In the context of transformations various areas public life in our country, there is an urgent need for the creative development of the younger generation, which is able to understand, appreciate and transform in its practical activities the world. Therefore, it is important to pay great attention to each individual child and the formation of his creative personality. Direct employment of students of children's music schools and children's art schools with musical and artistic activities very effectively contribute to solving the problems of not only the musical development itself, but also the formation of the general abilities of the child, the formation of his individuality. To help resolve this issue is one of the tasks of a teacher of musical literature, because it is this discipline that occupies a special place in the course of teaching theoretical disciplines in a children's art school.

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"Musical literature" as a subject of the musical-theoretical cycle in institutions of additional education

In the conditions of transformations in various spheres of public life in our country, there is an urgent need for the creative development of the younger generation, which is able to understand, evaluate and transform the world around us in its practical activities. Therefore, it is important to pay great attention to each individual child and the formation of his creative personality. Direct employment of students of children's music schools and children's art schools with musical and artistic activities very effectively contribute to solving the problems of not only the musical development itself, but also the formation of the general abilities of the child, the formation of his individuality. To help resolve this issue is one of the tasks of a teacher of musical literature, because it is this discipline that occupies a special place in the course of teaching theoretical disciplines in a children's art school.

The term "musical literature" was finally fixed in the 30s of the twentieth century. At the origins of musical literature as a subject were B.V. Asafiev and B.L. Yavorsky. Since then, the course of musical literature has undergone significant changes: its content has been enriched, the methodology has been improved, and special teaching aids have appeared.

The modern program of the subject "Musical Literature" was developed on the basis of and taking into account the federal state requirements for additional pre-professional general educational programs in the field of musical art "Piano", "Folk instruments", "Wind and percussion instruments".

Musical literature is an academic subject that is included in the compulsory part of the subject area "Theory and History of Music"; the final examination in musical literature is part of the final certification.

At the lessons of "Musical Literature" the formation of the musical thinking of students, the skills of perception and analysis of musical works, the acquisition of knowledge about the patterns musical form, about the specifics of the musical language, expressive means of music. The content of the subject also includes the study of world history, the history of music, familiarization with the history of fine arts and literature. The lessons of "Musical Literature" contribute to the formation and expansion of students' horizons in the field of musical art, educate musical taste, awaken a love for music.

The subject "Musical Literature" continues the educational and developmental process begun in the course of the subject "Listening to Music". The named discipline also closely interacts with the subject "Solfeggio", with the subjects of the subject area "Musical performance". Thanks to the acquired theoretical knowledge and auditory skills, students master the skills of conscious perception of the elements of the musical language and musical speech, the skills of analyzing an unfamiliar piece of music, knowledge of the main trends and styles in the art of music, which allows them to use the acquired knowledge in performing activities.

The purpose of the subject is the development of the student's musical and creative abilities based on the formation of a complex of knowledge, skills and abilities that allow them to independently perceive, master and evaluate various works of domestic and foreign composers, as well as identifying gifted children in the field of musical art, preparing them for admission to professional educational institutions.

Subject objectives"Musical Literature" are:

• formation of interest and love for classical music and musical culture in general;
• upbringing musical perception: musical works of various styles and genres created in different historical periods and in different countries;
• mastering the skills of perceiving the elements of the musical language;
• knowledge of the specifics of various musical, theatrical and instrumental genres;
• knowledge about different eras and styles in history and art;
• ability to work with musical text (clavier, score);
• the ability to use the acquired theoretical knowledge in the performance of musical works on the instrument;
• the formation of conscious motivation among the most gifted graduates to continue their professional education and prepare them for entrance exams to an educational institution that implements professional programs.

The term for the implementation of the subject "Musical Literature" for children enrolled in an educational institution in the first grade at the age of six years, six months to nine years, is 5 years (from grades 4 to 8). The term for the implementation of the subject "Musical Literature" for children enrolled in an educational institution in the first grade at the age of ten to twelve years is 5 years (from grades 1 to 5). The term for the implementation of the educational subject "Musical Literature" for children who have not completed the development of the educational program of the main general education or secondary (complete) general education and planning to enter educational institutions that implement basic professional educational programs in the field of musical art, can be increased by one year.

The amount of study time provided for by the curriculum of an educational institution for the implementation of a subject

The maximum teaching load in the subject "Musical Literature" is 346.5 hours, which is 1 academic hour per week in grades 4-7 (1-4) and 1.5 hours per week in final grade 8 (5) and grade 9 (6). (Appendix No. 1)

The form of conducting classes on the subject "Musical Literature" is small-group, from 4 to 10 people.

Teaching musical literature at the Children's Art School and Children's Music School is an acquaintance with the work of composers. Interesting, rich, but at the same time difficult to assimilate large-volume material will have to be conveyed to students of different age groups (children 10-15 years old can study in one group). And on what methods and approaches the teacher will use in his lessons, the impression that children will have about musical culture largely depends and will remain with them, possibly for a lifetime.

Short course

musical literature

I.S. BACH
1. Polyphony is polyphony. In a polyphonic work, there can be from two to five voices, each of which develops independently, but they are all woven into one musical fabric. Polyphony was widespread during the Renaissance (XVI - XVII centuries) by outstanding polyphonic musicians in the 1st half of the XVII century. were: German composers Georg Friedrich Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, English - Henry Purcell, French composer Jean Baptiste Lully.
In Italy, Antonio Vivaldi stood out. His violin concertos and the suite "The Seasons" are widely known. In France, the most famous composers - harpsichordists: Jean Philippe Rameau, Francois Couperin, Louis Claude Daken. Harpsichord sonatas are very popular now. Italian composer Domenico Scarlatti.
But the "father" of polyphony is considered to be the great German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750). His work is great and multifaceted.
Bach was born in the German town of Eisenach. There he spent his childhood, where he learned to play the organ, violin and harpsichord. From the age of 15 he lived independently: first in the city of Lüneburg, then, in search of work, he moved to the city of Weimar, where he served as an organist in the church and wrote here his best organ works: “Toccata and Fugue in D minor”, ​​organ choral preludes and fugues. Then he moves to the city of Köthen.
In Köthen, he serves as a court musician to the Prince of Köthen, and here he wrote the best clavier works: the 1st volume of the HTC (well-tempered clavier), 6 English and 6 French suites, inventions, Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue.
Bach spent his last years in Leipzig. Here he worked as the head of the school of singers (cantor) at the Church of St. Thomas and wrote many choral works: "Mass in B minor", "Passion according to John", "Passion according to Matthew" and other best examples of cantatas and oratorios. Here he wrote the 2nd volume of the CTC.

I.S. Bach became the creator of polyphonic music. Nobody wrote polyphony better than him. His three sons also became famous composers, but the name of Johann Sebastian Bach entered the history of musical art for all time! His music is eternal and understandable to people - it is alive.
2. Vienna classical school.
This is a creative direction in the music of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, which developed in Vienna (the capital of the Austrian Empire). Three composers belong to him:Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. In their work, a sonata-symphony cycle was formed. Their works are perfect in form and content (i.e. classical). That is why they were called the great Viennese classics.
The music of the composers of the Viennese classical school still remains an unsurpassed example of composition (classical - one of the meanings of the word - exemplary). School - here the concept of succession, i.e. continuation and improvement by one composer of the traditions and ideas of his predecessor.
The Viennese classics used a new musical warehouse (a way of expressing musical thought) - homophonic-harmonic, where there is a main melodic voice, and the rest of the voices accompany the melody (it is accompanied). In their work, an 8-bar (square) period is formed. This is due to the use of Austrian and German folk themes. The harmony is dominated by the triads of the main steps T, S, D.

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was the oldest of Viennese classics. The genres of sonata, symphony, concerto and quartet were finally formed in his work. He is called the "father" of the symphony (he has more than 100 of them). His music is based on the themes of folk dances and songs, which he develops with great skill. In his work, the composition of the symphony orchestra was also formed, consisting of three groups of instruments - strings, wind and percussion. Almost all his life he served as a court musician to Prince Esterhazy, creating 104 symphonies, 52 sonatas, concertos and 83 quartets. But the top was his 12 London symphonies, the oratorios "The Seasons" and "Creation of the World", written in London at the end of his life.

