Prepare a message about one of the nations. Lesson on the history of Russia on the topic "The peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century." (7th grade)
Tibetans, pyoba (self-name), people, the indigenous population of Tibet. They live mainly in China (4750 thousand people, the Tibet Autonomous Region, the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan), also in India (70 thousand people), Nepal, Bhutan, Switzerland. In addition to the common self-name, regional names of the Tibetans are widely used: amdova (Qinghai), kamba, or khampa, sifan (Sichuan and neighboring regions of Tibet), etc. They speak dialects of the Tibetan language. Writing with its own alphabet was created on the basis of Sanskrit in the 7th century.
The territory of Tibet was already inhabited during the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The ancestors of the Tibetans created their own statehood in the 6th century. Neighboring states, including China and India, sought ties with the Tibetan rulers. Subsequently, power took the form of a theocratic government headed by the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.
According to occupations, economic and cultural types of mountain sedentary farmers are distinguished - more than half of all Tibetans (barley, wheat, rice; artificial irrigation is used), semi-sedentary cattle breeders and nomadic pastoralists (yaks, horses, sheep, goats; the yak is also used as a beast of burden ). Crafts are developed - pottery, weaving, casting from bronze and copper, wood and stone carving, etc. In China, the Tibetans have an industry.
The traditional dwellings of settled Tibetans are a stone tower house with a flat roof (the lower floor is for livestock and implements, the upper floor is residential), in the south and east they are log cabins, nomads live in woolen tents.
Men's clothing - a jacket and trousers, on top - a robe overlapped on the right side, with long sleeves and a belt, summer - made of cloth or cloth, winter - sheepskin (forelock). Clothing without pockets, so all items, including a personal wooden cup for food, are worn in the bosom. Women's clothing - a short jacket, a skirt, a long sleeveless jacket, a striped colored apron; in winter it is similar to the male forelock. Women's hats are varied, men's - a hat or a fur hat. Women and often men wear braids and jewelry. Shoes - leather boots with curved toes, inside - woolen stockings.
The main traditional food is tzamba (toasted barley flour mixed with butter, sometimes with tea), milk tea, meat; meat and dairy food predominates among pastoralists. Spoiled milk- honorable meal; another national drink is barley beer.
The class stratification was more clearly expressed among the farmers. The family is small, the marriage is predominantly patrilocal. Farmers until recently retained polyandry (with patrilocality) and polygamy (with matrilocality).
The Tibetans have a solar-lunar calendar, 30 or 29 days in a month, 354 days in a year. Therefore, every two and a half or three years, one month of 30 days is added. The cycle of 60 years begins with the year of the mouse and the tree. The biggest holiday New Year, on the eve of which a mystery performance-pantomime of lamas with dances - tsam is arranged in the monasteries. On the 15th day, the Lantern Festival is celebrated, during which the entire settlement is decorated with lanterns and colored oil paintings are exhibited. Holidays in Lhasa and Shigatse are especially beautiful. Tibetans are northern Mahayana Buddhists, there are sects, the yellow-capped Gelugpa sect predominates. The ancient shamanistic religion of Bon is preserved.
rich and varied folk art. The epic is widespread. The Tsam holiday is very popular to the accompaniment of musical instruments- bowed, pipes, bells, accompanied by theatrical performances.
Peoples of Russia
in the second half of the 16th century.
Targets and goals: introduce the history of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century, the stages of the development of new lands by Russians; characterize the process of the spread of Christianity among the population of the lands annexed to Russia in the 16th century.
