that requires substantive legal and state security, without which its formation and development is very problematic. The natural right of people whose national identity is fixed within the borders of the state comes to the fore. From the point of view of establishing formal equality, each representative of the nation has the same opportunity to realize their needs and abilities. Equality is the legal principle of the state formation of the nation, the national structure of the state, the norm of behavior of free individuals. With regard to freedom - the second criterion of natural law, this is a nationwide awareness by people of the necessary measure. Freedom is a form of the state structure of the nation, a form of the national structure of the state. In terms of justice - the third criterion of natural law, every individual, every subject of the national community, the nation as a whole uses this property of law to consolidate the value and significance in the national state system. The state must act as the guarantor of formal equality, freedom and justice for the entire nation. Natural law is reflected in positive law - legal norms, legal acts of the state: constitutions, laws, decrees, resolutions that contribute to both comprehensive national development and the integral functioning of the spheres of society: economy and ecology, management and pedagogy, science and art , medicine and physical culture, defense and public security, including a wide range of intra-national relations. Conclusion: a nation is a social community that historically arises on the basis of a common economic life, language, territory, state structure, legal norms, mentality, and culture. The difference between a nation and a nationality is that it is a more stable social community, and stability is given to it, first of all, by the state, economic and legal factors.

The social structure of society is formed by large, more or less stable social associations of people and the relationship between them. These associations are formed under the direct influence of labor, the economic life of society as a whole.

In the socio-economic structure of society, structures of the first and second order are distinguished. The structure of the first order includes large, historical social associations of individuals, called historical communities of people. In the structure of the second order, classes are distinguished, first of all.

Historical communities of people are large, stable associations that reveal common features of life, material and spiritual culture, language, etc.

There are 3 types of historical communities of people.

1. Rod. Its basis is blood relations. Economic relations appear here in the shell of family ties. This can also be attributed to the tribe as an association of several genera.

2. Nationality. Occurs in slave and feudal societies. The economic basis for the formation of a nationality is private labor and private property. Nationality develops as a result of the merger of different tribes, their loss of economic, territorial, linguistic independence and the formation on their basis of a common material and spiritual culture, a single territory, language, and later the state.

3. Nation. Nations are formed from people of various tribes and nationalities as a result of the socialization of production, the creation of a single market. The nation is characterized by a common economic life, territory, language, mental warehouse, manifested in national character and culture. Its characteristic economic community has a deeper and more universal character due to the dominance of capitalist commodity production with its inherent division and cooperation of labor, commodity-money relations. The nation is a product of the bourgeois era.

Nation and nationality

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of nation and nationality. Nationality is identified with ethnos, ethnic origin.

Ethnos - a set of people who have genetically determined and more or less pronounced common typical external features, a common culture, language, ethnic identity, a common territory that this ethnic group perceives as its own country.

There are different concepts in the understanding of the nation:

Semenov: the civil concept of the nation. A nation is the totality of people living in a country.

Tishkov: instrumental concept. Nation is a concept invented by politicians to solve their political problems. The nation is a means for the political mobilization of the population.

A nation is a historically stable community of people that has developed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, culture and mental makeup.

Previously, nation and nationality coincided, but with the development of economic relations, migration, these concepts were separated. The main feature of a nation is a common economic structure.

3 periods in the formation of nations.

1. The era of the formation of capitalism. At this time, the nationality turns into a nation.

2. Spread of capitalism from developed countries. This is due to the colonial policy, when the colonies were deprived of the opportunity to form their own nation.

3. The collapse of the colonial system. Former colonies gained independence, this completed the formation of nations.

2 trends in the development of nations under capitalism:

the folding of nations, the awakening of national life

· the strengthening of ties between states breaks down national borders, makes them transparent.

There is such a thing as globalization.

National problems of our time

In modern society, there are many national problems.

Nationalism: Tends to exaggerate national idiosyncrasies. There is a glorification of the national, but at the same time, disregard for other nations and nationalities.

Chauvinism is an extreme form of nationalism. Hatred of other nationalities, the desire to destroy other peoples as a species.

Often nationalism is combined with racism.

Cosmopolitanism: ignores all national characteristics, rejects their essential significance. This is a kind of imposing their way of life on other countries.

But there is such a thing as internationalism, which manifests itself in mutual respect for the national characteristics of any nationality.

There are 2 models of integration of the multiethnic population:

1. assimilation (integration) model: one state - one nation. People who come to the country can integrate into society if they learn the national culture.

2. multicultural model. Leaves the right to national minorities to have their own national characteristics.

Russia's national problems arose in the 1980s and 1990s. Of course, even under tsarism, the policy of inequality prevailed, but the problem was not so acute.

USSR: voluntary association of equal peoples. But during the reign of Stalin there was a simplification of the ethnic structure of the state through the resettlement of peoples.

Modern problems of Russia:

1. unregulated ethnic migration, mainly due to the CIS countries, China, Korea).

2. the problem of indigenous minorities. They have received the status of autonomous regions, their population is dying from alcoholism.

There are also inter-ethnic contradictions between nationalities. There is also the ethnophobia of Russians, for example, in the Baltics.

Also a significant problem is the decline in the population, mainly due to the Russians.

Marriage and family, family functions

Marriage is a historically conditioned, and sanctioned, and socially regulated form of relationship between a man and a woman, establishing their rights and obligations in relation to each other and to children.

A family is a small social group based on marriage and consanguinity, whose members are interconnected by common life, mutual responsibility and mutual assistance.

Family signs:

1. Consanguineous.

2. Single economic basis.

3. Cohabitation and sharing of responsibilities in the family.

4. Special attitude, care of family members about each other.

Family Functions:

1. Reproduction of the genus.

2. Economic cell of society.

3. Educational.

4. Recreational (restorative).

There are about 40 million families in the modern world; 90% of people live in families.

There is also a trend towards simplification of the family structure:

Spouses + 1 child.

12% of families live with relatives, 13% of single parent families.

An interesting fact is that the average age of those entering into marriage is increasing. Also, 25% of families are not going to have children, which inevitably leads to a decrease in the birth rate.

Compared to the 90s, the number of divorces has increased from 30% to 50% (Perm - 80%).

43% of children in the Perm region are born out of wedlock. The average birth rate per family is 1.2 children.

Out of 100 thousand people, 221 die from accidents, in Perm 318 out of 100 thousand, of which 54 from alcohol, 55 from suicide.

But since 2000 there is a surge in fertility.

300 thousand children are considered missing, 3-6 million. homeless children.

Factors affecting the birth rate:

Economic

Living conditions

State aid level

Monthly allowance - 70 rubles per child.

Childbirth allowance - 8000 rubles, for the 1st - 1500, for the 2nd - 3000.

There is a fairly large child, maternal mortality due to medical care, by the way, 7 out of 10 pregnant women have an abortion.

Sex and age structure of society:

Women - men = 10 million people

Life expectancy for men is 58 years, for women - 72, in Perm 56 and 67 years respectively.

A terrifying fact is that now in the Russian Federation 2 times more people die than are born. From 1991-2001 The population decline was 7.9 million. human.

60 thousand suicides per year observed in our country, by 2025. there will be 125 million of us. people, and by 2050 - 100.