Haydn's follower was a German composer W. A. ​​Mozart (1756-1791). His bright music is still modern - a vivid example of classicism. FROM early years he began to compose sonatas, symphonies and operas. Using Haydn's sonata-symphony cycle, Mozart developed and enriched it. If Haydn has a contrast between the main and side parties is not pronounced, then Mozart's main part is very different in character from the side part and the development (middle section) is therefore more saturated. Mozart's music with amazing power conveys both mournful tragic moods ("Requiem"), and humorous images, and beautiful nature. Mozart's music is distinguished by its beauty and grace. Mozart is the author of many operas, the most famous of which are: The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni. He has about 50 symphonies (the most famous are G minor No. 40 and Jupiter No. 41), many sonatas, concertos for clavier, violin, oboe, flute, divertissements.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) - the third Viennese classic.
The great German composer was born in Bonn. A contemporary of the French Revolution, he embodied in his music the rebellious pathos, the dream of freedom and happiness of mankind. He created 9 symphonies (the most famous: in C minor No. 5, No. 9), a number of overtures (“Coriolanus”, “Egmont”, “Leonore”); 32 sonatas (“Moonlight” No. 14, “Pathetic” No. 8, “Appassionata” No. 23, etc.) opera “Fidelio”, 5 piano concertos, violin concerto and sonatas for violin, 16 string quartets. Beethoven's work is filled with great energy, the contrast between themes is very bright, his music is dramatic and at the same time life-affirming and accessible to the understanding of all people.
3. The era of romanticism in music.
Romanticism is a trend in art that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, at the time of reaction after the French bourgeois revolution. People of art could not at that time truthfully reflect reality and they had to either go into the world of fantasy or reflect the inner world of a person, his feelings and emotions.
In music, the first romantic composer wasFranz Schubert (1797-1828) - the great Austrian composer - songwriter (he has more than 600 of them).
In his youth, he had to experience many losses. Once in Vienna alone, he lived with friends and acquaintances and was full of hope for a wonderful future. His songs during this period are light in content (the cycle "The Beautiful Miller"). But gradually he begins to understand that life is not so cloudless as it seemed to him, that the fate of a musician is poverty and need. In the song "The Organ Grinder" he painted his own portrait - a singer thrown out by society. Gloomy moods are reflected in the cycle "Winter Way", "Swan Song". Such masterpieces as the ballad "Forest King", "Margarita at the spinning wheel" were written to the words of Goethe. "Serenade" Schubert firmly entered the repertoire famous singers. In addition to songs, Schubert also wrote 8 symphonies (the most famous is "Unfinished" in B minor No. 8 in two parts). He also has many small piano works: musical moments, impromptu, ecossaises, waltzes.
Schubert died very early - at the age of 31, but with his works he managed to prepare the appearance of followers of his work.
One of them was the Polish composer of the piano genreFryderyk Chopin (1810 – 1849).
His music is brilliant. Despite the fact that he wrote exclusively for the piano, he nevertheless opened up a whole world - from the secret depths of human feelings to simple scenes of village life.
Turning to the Polish national genres - mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, he showed them from different angles. For example, his mazurkas can be ballroom, or they can resemble a simple village dance. Polonaise - sometimes brilliant, sometimes tragic.
Waltzes are also very diverse in character, and his etudes go beyond the scope of a purely technical work - these are already concert pieces - paintings. Chopin's preludes are small in size, but very different in shades of feelings touched upon in them. Chopin's nocturnes are examples of melody and harmony. Chopin is the creator of a new genre of piano music - the ballad genre. He also has sonatas. Chopin's funeral march is familiar to everyone - this is the 3rd movement of the B minor sonata.
Fryderyk Chopin is the favorite composer of many pianists. Since 1927, Warsaw has regularly hosted the World Chopin Piano Competition.
The third romantic of foreign music -Robert Schumann (1810 – 1856).
This is a great German composer - a dreamer and an inventor. He had an amazing ability to portray people in music, often with humor. The piano cycle "Carnival" is his most famous work. He wrote many small pieces for pianoforte, "Album for youth", "Butterflies", 3 sonatas, "Symphonic etudes" and other works.
4 . Creativity of composers of the second half of the 19th - early 20th century.

Richard Wagner (1813-1883) - Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German dramatic composer and theorist, theater director, conductor, and controversialist who became famous for his operas, which had a revolutionary impact on Western music. Among his main works are Flying Dutchman"(1843), "Tannhäuser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan and Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882) and the tetralogy "Ring of the Nibelungen" (1869–1876).

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) - famous Italian composer, author of many immortal works. His work is considered the highest point in the development of 19th century music in his native country. More than half a century covered the activities of Verdi as a composer. She was mainly associated with the genre of opera. Verdi created the first of them when he was 26 years old ("Oberto, Count di San Bonifacio"), and he wrote the last one at the age of 80 ("Falstaff"). The author of 32 operas (including new editions of works written earlier) is Verdi Giuseppe. His biography is still of great interest to this day, and Verdi's creations are still included in the main repertoire of theaters around the world.. His most famous operas were Aida, Rigoletto, and La Traviata.

Edvard Grieg (1843 - 1907) - period, figure,,. Grieg's work was formed under the influence of Norwegian folk culture.

Among the most famous works Grieg - two suites from the music for the drama "", violin sonatas.

Grieg paid the main attention to songs and, of which he published more than 600. About twenty more of his plays were published posthumously. Grieg's vocal compositions are written to the words of Danish and Norwegian, sometimes German poets.

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) - The French composer C. Debussy is often called the father of the music of the 20th century. He showed that every sound, chord, tonality can be heard in a new way, can live a freer, multicolored life, as if enjoying its very sound, its gradual, mysterious dissolution in silence. It is no coincidence that Debussy is considered the main representative. The composer's favorite genre is a program suite (orchestral and piano), like a series of diverse paintings, where the static landscapes are set off by fast moving, often dance rhythms. Such are the suites for orchestra "" (1899), "" (1905) and "" (1912). For the piano, "", "," are created, which Debussy dedicated to his daughter.

5. Russian musical culture.

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804-1857)
The great Russian composer is the founder of national classical music.
After graduating from the university noble boarding school, he traveled extensively throughout Europe, studying the music of foreign countries (Italy, Germany, Austria). Returning to his homeland, Glinka set out to create a Russian national music school and he managed to do it.
Glinka collected and processed Russian folk songs and wrote his works using their intonations, dressing them in strict classical forms.
Glinka is the author of about 80 romances and songs, including such masterpieces as “Doubt”, “I Remember wonderful moment"," Lark "and others.
His first opera based on a historical plot, A Life for the Tsar (Ivan Susanin).
From this opera came a branch of Russian historical opera (it became a model of this genre). Glinka's second opera was written on the plot of A. S. Pushkin's fairy tale "Ruslan and Lyudmila". She laid the foundation for the Russian fairy tale opera.
In addition, "All Russian symphonic music is contained in Glinka's Kamarinskaya, like an oak tree in an acorn." - wrote P.I. Tchaikovsky. It really is. In addition to "Kamarinskaya" Glinka wrote two overtures on Spanish themes " Aragonese jota” and “A Night in Madrid”, and his “Waltz Fantasy” is an example of beautiful lyrics in instrumental music.
Summing up everything that was created before him by Russian composers, Glinka raised Russian music to a qualitatively new level and achieved recognition of Russian music at the world level.

Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 – 1869)
A follower and younger contemporary of Glinka, he entered the history of Russian musical culture, as the creator of socially accusatory works. Among them is an opera based on the plot of the tragedy of the same name by Pushkin "Mermaid", where the composer conveyed the tragedy of a simple peasant girl Natasha, abandoned by the prince, the grief of her father. Another opera is based on the text of Pushkin's little tragedy The Stone Guest. This is also a socio-psychological drama. In his operas, Dargomyzhsky introduced a new principle of end-to-end musical development. It consisted in the fact that musical numbers: arias, arioso, duets, choirs - smoothly and without stopping turn into recitative and vice versa, and the orchestral part often finishes what is not expressed in words.
Dargomyzhsky author of about 100 romances and songs. Among them are very popular: "I'm sad", "Old corporal", "Titular adviser", "Worm" and others.
In his music, Dargomyzhsky relied on the folk song, but at the same time on the intonation of living human speech. “I want the sound to directly express the word. I want the truth! - this is the creative credo of Dargomyzhsky.

6. Musical culture of the second half of the 19th century.
In the second half of the 19th century, the rise of national art began in Russia - literature, painting, music. At this time, a circle of like-minded musicians arose, called by the famous music critic Stasov "Mighty Bunch". It is also called the Great Russian Five or the New Russian School.
The circle included 5 composers.
Its leader was Mily Alekseevich Balakirev (1837-1910) - a bright figure, musical talent. His merit is that he collected and processed Russian folk songs. Balakirev created not very many works. The most interesting of them is the fantasy "Islamey", 8
Russians folk songs arranged for piano, about 50 romances.

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (1833-1887)
- an outstanding scientist, chemist, teacher, composer. Author of the opera "Prince Igor" based on the historical plot of the ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", symphonic picture"AT Central Asia”, wonderful 2 quartets, 3 symphonies (the most famous 2nd one is called “Bogatyrskaya”) and 18 romances. The composer embodied in his work the epic epic of the Russian people, and also illuminated the world of East Asia, with its beautiful melodies.
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) - composer-tribune, who reflected the life and history of the blond people. His operas "Boris Godunov", "Khovanshchina" monumental folk musical dramas are the pinnacle of his work; musical comedy according to Gogol "Sorochinsky Fair" reveals living vivid images ordinary people; the cycle "Pictures at an Exhibition", the cycles of songs "Children's", "Songs and Dances of Death", romances are included in the repertoire of world theaters.
Caesar Antonovich Cui (1835-1918) - composer and musical critic, author of opera fairy tales "Little Red Riding Hood", "Puss in Boots", "Ivanushka the Fool", romances, songs, small piano pieces. His works are not as significant as the works of other composers of the Mighty Handful, but he also contributed to the treasury of Russian music.
What united all the composers of the "Mighty Handful" was that they were reverent about Russian folk songs, sought to enrich Russian classical music, to elevate it on a global scale. All of them are followers of the great Russian classical composers M.I. Glinka and A.S. Dargomyzhsky.
Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) - a talented Russian composer, one of the most important figures in the creation of an invaluable domestic musical heritage.
The central place in Rimsky-Korsakov's legacy is occupied by operas - 15 works demonstrating the diversity of the composer's genre, stylistic, dramatic, and compositional decisions. Two main directions distinguish the composer's work: the first is Russian history, the second is the world of fairy tales and epic, for which he received the nickname "storyteller".
In addition to his creative activity, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov is known as a publicist, compiler of collections of folk songs, in which he showed great interest, and also as the finalist of the works of his friends - Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky and Borodin. Rimsky-Korsakov was the founder of the composer school, as a teacher and head of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, he produced about two hundred composers, conductors, musicologists, among them Prokofiev and Stravinsky.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 -1893) - Russian composer of the romantic period. Some of his compositions are among the most popular pieces of music. He was the first Russian composer whose work opened the musical world of Russia at the international level. A factor that helped Tchaikovsky's music become popular was the shift in attitude towards Russian audiences. Publication of his songs since 1867 and excellent piano music for the domestic market also contributed to the growth of the composer's popularity. In the late 1860s, Tchaikovsky began composing operas. Among his most significant works are operas: Queen of Spades”, “Eugene Onegin”, “Maid of Orleans”, “Mazepa”, “Cherevichki” and others, ballets: “The Nutcracker”, “Swan Lake”, “Sleeping Beauty”, symphony No. 1 “Winter Dreams”, symphony No. 6 “ Pathetic", fantasy overture "Romeo and Juliet", piano cycle "Children's Album"; symphonic, chamber, piano, choral, vocal works and adaptations of folk songs, as well as many other works.