Planned results: subject: define a conceptdiocese ; apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and methods of historical analysis to describe the methods of introducing Orthodoxy; to use knowledge about the territory and borders, the place and role of Russia in the world-historical process; use information from a historical map as a source of information; make judgments about the process of Russia's transformation into a major Eurasian power; describe the essential features of the forms of state and military structure of the peoples of Russia; characterize the policy pursued by Ivan IV in the Volga region and Siberia; describe the taxes and duties paid by the population of the lands annexed to Russia;metasubject UUD - 1) communicative: organize educational cooperation and joint activities with the teacher and peers; working individually and in a group, find common decision and resolve conflicts on the basis of coordinating positions and taking into account the interests of the parties; consciously use speech means in accordance with the task of communication to express their feelings, thoughts and needs; 2)regulatory: form goals learning activities, build an algorithm of actions; choose the most effective ways solving tasks; apply initial research skills in solving search problems; present the results of their activities; 3)cognitive: own the general method of solving educational problems; work with different sources of information, analyze and evaluate information, transform it from one form to another;personal UUD: to form and develop a cognitive interest in the study of the history of Russia; comprehend the social and moral experience of previous generations; evaluate historical events and the role of personality in history; respect cultural and historical heritage through understanding the historical conditioning and motivation of the actions of people of previous eras.
Equipment: textbook, map "Russia in the 16th century", a package with working material for group work.
Lesson type: general methodological lesson.
During the classes
Organizing time
Updating of basic knowledge
(Commented analysis of homework. Survey on basic concepts. The teacher asks the student to explain several terms. The next two or three students continue to give definitions of concepts. The rest of the students can supplement, correct classmates.)
Motivational-target stage
In the previous lessons we looked at political history Russia, the social composition of the population. However, history is not only the economy, wars and campaigns. It is impossible to imagine the life of Russian society without knowing the traditions and customs of the peoples of Russia. We will talk about this in our lesson.
Lesson topic: "The peoples of Russia in the second half of the 16th century."
What do you think we will talk about?
What questions do we have to answer?
(Students give their guesses.)
Lesson Plan
The peoples of Western Siberia and the Volga region.
Formation of a new administration.
Russian development of the annexed lands.
The problem of religion in the annexed lands.problem question
How did the process of turning Russia into the largest Eurasian power take place?
Introduction to new material
In the XVI century. the territory of the Russian state has expanded markedly. It included new peoples. How did their relationship with the royal authorities develop? How were the new territories governed? We will discuss these and other questions with you in our lesson.
Work on the topic of the lesson
Peoples of Western Siberia and the Volga region
In the reign of Ivan IV, the Volga region and Western Siberia were annexed to the Russian state.
Show the annexed territories on the map. Describe the peoples who inhabited them using the material on p. 76, 77 textbook and online resources.
(Checking the assignment. With the advisory assistance of the teacher, the table is filled in.)
Groupspeoples
People
Territory
residence
Date of accession of new lands
Finno-
ugry
Khanty and Mansi
East European Plain, Ural and Siberia
End of the 16th century
Turks
Chuvash, Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs
Right and left banks of the Volsh
1551-1557
Finno-
ugry
Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians
Turks
Astrakhan Tatars, Nogai
Lower Volga
1556
Finno-
ugry
Mordva
Turks
Nogai, Bashkirs, Argyns, Karluks, Kanglys, Kipchaks, Naimans
Ural, lower reaches of the Ob
1557
Formation of a new administration
It was necessary to develop a model for managing new territories and form a new administration.
Working in groups with the textbook material (p. 77,78), suggest what steps the Russian state should have taken to solve the problem of managing new lands.
Writing in a notebook
Russian government confirmed the rights of the local nobility:
to own ancestral land;
collecting tribute from the population and managing it.
Service people:
they were accepted into the service for a salary, and also received estates for it;
received trade and craft advantages.
Questions for discussion
What are the advantages of the new administration formation model?
What are the disadvantages of this model?
Russian development of the annexed lands
The territory of Russia lay in a zone of sharply continental climate with a short agricultural summer. The country had no access to warm seas. In the absence of natural borders (sea or ocean coasts, large mountain ranges, etc.), the constant struggle against external aggression required the strain of all the resources of the country. Lands of the west and south of the former Old Russian state were in the hands of the enemies of Russia. Weakened and severed traditional trade and cultural ties.