7. Creativity of composers of the late 19th - early 20th century

The work of Russian composers of the late 19th - first half of the 20th century is a holistic continuation of the traditions of the Russian school. At the same time, the concept of approach to the "national" affiliation of this or that music has changed, there is practically no direct quotation of folk melodies, but the Russian intonational basis, the Russian soul, has remained.

Alexander Nikolaevich SKRYABIN (1872 - 1915) - Russian composer and pianist, one of the brightest personalities of Russian and world musical culture. The original and deeply poetic work of Scriabin stood out for its innovation even against the background of the birth of many new trends in art associated with changes in public life at the turn of the 20th century.
The peak of Scriabin's composing work was the years 1903-1908, when the Third Symphony ("Divine Poem"), the symphonic "Poem of Ecstasy", "Tragic" and "Satanic" piano poems, 4th and 5th sonatas and other works were released. Another masterpiece of Scriabin is "Prometheus" ("Poem of Fire"), in which the author completely updated his harmonic language, departing from the traditional tonal system, and for the first time in history, this work was supposed to be accompanied by color music, but the premiere, for technical reasons, passed no light effects.
The last unfinished "Mystery" was the idea of ​​Scriabin, a dreamer, romantic, philosopher, to appeal to all mankind and inspire him to create a new fantastic world order, the union of the Universal Spirit with Matter.

Sergei Vasilyevich Rahmaninov (1873 - 1943) - the largest world composer of the early 20th century, a talented pianist and conductor. creative image Rachmaninoff the composer is often described by the epithet "the most Russian composer", emphasizing in this brief formulation his merits in uniting musical traditions Moscow and St. Petersburg composer schools and in creating their own unique style, which stands out in isolation in the world musical culture.

He studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, after 3 years of study he transferred to the Moscow Conservatory and graduated with a big gold medal. He quickly became known as a conductor and pianist, composing music. The disastrous premiere of the groundbreaking First Symphony (1897) in St. Petersburg caused a creative composer's crisis, from which Rachmaninoff emerged in the early 1900s with a style that combined Russian church songwriting, fading European romanticism, modern impressionism and neoclassicism, all saturated with complex symbolism. During this creative period, his best works were born, including 2 and 3 piano concertos, the Second Symphony and his favorite work - the poem "The Bells" for choir, soloists and orchestra.
In 1917, Rachmaninov and his family were forced to leave our country and settle in the United States.

Interesting fact : during the Great Patriotic War Rachmaninov gave several charity concerts, the money collected from which he sent to the Red Army fund to fight the Nazi invaders.

Igor Fyodorovich STRAVINSKY (1882-1971) - one of the most influential world composers of the 20th century, the leader of neoclassicism. Stravinsky became a "mirror" of the musical era, his work reflects the multiplicity of styles, constantly intersecting and difficult to classify. He freely combines genres, forms, styles, choosing them from centuries musical history and subject to their own rules.

He began to compose professionally relatively late, but the rise was swift - a series of three ballets: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913) immediately brought him to the number of composers of the first magnitude.
In 1914 he left Russia, as it turned out almost forever (in 1962 there were tours in the USSR). Stravinsky is a cosmopolitan, having had to change several countries - Russia, Switzerland, France, and ended up living in the USA. His work is divided into three periods - "Russian", "neoclassical", American "serial production", the periods are divided not by the time of life in different countries, but by the author's "handwriting".

Sergei Sergeevich PROKOFIEV (1891-1953) - one of the greatest Russian composers of the 20th century, pianist, conductor. Prokofiev can be considered one of the few (if not the only) Russian musical "wunderkinds", from the age of 5 he was engaged in composing, at the age of 9 he wrote two operas (of course, these works are still immature, but they show a desire for creation), at the age of 13 he passed exams in St. Petersburg Conservatory, among his teachers was N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Some of the most striking works were the operas "War and Peace", "The Tale of a Real Man"; the ballets "Romeo and Juliet", "Cinderella", which have become a new standard of world ballet music; oratorio "On guard of the world"; music for the films "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible"; symphonies No. 5,6,7; piano work.
Prokofiev's work is striking in its versatility and breadth of themes, the originality of his musical thinking, freshness and originality made up an entire era in the world musical culture of the 20th century and had a powerful impact on many Soviet and foreign composers.

Dmitry Dmitrievich SHOSTAKOVICH ( 1906 - 1975) - one of the most significant and performed composers in the world, his influence on contemporary classical music is immeasurable. His creations are true expressions of the inner human drama and the annals of the difficult events of the 20th century, where the deeply personal is intertwined with the tragedy of man and mankind, with the fate of his native country. Already in the early 1920s, by the end of the conservatory, Shostakovich had a baggage of his own works and became one of the best composers in the country. World fame came to Shostakovich after winning the 1st International Chopin Competition in 1927.
Before certain period, namely, before staging the opera "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District", Shostakovich worked as a freelance artist - "avant-garde", experimenting with styles and genres. Of all the vast works of Shostakovich in all genres, it is the symphonies (15 works) that occupy a central place, the most dramatic symphonies are 5,7,8,10,15, which became the pinnacle of Soviet symphonic music .

Dear friend! You already know that the roots of musical culture go back to the distant past. Over the millennia of its existence, many musical instruments have appeared.

minds, genres of musical art. Remarkable composers wrote music in these genres.
By the 17th century, vast experience in music had already been accumulated. But this century has become a truly milestone, opening up new ways for music.
What is the most important thing in this century?
Explain what polyphony is, how is this word translated from Greek?
In what genres did this style of music predominate?
What is the name of the style in which only one voice has the leading meaning, and the rest accompany it? Translated this word into Russian!
In what genres did homophony predominate?

1. What is a healthy lifestyle? a. List of measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening health b.

Therapeutic and physical culture health-improving complex

in. Individual system of behavior aimed at maintaining and strengthening health

d. Regular exercise

2. What is the daily routine?

a. Order of daily activities

b. Established routine of human life, including work, food, rest and sleep

in. List of daily tasks, distributed by time of execution

d. Strict adherence to certain rules

3. What is rational nutrition?

a. Meals distributed by mealtime

b. Nutrition according to the needs of the body

in. Eating a certain set of foods

d. Nutrition with a certain ratio of nutrients

4. Name the nutrients that have energy value?

a. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates and mineral salts

b. Water, proteins, fats and carbohydrates

in. Proteins fats carbohydrates

d. Fats and carbohydrates

5. What are vitamins?

a. Organic chemical compounds necessary for the synthesis of enzyme proteins

b. Inorganic chemical compounds necessary for the body to function

in. Organic chemical compounds that are enzymes

d. Organic chemical compounds found in food

6. What is motor activity?

a. The number of movements required for the body to work

b. Physical education and sports

in. Performing any movements in daily activities

d. Any muscle activity that ensures optimal body function and well-being

Please help answer questions about music grade 6 on the musical "Notre Dame de Paris" 1) What is a musical? 2) In what year did the musical debut? 3) B

which country was first this musical? 4) What does "Notre Dame de Paris" mean in translation? 5) Author of the novel? 6) Name the composer and librettist of the musical? 7) What is a librettist? 8) Who is a librettist? 9) Where does the action take place (city) 10) Who is Esmeralda's guardian? 11) What did Quasimoda do in the cathedral? 12) The king of tramps? 13) Why did the vagabonds want to hang the poet Gringoire? 14) why was the execution (the hanging of the poet) not put into action? 15) What is Quasimod's guardian and mentor? 16) Why was Quasimodo sentenced to the wheel? 17) Name the main characters (7 people) 18) Who was chosen as the king of jesters? 19) For what crime was Esmeralda hanged? 20) What does the inscription on the wall of the Anke Cathedral mean? 21) Who was Esmeralda in love with? 22) Who wounded Captain Phoebus with Esmeralda's dagger? 23) What is the name of Esmeralda's husband? 24) Who will Captain Phoebus stay with? 25) How will priest Frolo die?

What is musical literature?

What is literature? These are books written by writers. And not just writers. Literature includes, for example, folk tales recorded and processed by collectors of folk art.

Our literature is musical. What music books? These are notes. But few experienced musicians can read music like books. And the music that is written in these notes is listened to and loved by almost everyone. So here it is:

How? Another one? And the specialty? What about solfeggio?

On solfeggio you study notes, intervals, keys. It's yours musical literacy. Also, ear training. After all, all this must not only be learned, but also be able to hear. And in your specialty, you master musical performance: learn to touch your instrument correctly and deftly in order to play beautifully and expressively, to perform music.

What does beautiful and expressive mean? This is the question that music literature answers. Today we start looking for an answer. And for this we will begin to learn to listen to music.

Is it necessary to learn to listen to music? — you might be surprised. And you will be right in your own way. Once a famous Norwegian violinist of the 19th century Ole Bull as a result of a shipwreck, he ended up on an island inhabited by wild tribes. And the savages were fascinated by the violin of the great artist, although they had never heard European music before. And already in the XX century, the French traveler and scientist Alain Geerbran took records of Mozart's music on a trip to the Makiritare Indians, who live in the Amazon jungle and cut off from the rest of the world. The effect was amazing, Geerbran even made a film about it.

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As if these examples show that music can be felt even without special preparation. But let's imagine that we are listening to a beautiful poem in French or English that we don't know. We can probably feel the beauty of the verse, we can even guess its mood. But we do not understand what is at stake, because we do not know language.

And music also has its own, musical language. But this language is special. It has no words, only sounds. But these are magical sounds that can make you laugh and cry, and can even tell a whole story.

Something you already know. About major and minor, for example. You know that happy music is more often in major, and sad music is in minor. What is the difference between slow music and fast music? Yes, of course, pace. Is there sad music in major, but cheerful music in minor? It turns out it happens. Because the nature of music depends not only on fret(and major and minor are modes), but also from many other things that are called means musical expressiveness . They form the basis of the musical language.

EXAMINATION TICKETS FOR MUSICAL LITERATURE

Ticket 1

2. Historical operas by Russian composers.

3. CreativityM.V. Fox.

Ticket 2

1. Musical genres: song, dance, march.

2. Russian art of the second half of the XIX century.

3. Creativity K.G. Stetsenka.

Ticket 3

1. Program visual music. Mussorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition.

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart.

3. Choir concertos of Ukrainian composers.

Ticket 4

one . Music in the theatre. Grieg "Peer Gynt"

2. Creativity M. I. Glinka

3. Symphonic creativity of Ukrainian composers

Ticket 5

1. Ballet. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker".

2. Creativity of L. Beethoven.

3. Ukrainian composers of the Radian period.

Ticket 6

2. The development of musical art in the Soviet period.

3. Creativity M. Leontovich.

Ticket 7

1. Sonata-symphonic cycle. Symphony Orchestra.

2. Creativity P. I. Tchaikovsky.

3. Ukrainian folklore.

Ticket 8

1. Sonata form. Piano works of the Viennese classics.

2. Creativity of composers Soviet period.

3. A. Shtogarenko. Symphony-cantata "Ukrainomoya".

Ticket 9

1. Polyphony. Creativity I.S. Bach.

2. The development of the romance genre in Russian music.

3. Opera of creativity of Ukrainian composers.

Ticket 10

1. Creativity of F. Chopin.

2. Opera-tale in the work of Russian composers.

3. Creativity of L. Revutsky.

ANSWERS TO REPLACEMENT TICKETS

Ticket 1

In works of art, a person talks about the life around him.

The content of a song, romance, choir is easy to retell, as the music sounds along with the words. In opera or ballet, events take place on the stage of the theater that can be seen. But in instrumental works, the content is revealed only in musical sounds, it can be felt and understood. Sometimes the composer gives the work a title and thereby explains its content. The most common are:

1) the theme of the historical past (opera "Ivan Susanin" by Glinka, opera "War and Peace" by Prokofiev)

2) the theme of folk life (operas Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Snow Maiden", "Sadko", fantasy for orchestra "Kamarinskaya" by Glinka)

3) based on works of literature and folk art (romances and songs based on poems by Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.; Lyadov's orchestral play "Kikimora")

4) images of nature (“Dawn on the Moscow River” from Mussorgsky’s opera)

5) modern life of people (Kabalevsky's opera "The Taras Family", Prokofiev's oratorio "On Guard of the World")

When creating a piece of music, the composer uses certain expressive means. These include:

1. Melody - the basis of musical art. A melody is a monophonic sequence of sounds of different pitch and duration. The melody expresses a certain musical idea.

A melodious, song melody is called cantilena.

A melody in which melodiousness is combined with the flexibility of human speech is called recitative .

instrumental the melody may contain large jumps, chromatic movement, embellishments.

2. Rhythm organizes the melody in time. Rhythm features affect the character of the melody. The predominance of even durations at a calm tempo makes the melody smooth. The variety of durations gives it grace and flexibility.

3. Harmony is a sequence of chords. Supporting the melody, harmony fills it with new expressive colors.

4. Register is the pitch of the sound. The scale is divided into upper, middle and lower registers. The expressiveness of each register is peculiar. The middle register is the softest and most sonorous. The lower sounds seem gloomy, booming. Upper - sound light, transparent, loud.

5. Timbre - a special coloring of the voice or sound of the instrument. Women's voices- soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto. Male voices - tenor, baritone, bass.

You can get well acquainted with the timbres of various musical instruments by listening to Prokofiev's symphonic fairy tale "Peter and the Wolf".

2. Historical operas by Russian composers

Mikhail Glinka is considered to be the founder of the genre of historical opera. His opera "Ivan Susanin" is a heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera was a legend about the heroic deed of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by the Polish invaders.

Characters: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, adopted son Vanya, Sobinin.

The main actor is the people. The opera has 4 acts and an epilogue.

The opera "Ivan Susanin" is a realistic work, truthfully and sincerely telling about historical events. Created by Glinka new type folk musical drama had a great influence on the subsequent creations of Russian composers (Rimsky-Korsakov's The Maid of Pskov, Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov).

At the heart of the opera "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky - Pushkin's tragedy of the same name. The genre of the opera is folk musical drama. It consists of a prologue and four acts, which are divided into scenes. The main idea is the conflict between the criminal tsar Boris and the people.

The main character is the people. Mussorgsky was attracted by the opportunity to recreate in the opera the awakening of the power of the people, which results in a spontaneous uprising. "Boris Godunov" is a great piece of Russian music. The creation of this work was an important stage in the development of musical theater.

"Prince Igor" Borodin is a lyric-epic opera in four acts with a prologue. At the heart of the opera is the work ancient literature XII century - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

The music of the opera is based on the intonations of folk songs - Russian and Oriental.

Prologue and 1 act characterizes the Russian people. Of great importance is the picture of the solar eclipse from the prologue. In folk epic poetry, various dramatic events in people's lives were often compared with powerful and formidable natural phenomena.

Act II is devoted to showing the life of the Eastern peoples.

The central place in the 1Y action is occupied by Yaroslavna's lament, which arose from ancient folk voices and lamentations.

The opera "Prince Igor" is one of the best creations of opera classics. The composer dedicated it to the memory of Glinka. It glorifies the heroic spirit of the people, their steadfastness, patriotism, spiritual beauty.

3. Creative ist b M . V. Fox

M.V. Lysenko is the most prominent Ukrainian composer. Becoming the founder of Ukrainian classical music, he became a talented conductor in the history of national art, a thoughtful teacher, a folklorist and a great musical-gromadsky performer.

Lysenko practiced maizha in all genres:

1)Pieces of folk shsen.

Interest in folk music is due to M. Lisenok in childhood . Lisenko occupied himself with the collection of folk horses by stretching out his life.

Folklore zrazki vin zgrupuvav genres and publishing okremi releases. The collections may suffocate all other genres: ceremonial, pobutov, historical and thought. Samples of Ukrainian folk songs were used as a creative laboratory for M. Lisenok.

2) Romansi.

Dorobka Fox - over 100 romances. We turn to the poetry of Taras Shevchenko, who succumbed to the deep nationality, Heinrich Heine, I. Frank, LesiUkrainka. Naybіlshvіdomі - "Cherry Garden", "Bezmezhne field", "When the miracle of May has come".

3)F orte pі anna creative і st.

Before the pianoforte creativity, M. Lisenko was turned by the stretch of his life. There are great forms - a sonata, two concert polonaises, two rhapsodies on Ukrainian themes, and small p "єsi" - "Songs without words", "Mrії", "Zhurba", "Elegiya". Chopin and F. Liszt, and on the other hand, there is an interest in folklore dzherel.

4)Horova creative ic th.

Create M. Fox for the choir to become a true side of yoga musical decay. Most of the choirs are written on the verse of T. Shevchenko. The stench is different for the ideologically-figurative zmist and form. There are great vocal and symphonic canvases, choirs, miniatures. All stinks are indistinctly reminiscent of folklore.

Vagom Tvir at the Spadshchina Fox - cantata "Rejoice, unwatered field". You will feel a little joy, spring hopes, faith in your coming.

5) Opera "Taras Bulba".

The opera "Taras Bulba" is the greatest achievement of the musical and theatrical art of that time. The opera took three hours to write. Prominent Radian composers L. Revutsky and B. Lyatoshinsky edited the opera.

M. Gogol's single story served as a literary inspiration for the opera.

The opera "Taras Bulba" is a historical and heroic folk musical drama. Vagome place in nіynalezhat images of the people. The composer attaches significant respect to the masovimhorovy scenes in the language of the symposium. The musical characteristics of the main characters - Taras Bulbi, Ostap, Nastya, Andriy, Mariltsi - are important. The main idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreation is the struggle of the Ukrainian people against
social and national involuntary.

Opera May n "yat dey, starts with an overture, as if concentrating in a sobіїїіdeyno-figurative zmіst.

Ticket 2

1. Musical genres. Song, dance, march

The genres of music are its various types. Musical genres arose in the course of the development of musical art. Each of them has its own characteristics. Works related to words and singing belong to vocal music(these are songs, romances, arias, compositions for the choir). Instrumental music includes a variety of compositions for individual instruments, ensembles (duets, trios, quartets) and orchestra. Among them - studies, preludes, impromptu, nocturnes, sonatas, suites, symphonies, etc.

The musical and theatrical genres include: operas, operettas, ballets.

Song- most popular view musical art.

The melody in the song is repeated several times with different words, forming verses. This form is called a couplet. At the end of each verse, there is a chorus that does not change. If the chorus is usually performed by one singer, then the chorus is more often sung in chorus.

The song can be accompanied by piano, button accordion or orchestra. Such songs have an introduction, acting out between verses and a conclusion. However, songs can be performed without accompaniment. This singing is called a cappella. It is more characteristic of folk songs.

The music that accompanies the movements of people has been known since ancient times.

marching music performed at pace. Marches are: solemn, military combat, marching, sports, mourning. With all the variety of marches, they have common features. This is a two- or four-beat size and a clear step rhythm. The form of the march is most often three-part.

An example of a solemnly heroic march is the march from the opera "Aida" by the Italian composer Verdi. And the march from Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Nutcracker" is accompanied by a cheerful children's holiday. Sometimes marches sound with words - these are march songs ("Aviamarsh", "Nakhimov March").

Dance arose in ancient times and is closely connected with everyday life. The music of each dance has its own tempo, size, rhythmic pattern. Each nation has created dances that are distinguished by their national identity.

Russian folk dances: Kamarinskaya, trepak; Ukrainian dances: Hopak, Cossack; Belorussian folk dance- bulb; dance of the peoples of the Caucasus - lezginka.

Dances of the peoples of Europe

Waltz originates from the leisurely and smooth peasant dance Lendler, which was common in Austria, Germany, and the Czech Republic. In the 19th century, the waltz became popular throughout Europe. Waltz music is very diverse in nature. There are waltzes joyful and sad, bravura and calm, light dreamy and thoughtfully sad. The form of waltzes is also different: from small everyday pieces to extended concert pieces. The waltz is in three beats.