The Russians began to develop the fertile black soil of the Wild Field (south of the Oka River), the Volga region, and southern Siberia.
Complete task 2 to the text of the paragraph.
The problem of religion in the annexed lands
(Having studied the material on pages 78-80 of the textbook, students answer questions.)
Who was responsible for the main task of bringing the peoples of the annexed lands to Orthodoxy?(on the created in 1555 G. Kazan diocese.)
Who took an active part in missionary activity and why?(Monasteries, which were granted land for this.)
Working with the map, name the largest cities of Russia in the 16th century.(Moscow, Tver, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk and etc.)
What document became the guide for missionary work?(“Punishment memory.”)
What methods of spreading Orthodoxy were prescribed by this document?(Non-violent.)
What privileges did the peoples who converted to Orthodoxy receive? (Various benefits - exemption from paying yasak for three years, the nobility were equated in rights with the Russian service class.)
What were the people who voluntarily converted to Orthodoxy called?(Newly baptized.)
What goals did the Russian government pursue in spreading Christianity among the newly annexed peoples?(Strengthening of central authority in the newly annexed territories.)
What policy was pursued in relation to those who professed Islam?(Tolerance.)
Summing up the lesson
Let's check how well you learned the new material.
Complete the tasks of the heading “We think, compare, reflect” p. 81 textbooks.
(Checking the execution of the task.)
Prepare a report about one of the annexed peoples.
Like its predecessors, it was multinational. In Karelia, the very extensive possessions of the Novgorod boyars were liquidated. Their peasants became chernososhnye (state), sat on quitrent. The possessions of the monasteries were also confiscated, but partially. Due to the poor fertility of arable land, low yields, local farmers-peasants sowed rather large plots. They made their living by fishing, hunting, and catching sea animals. In some areas, they were engaged in the manufacture of iron, boiling out salt. In the “rows”, in the city of Korel, they traded products and handicrafts. The Solovetsky Monastery had a rich economy. He sold salt alone throughout the country many thousands of pounds a year. Through the Kola and the mouth of the Northern Dvina, products and products of Pomorye went abroad.
By the end of Novgorod rule, Karelians began to bear Russian names and surnames. Many spoke and wrote in Russian. Local folk tales used Karelian Chudinov in his history of Karelia and Lapland; unfortunately, his work has not been preserved; it is mentioned by a Dutch traveler who visited Kandalaksha. Russian icon painting and church architecture were widely spread in Karelia.
Non-Russian peoples part of Russia XVI century (unknown artist).
The Karelians and the Russians had to repel the aggressive invasions from the west. The Swedes captured in 1581 Korela with the county. But the locals started a guerrilla war against them. It was headed by a peasant Kirill Ragozin. Their actions continued for many years. Another leader appeared - Karelian Luka Ryasäinen. As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-1595. Russia returned the lost lands - Korela and its county, Izhora land, the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivan-gorod. In view of the severe ruin of the Korelsky district, Boris Godunov exempted it from taxes for 10 years, gave its inhabitants the right to duty-free trade. These measures have borne fruit - residents are returning to their homes, economic life is being restored.
The Perm land inhabited by the Komi was called Vymskaya and Vychegodskaya land. The far north-eastern regions began to be settled here only in the 16th century. Settlements appear at the mouth of the Tsilma, on the Izhma, and in other places in the Pechora basin. Agriculture, largely slash-and-burn, developed poorly due to natural conditions. Bread was imported, but it was not enough. Other sectors of the economy were much more productive - animal husbandry, fishing, hunting. In the last quarter of the XVI century. Seregovskie salt mines arose. Komi artisans made leather, shoes, clothes, blacksmith's products; merchants traded in Pomorye and beyond the Urals, in Siberia. The Komi peasants were mostly black-skinned. Only the Perm bishop owned 89 peasant households in Ust-Vym.