Many composers willingly composed waltzes. Wonderful samples of the waltz were created by Schubert and Chopin, Glinka and Tchaikovsky. The Austrian composer Strauss was called the "King of the Waltzes".

Polka- Czech folk dance of a lively, cheerful character, Polka is characterized by enthusiasm, humor.

Mazurka and polonaise- Polish national dances.

Mazurka is a mobile and dynamic dance. His melody always has a sharp rhythmic pattern. Often, sharp accents move in time from a strong beat to a weak one. The size is threefold.

Polonaise is a solemn, stately dance procession. The movement is calm, unhurried, with an emphasis on the strong beat of the beat. to, -.. p.sho,.

The most perfect samples of the mazurka and polonaise were given in his piano work by the Polish composer F. Chopin.

2. Russian art of the second half XIX century

The second half of the 19th century is the time of the mighty flowering of Russian music, as well as of all Russian art. The sharp aggravation of social contradictions in the early 1960s led to a great social upsurge. Russian defeat in Crimean War(1853-1856) showed its backwardness, proved that serfdom hinders the development of the country. The best representatives rose up against the autocracy noble intelligentsia and raznochintsy.

In development revolutionary movement in Russia, the role of Herzen, the activities of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, and the poet Nekrasov were significant. The revolutionary ideas of the 1960s were reflected in literature, painting, and music. The leading figures of Russian culture fought for the simplicity and accessibility of art, in their works they sought to reflect the life of the disadvantaged people in an accessible way.

In the second half of the 19th century, Russian painting gave such wonderful artists like Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Surikov, Serov, Levitan. Their names are associated with the "Association of Traveling Exhibitions", since exhibitions of paintings began to take place in different cities Russia.

There have been changes in the musical life. Music went beyond the aristocratic salons. The organization of the Russian Musical Society played a great role in this.

In 1862 the first Russian conservatory was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1866 in Moscow. The first editions gave Russian art great musicians.

In the musical creativity of the 60s, the leading place was occupied by Tchaikovsky and a group of composers who were part of an association called "Mighty bunch." Balakirev became the inspirer of the circle. The composition included Cui, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rnmsky-Korsakov. Composers saw their goal in the development of Russian national music, a true embodiment of the life of the people.

3. Creativity K.G. Stetsenka

Grigorovich Stetsenko - a classic of Ukrainian music, a successor of M. Lysenok and Russian composers of the XIX century. This is a creative spadshchina, as well as a directorial, pedagogical, musically-critical activity and an unfamiliar part of Ukrainian democratic culture.

For his short creative life, Stetsenko wrote a bunch of operas, music to theatrical performances, chotiri cantati, over five dozen choirs, close to fifty romances, having created a significant number of Ukrainian folk songs.

The creative principles of Stetsenko the composer were formed under the influx of ideas of revolutionary democrats - T. Shevchenko, G. Chernishevsky, M. Dobrolyubov, I. Frank.

The most popular ones are: choral poem "Early new recruits", romance "Swim, swim, swan", "Evening song", cantati "Shevchenko" and "Single".

The creative path of K. Stetsenok was to be short, but yogo, the musical past has become a valuable contribution to our national culture. In his own lyrical, epic, lyrical-dramatic images, the composer instilled images of the mood of an hourly, boisterous life. In rich genres, Stetsenko zooms in to say his own word as a talented artist.

Ticket 3

1. Program visual music. Mussorgsky "Pictures at an Exhibition"

Various instrumental works composers often give. names explaining their content. Sometimes a composer gives a work literary preface- program. It sets out the content. This is program music.

True and fantastic stories, pictures of nature, images of birds and animals, heroes of famous fairy tales and works of literature are vividly embodied in program works: "Children's Album", "The Seasons" by Tchaikovsky, "Children's Music" by Prokofiev, "Album for Youth" by Schumann, "Carnival of the Animals" by Saint-Saens, "Pictures at an Exhibition" by Mussorgsky.

"Pictures at an Exhibition" were written by Mussorgsky under the impression of an exhibition of works by the artist V. Hartmann, a friend of the composer who died suddenly.

The cycle is a suite of ten independent pieces united by a common idea. Each piece is a musical picture that reflects the impression of Mussorgsky, inspired by this or that drawing by Hartmann. Here are bright everyday pictures (“The Tuilliers Garden”, “The Limoges Market”), and well-aimed sketches of human characters (“Two Jews”), and landscapes (“ old lock”), and images of Russian fairy tales. (“Hut on chicken legs”), epics (“Bogatyr Gates”). Separate miniatures contrast with each other in terms of content and expressive means. However, they. Bound by the "Walking" theme, which opens the cycle and then another appears. several times, as if leading the listener from one picture to another.

"Pictures at an Exhibition" became one of the the most popular works. Many pianists include this piece in their concert programs.

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart ";■.!.! . i *,■"■"" ї * .

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a brilliant Austrian composer. He began his concert activity at the age of 6. Despite the fact that he lived only 36 years, he left a great creative legacy: 50 symphonies, 19 operas (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute), requiem, concertos, a lot of instrumental and piano music.

Based on the achievements of Haydn in the field of sonata-symphonic music, Mozart contributed a lot of new and original.

The sonata for pianoforte in A major is very popular. Having a bright cheerful character, she is distinguished by grace. The structure of the first part is peculiar - it is written in the form of variations. The second movement is the traditional minuet. The third part is the widely known "Turkish March".

The Symphony in G minor is one of Mozart's most famous last symphonies. Thanks to the unusually sincere music, the symphony is understandable to the widest range of listeners.

3. Horov і concert ukra їн Russian composer і in

The main genre of professional music of the XYII-first half of the XYIII century. in Ukraine buv partesny concert. Tse single-part, dosit great for obsyag tver.

The word concert is similar to the Latin one, which means "shuffle". This musical genre is born in Italy in the mornings: like a choir, orchestral (concerto grosso) and solo tvir for one instrument with an orchestra. Skin z rіnovidіv mає ї svoії svoї soblivnostі, prote spilnymi є principe kontsertuvannya, zmagannya, otstavlennja, contrast.

In Ukraine, the partesny concerto is akin to the 17th century. Among the most prominent composers - authors of concerts - S. Pekalitsky, I. Kolyadchin, M. Diletsky.

Behind the character of the music, imaginative of the zmistompartesnі concerti, two groups can be mentally subliminal: urochist, glorious and lyrical-dramatic, mournful.

Choir concerts by M. Berezovsky, A. Vedel, D. Bortnyansky became one of the pinnacles of professional music. . »; :;;.!:> sch< ■

These composers zoomed in on the progressive artistic ideals of their time. In their music, people's protest against violence, evil, injustice, social blasphemy sounds. The stench of zumilija to reach the western European musical culture and say your original word in the art.

Ticket 4

1. Music in the theater. Grieg "Peer Gynt"

Operas, ballets, operettas are staged in the musical theater. In these genres, music is the basis of the performance. But also in drama theater music is prominent. It enhances the impact of the performance on the viewer, helps to more vividly describe this or that moment of the action, to convey the mood of the hero.

Music for dramatic performances was written by many outstanding composers - Beethoven and Mendelssohn, Grieg and Bizet, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Khachaturian and Prokofiev. Sometimes the music they created went beyond the theater and acquired an independent concert life.

"Peer Gynt"- a play by the outstanding playwright Ibsen. Separate episodes of the performance are accompanied by Grieg's music. The composer sang the harsh and beautiful nature of Norway, fantasy and ancient life, simple and sincere human feelings.

The orchestral suite, compiled by the composer from individual pieces of music for the drama, enjoys great popularity. With

The suite consists of four numbers, contrasting in character:

1. "Morning"- paints a picture of the awakening of nature. Music conveys not only the colors of dawn, but also the spiritual mood that arises at the sight of the rising sun.

The play is based on a small motif. It resembles a shepherd's tune.

2. "Death to Oze" accompanies in the drama the scene of the death of Peer Gynt's mother, old Oze. Full of deep sorrow, in a slow measured movement, the music resembles a funeral procession.

3. "Anitra's Dance". Anitra is the girl that Peer Gynt meets: during; of his journey. She performs a dance - light, graceful, graceful. The music of the dance is very changeable, like Anitra's mocking and fickle disposition.

4. "In the Hall of the Mountain King." The music of this number figuratively and vividly depicts a fantastic procession. At the heart of the play is one theme in the nature of the march. Its accompaniment varies. The sonority intensifies, the tempo accelerates, the whole orchestra gradually enters.

2. Creativity M.I. Glinka

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka is a brilliant Russian composer. Like Pushkin in poetry, he was the founder of Russian classical music - opera and symphony.

The origins of Glinka's music lead to Russian folk art. His best works are imbued with love for the Motherland, its people, for Russian nature. : , :

Main works: folk-heroic opera "Ivan Susanin"; fairy tale epic opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"; romances; symphonic fantasy "Kamarinskaya", "Waltz-Fantasy"; piano pieces.

Opera "Ivan Susanin"- heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera was a legend about the heroic deed of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by the Polish invaders.

Characters: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, adopted son Vanya, Sobinin. The main actor is the people. The opera has 4 acts and an epilogue.

The first act is a characterization of the Russian people and the main characters;

The second act is the musical characterization of the Poles. Dance music plays. Four dances form a symphonic suite: brilliant polonaise, krakowiak, waltz and mazurka.

In the final chorus "Glory" from the epilogue, the music is majestic and solemn. This gives it the features of an anthem. The people praise native land and fallen heroes.

An important place in Glinka's work is occupied by pieces for a symphony orchestra. All his works are accessible to the broad masses of listeners, highly artistic and perfect in form. Symphonic fantasy "Kamarinskaya" is a variation on two Russian folk themes":

"Waltz Fantasy"- one of the most poetic lyrical works of Glinka. It is based on a sincere theme, impetuous and striving.

romances Glinka wrote throughout his life. Everything in them captivates: sincerity and simplicity, restraint in expressing feelings, classical harmony and rigor of form, beauty of melody and clear harmony. Glinka composed romances based on poems by contemporary poets - Zhukovsky, Delvig, Pushkin.

Popular are romances from the cycle "Farewell to St. Petersburg" - "Lark" and "Accompanying Song" (lyrics by N. Kukolnik). The romance to Pushkin's words "I remember a wonderful moment" is a pearl of Russian vocal lyrics. Refers to adulthood
creativity, that's why the skill is so perfect in it. " : ""- )(R: ":

AT In his romances, Glinka summed up all the best that was created by his predecessors and contemporaries.

3. Snmpho no chna creative ist steal їн Russian composer і in

The symphony "appeared in the works of composers of the Mannheim school (their friendship of Czech composers, they enchanted the court orchestra at the German city of Mannheim). The very term "symphony" is attached to the orchestral cyclical creation.

The classical symphony is formed in the 70-80s of the 18th century. in the work of J. Haydn and W. Mozart.

The symphony is a very important part of the cyclic tvir. ^

The first part - sonata alegro - will be on a contrasting setting of two themes, the other part is lyrical, the third part is changing, the fourth is a live finale.

The orchestra included the following instruments: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, clarinets, 2 horns, 1-2 trumpets, timpani, pershy and other violins, violas, cellos, double basses. Over the course of an hour, such a warehouse was incrementally supplemented with new tools.

In the other half of the XIX century. "Young Symphony" is created by M. Lysenko, "Ukrainian Symphony" - by M. Kalachevsky, Symphony in G Minor - by V. Sokalsky.

The most important achievements of the Ukrainian Radian symphony are associated with the names of L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky, S. Lyudkevich.

Ticket 5

1. Ballet. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker" shts-їshchi-

Ballet is a musical and theatrical work that combines music, dance and stage action. Ballet has a plot, characters. The feelings of the characters are revealed through dance movements to the music.

In addition to dancing, pantomime plays an important role in ballet, that is, the silent play of actors, consisting of expressive gestures and facial expressions.

The creator of Russian classical ballet was Tchaikovsky (Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker). Remarkable ballets were written by Delibes and Ravel, Glazunov and Stravinsky, the Soviet composers Asafiev, Gliere, Prokofiev, Khachaturian.

Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker". The basis for the ballet was a children's fairy tale by the German writer Hoffmann about amazing adventures girls Masha, who dreamed of her after a cheerful festive evening of the New Year tree. Real life is intertwined here with fiction and fantasy. Each of the characters has its own musical characteristic. Music truly conveys childhood experiences.

The ballet has two acts. In the second act, a colorful divertissement is presented (this is a string of various dances that are not directly related to the development of the action).

Each divertissement dance has its own name: chocolate (Spanish dance), coffee (Arabian dance), tea ( chinese dance), the dance of the shepherds, the "Waltz of the Flowers", the dance of the fairies Dragee.

2. Creativity L. Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven is a German composer. In his work classical music reached its peak. The mighty heyday of his work coincided with the beginning of the 19th century. A contemporary of the events of the French Revolution, Beethoven for the first time in music expressed the heroic aspirations of the people with such force.

creative heritage: 9 symphonies, overtures, concertos, instrumental music, 32 piano sonatas, opera Fidelio.

Among the piano sonatas, the most famous are: "Pathetic", "Appassionata", "Lunar".<;;; " З UїіїRSh.t■*.:

Symphony No. 5 won the love of the people. Its structure is traditionally - 4 parts. But for the first time, Beethoven succeeded in making the four-movement symphonic cycle so unified and inseparable. All parts are united by one imperative theme (the theme of fate), which at first sounds like an epigraph.

The overture from the music to Goethe's tragedy "Egmont" is also imbued with a heroic mood. Beethoven's interest in the fate of the people, the desire in his music to show the struggle as an inevitable path to achieving the goal and the coming victory - the main content of the heroic works of the composer.

3. Ukra ї ns bkі composer and radianskogo lane io du m

Formation of the Ukrainian Radian School of Composers is observed in the 20th century. Classical composers - Stetsenko, Stepovy, Leontovich - were the foundations. A young composer school is being formed - L. Revutsky, P. Kozitsky, B. Lyatoshinsky, G. Verovka, M. Kolyada. In 1918, a graduate of the Petrograd Conservatory V. Kosenko, a pianist composer, came to Ukraine. Vin is widely included in the work.

The vigor of the composers' creations already in the 20th century reached significant successes. It was created as a traditional musical composition, which became an important stage in the roses of Vitkuukrainian culture.

Created the most popular operas: Bogdan Khmelnytsky's operas "Milan" by Dankevich "Milan" Mayborody, "The Fox Song" by Kireyk, Stogarenko's symphony-cantata. "Ukraine is mine".

On the musical sky of Ukraine in the 60s - 70s, there are rock stars; names: L. Grabovsky, M. Skorik, V. Silvestrov, V. Hubarenko, Y. Stankovich, L. Dychko, Y. Ischenko, O. Kiva and in. Just like the first jokes of young composers buli pov "singing chamber-instrumental music, zokrema miniatures, then in the circus the young people practice mayzhe in all genres.

Ticket 6

1. Opera

The opera is a large and complex musical and theatrical work. It is performed by an orchestra, choir, singers and often dancers. The opera combines various types of art: drama and music, singing and dancing, acting and the skill of painters and decorators.

The plot for an opera is most often a literary work. Based on it, the text of the opera - the libretto - is created. Depending on the content, operas can be historical (Glinka's Ivan Susanin, Borodin's Prince Igor, Prokofiev's War and Peace), everyday operas (Smetana's The Bartered Bride, Mussorgsky's Sorochinsky Fair), and fabulous operas (The Magic Flute). Mozart, "The Snow Maiden" by Rimsky-Korsakov).

The action of the opera unfolds in front of the audience on a stage furnished with scenery. Music is the main means of expression. It reveals the characters of the characters and the main idea of ​​the whole work.

An opera performance usually begins with an orchestral introduction - an overture. The music of the overture expresses the general mood of the work and thus prepares the listeners for its perception.

The overture and orchestral introductions to other acts of the opera are performed by the symphony orchestra. He also accompanies the singing of singers, as well as ballet scenes.

An opera performance is divided into actions (acts). Each action consists of separate scenes, numbers. Musical numbers are solo (for one performer) - songs, arias; ensemble - duets, tertsets, quartets, etc.; choral and orchestral.

Operas were written by almost all the great composers: Mozart and Verdi, Wagner and Bizet, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov, Rachmaninoff and Prokofiev.

2. Development of musical art in the Soviet period *

Since 1918, the mass introduction of the people to musical culture begins; The Bolshoi Theater, the center of Russian opera, opened its doors to new audiences. The Moscow and Petrograd Conservatories became state-owned. Daytime and evening music schools, circles, studios are opened. Amateur art flourishes, helping to reveal the wealth of folk talents.

Since the mid-1920s, music broadcasting has been developing. Many classical works have become available to the vast masses of listeners.

The young performing school has achieved great success. Among the world-famous performing musicians are violinists Oistrakh and Kogan, pianists Gilels and Richter, cellists Rostropovich and Shafran.

The work of Soviet composers also began to develop. The hallmark is innovation. This is manifested in the search for new expressive means, musical forms.

An important feature of Soviet musical culture is its multinational character. The mass song becomes the most widespread genre. This is a kind of chronicle of the history of the state. ->s.; ; .

Opera became one of the most important genres of Soviet music. Composers sought to create operas on contemporary themes. To do this, it was necessary to update the traditional genre, to find new means of expression. The first successful Soviet operas were Dzerzhinsky's Quiet Flows the Don (based on Sholokhov's novel), Khrennikov's Into the Storm, and Prokofiev's Semyon Kotko. Later, the operas "The Taras Family" appeared. Kabalevsky oh, "Young Guard" Meitus, "Jalil" Zhiganov, "War and Peace" by Prokofiev, "Katerina Izmailova" by Shostakovich.

The achievements of the Soviet ballet are great. They are connected in many respects with the flourishing of choreographic art in our country. The ballets The Red Flower by Gliere, The Flames of Paris and The Fountain of Bakhchisarai by Asafiev, Romeo and Juliet by Prokofiev, Spartacus by Khachaturian appear.

In the genres of symphonic music, Soviet composers were able to profoundly reflect the present and find new means of expression. N. Myaskovsky, the author of 27 symphonies, is rightfully considered the head of the Soviet symphonic school. Sounds all over the world

7 symphonies by S. Prokofiev. One of the world's greatest symphonists is D. Shostakovich.

The attention of composers is attracted by vocal and symphonic genres - cantata and oratorio, which acquire a new character. In the past, these genres were associated with religious subjects. In Soviet music, they become works of heroic-patriotic content (“On the Kulikov Field” by Shaporin, “Alexander Nevsky” by Prokofiev, “A Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin” by Sviridov, etc.).

Instrumental and vocal genres are diversely represented in the work of Soviet composers - suites and concertos, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

3. Creative ic be M. Leontovich

Mykola Dmitrovich Leontovich is a classic of Ukrainian pre-zhovtnevoy music, and one of the founders of the Radian musical culture. Mayzhe all life Leontovich pratsyuvav in the genre of processing Ukrainian folk songs, reaching the right mystetsky peaks. Yogo choral creativity is one of the most beautiful sides of Ukrainian music. Vagomo has gone to the treasury of the country's worldly musical art.: Make the composer sound widely in our country abroad. Yogo musicahvilyuє usіh.

The work on the skin of the folk song is trying to finish a long time, the composer often creates three-chotiri and її options, pragnuchi vikoristati all the internal possibilities of the pershodzherel. Filling the unchanging melody, the rich arsenal of harmonic, polyphonic, textural and timbre tools for creating individual images is stagnant. The chori "Small mother has one daughter", "Spinning", "Above the river bank", "Dudaryk", "Shchedryk" were marked with the right maisternistyu.

For a radian hour, Leontovich creates, krim a sample of folk songs, sings choruses ("Ice Breaker", "Summer Tony", "My Song") and the opera-ballet "On the Mermaid's Great Day", as she lost her unfinished.

Horovі create Leontovich - tse, without a doubt, vysokomistetski zrazki. In them, there is a vidbitonianism, infused with the image of radian action.

Music M.D. Leontovich has finally gone to the treasury of our national musical art.

Ticket 7

1. Sonata-symphonic cycle. Symphony. Symphony Orchestra.

founder classical symphony consider the great Austrian composer Joseph Haydn. His works are characterized by harmony and balance of form, a bright, life-affirming character. In his work, the symphonic cycle was finally formed.

A symphony is a cyclic work (that is, many-part), with a certain sequence of parts. In translation, the word "symphony" means "consonance", "consent". This word has taken on various meanings. The symphony turned into an independent concert work in the 18th century.

Part I goes to fast pace, in sonata form, II part - slow, III part - menuzt, IV part final, fast tempo returns.

The symphony is intended for a mass audience. It is performed by a symphony orchestra.

The composition of the symphony orchestra was also established in the work of Haydn. It is based on four groups of tools:

1) in string group includes: violins, violas, cellos and double basses;

2) the woodwind group includes: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons;

3) a group of brass wind instruments consists of horns and pipes.

4) of the percussion instruments, Haydn used only timpani.

2. Creativity P.I. Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky devoted all his work to man, his love for the Motherland and Russian nature, his aspirations for happiness and courageous struggle against the dark forces of evil. And whatever the composer says, he is always truthful and sincere.

Tchaikovsky wrote in almost all genres, and in each of them he said his word as a brilliant artist. But his favorite genre was opera. great attention he paid attention to content, giving preference to plots from Russian life.

At the same time, symphonic music also occupies an important place in Tchaikovsky's work.

Main works: 10 operas (Eugene Onegin, The Enchantress, The Queen of Spades, Iolanthe, etc.), 3 ballets (Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker), 6 symphonies and others symphonic works, piano pieces (including the cycles "Seasons", "Children's Album"), romances.

The work of Tchaikovsky is the pinnacle of world musical culture of the 19th century.

First Symphony "Winter Dreams"

Tchaikovsky's First Symphony is a remarkable example of his early orchestral work. For the first time in it, characteristic images and techniques are manifested, deeply developed by the composer in symphonic creativity mature period.

Part I - “Dreams on a Winter Road” - pictures of winter Russian nature are depicted here with soft colors.

Part II - "A gloomy land, a foggy land." This music is inspired by the impressions of Tchaikovsky's travels on Lake Ladoga.

Parts III and IV - the scherzo and the finale - do not have names, but in terms of their content they do not fall out of the general poetic design.

Opera "Eugene Onegin"

Tchaikovsky called his opera "lyrical scenes". The composer focused all his attention on revealing the inner, peace of mind their heroes. Pictures of folk life are also vividly and truthfully revealed. With great love, poetic “sketches” of Russian nature are given, “against which the feelings and experiences of the characters are revealed.

Characters: Tatyana, Olga, Onegin, Lensky, Prince Gremin.

The orchestra plays an important role in revealing the characters. Each of the main characters is outlined by their own special musical themes. gemsae il-.-.:■",.. >*■ ■ ;!: ■ ■■

The characters of the characters also develop and gradually change throughout the development of the plot (for example, in the letter scene, the character of the main character is given in motion: from a naive, dreamy girl, Tatyana turns into a passionate loving woman, acquires mental maturity).

Opera "Eugene Onegin" - highest achievement Russian opera art. Already during the life of the composer, it became one of the most beloved operas.

3. Ukra їн folklore

Folklore is the greatest spiritual wealth of the people. To the fault of the souls of the people, to the towers of the dovkolishny light, to the fermentation of the spirits, which were long drawn out.

The people created songs for the sake of the capital. The most recent of them are related to the excavation calendar, rituals.

In the XY - XYI centuries, new folklore genres are being formed - thoughts and historical stories. The stench vinicked under the infusion of the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Tatars, Turks, and Polish nobility. They were beaten by kobzars and bandurists.

In the XYI century, lyric, hot and dance songs were born. They sound like people - kohannya, rozpach, joy, turmoil, embody the beauty of the human soul.

In the 12th century, there is a song-romance, in which there are professional and popular beginnings.

Prominent literary performers - Grigoriy Skovoroda, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Taras: Shevchenko, as well as composers Mykola Diletsky, Maxim Berezovsky, Artem Vedel, Dmytro Bortnyansky, Mykola Lysenko were fond of folklore, loved yoga, victorious at their creative work.

The scientific record of musical folklore dates back to the 19th century. These are the collections of M. Maksimovich and O. Alyab "eva, O. Rubts, M. Lisenka, E. Linovoi, S. Lyudkevich, I. Kolessi and K. Kvitka.

The most recent layer of folk songs, which are called “ritual” or “calendar-ritual”. yazani with the rites of the burial place.

Carols and generous і vki accompanied the rite of caroling and generosity from the blessings of the new saints.

The whole bula was a kind of theatrical musical show. The plots of the song should be written in different ways, but not without exception, it’s about the practice and life of the villagers.

I will decorate a group of rituals. the song is folded stoneflies(in the western regions of Ukraine they are called haivki). The spring time is due to the awakening of nature, it is filled with joy, new hopes and inspirations. From a long time ago they respected that spring needed to be called, asked.

Vesnyanki - tse important girlish songs. Vikonanny of stoneflies often sang "song, round dance, stage performance. The nature of the melodies of the song of the spring cycle is m" lyrical, radiant. In some of them, the dancing basis prevails.

Summer cycle the song is commemorated by Saint Ivan Kupala in honor of the sun. On the whole day, until a recent hour, having saved, sound stribati through the fire (cleansing), let the wines into the water, tell fortunes. The rite is accompanied by the singing of the bathing songs.

The cycle of ritual songs, pov "announcement of the earthworks calendar, complete roasting(Zhnivar) songs. The rite of roasting itself may have such great moments:

1) ending the work, the women are deprived of a bunch of zbіzhzhya, which zv "expand eels and shake the grain on the cornfield,

2) weave a wreath from the breeze and put it on the head of the best worker. Go to the door of "I gospodar. The maiden gives him a gin of wine. Then the gospodar cooks for the women, the sound of singing, music.

Ticket 8

1. Sonata form. Piano works of the Viennese classics

Sonata is called a cyclic product for one or two instruments. The word "sonata" in translation from Italian means "to sound".

In the work of Haydn, the type of classical sonata is established. It consists of three parts: the 1st part is written at a fast pace, in sonata form; Part II goes at a slow pace; Sh part, final, - again in fast.

The parts of the cycle, contrasting with each other, reveal a single artistic concept.

Among Haydn's sonatas, the most popular sonatas are in E minor (lyrical) and in D major (cheerful). Their structure is traditional. Music is clear and accessible

Haydn's younger contemporaries, Mozart and Beethoven, are also called Viennese classics. (For their sonatas, see tickets No. 3, No. 5)

2. The work of composers of the Soviet period ^

The work of Soviet composers is diversely represented: instrumental and vocal genres - suites and concertos, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

The major composers of this period are: S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, D. Kabalevsky.

Great Soviet composer Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev rightfully called a classic of the 20th century. He conveyed in his work the feelings of his contemporaries, the sharp dramatic clashes of the era and the belief in the victory of the bright beginning in life. Prokofiev is a bold and innovative artist. He opened "new worlds" in the field of melody, rhythm, harmony, instrumentation. At the same time, his art is closely connected with the traditions of Russian and world classics”, “War and Peace”; "The Tale of a Real Man", etc.); 7 ballets ("Romeo and Juliet", "Cinderella", etc.); oratorio "On guard of the world"; cantata "Alexander Nevsky"; 7 symphonies; concerts; cycles of piano pieces: "Fleeting", "Tales of the Old Grandmother", "Children's Music"; symphonic tale"Peter and the Wolf", music for films.

Seventh Symphony Prokofiev's last completed major work.

A symphony for children - that was the original idea. But in the process, he changed. The result was a symphony "both for children and for adults" - a profound composition, which combined features characteristic of Prokofiev's work of the late period.

Music Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich- the strongest artistic embodiment of his contemporary time. This is an art imbued with love for a person, faith in his nobility, will and mind. This is an art that denounces everything hostile to man, fascism and other forms of suppression of human dignity.

Main works:

15 symphonies (among them the seventh "Leningrad", the eleventh "1905. year"); opera "Katerina Izmailova"; oratorio "Song of the Forests"; concerts; instrumental music; 24 preludes and fugues for piano; songs, vocal cycles; music for films.

Seventh Symphony ("Leningrad")- one of the most significant works Shostakovich. The symphony was written in 1941. Most of it was composed in besieged Leningrad. On the score was the author's inscription: "Dedicated to the city of Leningrad."

The Seventh Symphony is often compared with documentary works about the war, called a "chronicle", a "document" - it conveys the spirit of events so accurately. And at the same time, this music strikes with the depth of thought. Shostakovich described the clash between the Soviet people and fascism as a struggle between two worlds: the world of creation, creativity, reason and the world of destruction and cruelty; good and evil. The idea of ​​the struggle and triumph of Man is revealed in different ways by the four parts of the symphony.

Aram Ilyich Khachaturian- an artist of bright, original personality. Temperamental, cheerful, attracting with the freshness of harmony and orchestral colors, his music is permeated with intonations and rhythms of Armenian folk songs and dances. In his works, he also relies on the traditions of world, and primarily Russian, music.

Main works:

2 symphonies; 2 ballets ("Gayane", "Spartacus"); concerto for violin and orchestra; pieces for piano; songs and romances; music for Lermontov's drama "Masquerade".

Violin Concerto is one of his finest works. The gift of the composer to create music, relying extensively on folk art, manifested itself with special force here. There are three parts in the concerto, a kind of pictures from folk life, poetic sketches of the nature of Armenia.

Dmitry Borisovich Kabalevsky- one of the outstanding composers of the Soviet period. The composer was especially attracted by the images of childhood and youth. Talks about it

most of his works.

For his young friends, the composer not only wrote music. On the radio, from the concert stage, he lectured, held fascinating conversations about music. These conversations formed the basis of his book "About three whales and about much more." Kabalevsky was concerned about the issues of children's musical education.

Main works:

4 symphonies; 5 operas (Cola Breugnon, The Taras Family, Sisters); operetta "Spring sings"; 2 cantatas; requiem; concerts; instrumental music; works for pianoforte, songs; music for films.

3. A. Shtogarenko. sympho no i-cantata "Ukraine їн oh my"

Composer's work of Andriy Yakovich Shtogarenok was reminiscent of the 1930s. The majestic vocal-symphonic composition "My Ukraine" (1943) became the right creative hand of the militia. This symphony-cantata in this symphony-cantata has a conflict in the state of opposing forces. Literary. the basis of the composition was the verses of A. Malishka and M. Rilsky.

The leather part of the symphony-cantati may have a program name. Persha - "Get up, Ukraine" - is full of drama, bitter confusion, sorry and suffering. The character of the music is characterized by two musical themes: dramatic, anger-spontaneous (її vikonuє choir) taariously-rose-like (baritone solo), in which the suffering for the infliction of atrocities by the Nazis is conveyed.

Another part - "Koliskova" - is the lyrical center of the cycle. Shtogarenko created a miracle, lower, sovnenu spiritual warmth Koliskov's mother's song, as a pragne to protect his son.

The third part - "Partizanska" - a heroic scherzo. It is permeated with dynamics, moving forward. I complete the symphony-cantata with a heroic finale.

Ticket 9

1. Polyphony. Creation I.S. Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach is a great German composer. Most of Bach's works are inherent in a polyphonic warehouse. "Polyphony" in translation means polyphony. Each voice in polyphonic music is independent.

One of the main means of development in polyphony is imitation ("imitation"). In music, this is a technique for the alternate entry of voices, with each voice imitating the previous one with some delay. Imitation contributes to the continuity of melodic movement, which is hallmark polyphonic music.

In Bach's work, polyphony reached its highest perfection. He wrote small preludes, fugues, 2 and 3 voice inventions.

Of great value are 48 preludes and fugues, which make up two volumes. The work was called "The Well-Tempered Clavier". Here the composer proved that all keys are equal and sound equally good.

Bach also wrote a lot of music for the organ, which was his favorite instrument.

2. The development of the romance genre in Russian music

One of the most beloved types of musical art at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 19th century was the romance. Many romances of that time were closely connected with the urban everyday song. They were performed to the accompaniment of piano, harp or guitar. An important role in the development of the Russian romance was played by the composers Alyabyev (“The Nightingale”), Varlamov (“The Lone Sail Turns White”, “Mountain Peaks”, “A Blizzard Sweeps Along the Street”), Gurilev (“Mother Dove”, “The Blue-winged Swallow Winds” , "Bell"). The work of these composers is a valuable contribution to the treasury of Russian music. . . .

An important place is occupied by the romance in the work of M.I. Glinka. Glinka wrote romances throughout his life. Everything captivates them: sincerity and simplicity; restraint in expressing feelings, classical harmony and strictness of form, beauty of melody and clear harmony. Romances are popular - "The Lark", "A Passing Song", "I Remember a Wonderful Moment"

A prominent place is occupied by romances and songs in the works of Dargomyzhsky, Borodin, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky.

3. Opera creative і st ukra ї Russian composer і in

Opera- the whole genre, which is about "one in one's own spiv (solo, ensemble, choir), instrumental music, stage performance, image-making art (costumes, makeup, lighting; artistic design of the performance).

The foundations of the European musical and theatrical art are rooted in a long-standing folk theatrical action (in Italy - commedia dell'arte, in Russia - theater Petrushka "", in Ukraine - nativity scene). Opera originated in Italy. The first creations were written on ancient subjects. The rest of the opera is formed by the work of the prominent Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi.

Already in the second half of the century after the vindication, the opera became the most popular genre.

Grand Master of the Opera Art buvV.AMozart. Yogo top operas - "Vesilla Figaro", "Don Giovanni", "Charming Flute". . .and.

Ukraine їн ska opera formed in the other half of the 19th century. The first classical images of the epics named after S. Gulak-Artemovsky ("Zaporozhets beyond the Danube", 1862) and M. Lisenka ("Natalka Poltavka", 1889 and "Taras Bulba", 1890).

The theme of the opera can be different. Tse historical backgrounds, paintings will look like, the experiences of the people and the її inner world too.

Exploring the zmіst operi helps the text, which is the basis of vocal numbers. Whose text is called lі bretto, yoga creates sings, the playwright is a composer himself.

The composer creates artistic images with the help of musical variety. Among them - bright melody, harmony, various orchestration, original rhythm. An important role is played by the selection of musical forms for a number of numbers, scenes, and acts. The solo numbers can be called like this: aria, arioso, arietta (small for the aria), cavatina, romance.

In the opera, recitatives (musical recitation) are widely used. Voni ..z "single party, ensembles, chori.

A series of solo parts in opera ensembles, choruses, ballet numbers.

Duje vagoma in the opera role orchestra. Vіn not less than accompanying spіv, and y dopovnyuє yogo, zbagachuє. The orchestra is entrusted with independent numbers: overture, intermission to okremyh diy, episode, enter to arias.

Overture- it is necessary to finish the roaring endings of the orchestral number, which rises to the point of dependence. The composer concentrates on the main musical ideas of the opera.

Intermission- tse small behind the orchestral openings to di.

The butt of the lyrical-comical opera is S. Gulak-Artemovsky's opera "Zalorozhets beyond the Danube". Two plot lines are intertwined here: lyrical (the zakokhana couple - Oksana and Andriy) and comical (Ivan Karas and yoga woman Odarka).

Characteristic of the comical opera-romantic dialogues. Opera has played a significant role in the history of Ukrainian opera art. Here, the traditional folk tips are shown, the beautiful drawings of the Ukrainian people are identified.

The butt of the historical and heroic opera is Lisenok's opera "TarasGulba". Vagome place in niy belong to the images of the people. In the name of the language, the composer gives significant respect to the mass choral scenes. Here the hero of the struggle and the triumph of victory are instilled.

Ticket 10

1. Creativity F. Chopin

Fryderyk Chopin is a great Polish composer and pianist. He enriched the music with new content, introduced new techniques of pianistic performance. His work coincides with the era of romanticism, which is characterized by the miniature genre.

Chopin composed exclusively for piano. His music was recognized as a ball during his lifetime, and Chopin competitions are held today.

Main works: mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes, etudes, impromptu, sonatas, ballads, scherzos, fantasies, concertos.

Chopin significantly expanded the expressive possibilities of many genres (such as the mazurka, polonaise, etude, waltz, etc.), turning them into concert works.

The waltz in C-sharp minor, the “Revolutionary” etude, the cycle of 24 preludes are especially popular (Chopin was the first to interpret the prelude as an independent piece)

2. Opera fairy tale in the works of Russians composers

The fairy-tale opera genre appeared in Glinka's work with the creation of the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila". He flourishes in the work of Rimsky-Korsakov ("The Snow Maiden", "Sadko", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "The Golden Cockerel").

Opera "Snow Maiden" written on the plot of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky in 1880. The composer reproduced ancient customs and rituals with great warmth. A true image of the life and life of people is combined with the world of fantasy, fairy tales. Actors: Tsar Berendey, Bermyata, Kupava, Lel, Mizgir, Bobyl and Bobylikha (realistic images); Spring-Red, Santa Claus are endowed with human features; the image of the Snow Maiden - the daughter of Frost and Spring - combines real features with fantastic ones.

The opera often depicts nature. Sometimes the images of nature have an allegorical meaning - they personify the justice and regularity of life phenomena.

Rimsky-Korsakov often uses leitmotifs - sustained musical characteristics. Scenes based on continuous (“through”) development alternate in the opera with finished numbers. There are many choirs in the opera, authentic folk melodies are widely used, and folk rituals are shown.

The opera consists of a prologue and four acts.

3. Creativity of L. Revutsky

Lev Mikolayovich Revutskyi uvіyshov in the history of Ukrainian radian musical culture as a prominent composer, teacher, scholar and musical-gromadsky playboy. Yogo-creative path rose in the pre-zhovtnevi roki, although the residual formation of yogo yakmittsya was significantly later, in 20 roki.

For the molding of the individual style of Revutsky, it is of great importance that it is small and serious work with folk songs. Composer compiles folk songs importantly for

Cycle "Sonechko" z "having appeared in 1925 rock. These songs have grown 20 different songs for their character and genre affiliation: sprats of stoneflies (See, see, sonechko", "Podolyanochka", "Go, go, to the plank"), lyrical ("The quail has arrived"), dancing ( Dibi-dibi), koliskovyh ("Sirenky cat", "Oh sleep walking"), igrovyh ("Oh there is viburnum", " Oiviya, hop).

The new stage of mystetsky convergence has become Symphony No. 2.

The originality of the creation belongs to the fact that all of this thematic material is attributed to folklore. Composer victorist 7 song: in the 1st part - "Oh spring, .spring", "Oh, I'm not sorry for me", in the 2nd part - "Oh Mikito, Mikito", "Oh there is a pine tree in the field", "At Kiev on the market", Part III - "And we shone with millet", "Near the poppy valley".

The melodies of these folk songs have become the "grain" of figurativeness, the right point, the impulse for development.

Symphony No. 2 became the first classic symphonic genre in Ukrainian radian music.

The best creative work of the 40s cantata-poema "Justina"(behind T. Shevchenko's creation). - at the folklore soul.

"Khustina" - one-part tvir. There are choruses, solos and orchestral episodes.

With his sing-cantata, Revutsky raised the principles of the cantata genre, developed by Lysenok and Stetsenko. Vіn interprets this genre in a lyric-dramatic plan (kantati classics mali is more important than the urochist character).

Creativedorobok L.M. Revutsky is not too great, ale vagomius. The best works of the composer have entered the golden fund of our culture.