The north of Karelia, the Kola Peninsula was inhabited by the Saami (Lop, Lapps). They fished, hunted, and bred deer. They paid tribute to the Moscow treasury, gave carts. Russians appear in their lands, monasteries occupied lands and fishing grounds. Denmark and Sweden claimed the Kola Peninsula. But their attempts to capture it ended in failure.
On the Far North, from the Mezen River to the lower reaches of the Ob, the Nenets (Samoyeds) lived - nomads, their occupations were reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. Local lands are also being actively developed by Russian merchants and industrialists. The Nenets paid tribute to Moscow.
Already at the end of the 15th century, several campaigns of Russian governors led to the annexation of Yugra land. Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) lived here. Tribute for Moscow was collected by local princes. From the beginning of the 1570s. Kuchum, the ruler of the Siberian Khanate, subjugated the southern Khanty and Mansi lands. But after Yermak's campaign, they returned to Russian citizenship.
The inhabitants of the Middle Volga region - Tatars and Chuvashs (descendants of the Volga Bulgars), Udmurts, Mari, Mordovians - were part of the Kazan Khanate. Their occupations are agriculture and animal husbandry, hunting and beekeeping. The lands belonged to the khans, tarkhans (secular feudal lords), the clergy (waqf possessions). Crafts were developed in the cities (Kazan, the capital of the khanate, Arsk, Laishev, Mamadysh, and others). Local craftsmen made good skins - yuft and morocco, blacksmith's and copper casting, gold and silver products, dishes made of clay and wood, etc.
AT 1552 the khanate with its lands and peoples was included in Russia. The governors who sat in Kazan ruled the region; at the end of the century, the Kazan order (Order of the Kazan Palace) appeared in Moscow. Back in 1555, a diocese was established in Kazan, and the Christianization of the local population began. Non-Russian feudal lords, loyal to Moscow, retained their lands, became the nobles of Russia.
Bashkiria, like the Kazan kingdom, was torn apart by strife. In addition, its various parts were subordinate to three overlords - the Kazan, Siberian khanates and the Nogai Horde, which roamed between the Volga and Yaik. Khans and biys, their own and others, mercilessly exploited, simply robbed ordinary Bashkirs.
After that, western Bashkiria went to Russia (1552), another part of it did the same five years later (1557); eastern outskirts - after the final defeat of the Siberian Khan Kuchum (1598). The Bashkirs began to pay yasak to the royal treasury and serve in the Russian army. Their cavalry, swift and formidable, participated in the Livonian and other wars. The rulers of the Nogai Horde swore allegiance to Russia, then left it.
With the accession to Russia of Astrakhan and the Nogai Horde, local Tatars, Nogais and other peoples joined in its economic and political life.
The entry of all these peoples into Russia was of no small importance to them. They got rid of the raids and ruin of warlike neighbors, bloody strife of their rulers. Under the influence of the Russians, they develop agriculture, haymaking, crafts, and trade. New cities are emerging. Russian and non-Russian residents exchange household skills, elements folk culture, enter into mixed marriages, become in some cases “bilingual”.
But, in addition to the positive ones, there were also negative points: violence and oppression of the Russian, local and central, administration, spiritual authorities (forced Christianization), seizure of land by Russian feudal lords. All this could not but lead to contradictions and clashes. Local residents resisted not only passively (refusal to perform their duties, their poor performance, escapes), but also active - raised uprisings. In the course of the latter, the lower classes opposed social and national oppression, the upper classes pursued their estate goals, up to secession from Russia and subordination of the former khanates to the Crimea and Turkey.
Citizenship in relation to Russia was also accepted by Kabarda in the North Caucasus (1555). He married Maria Temryukovna, the daughter of her owner, Prince Temryuk Idarov. This act weakened the onslaught of the Crimea and Turkey, which dominated the lower reaches of the Don and the Kuban region. In 1569, when the Turks undertook a big campaign against Astrakhan from Azov, their army was smashed by Russians, Kabardians and Circassians. Turkish expansion in the Lower Volga region failed.
In the North Caucasus, a knot of contradictions is being tied between Russia, Turkey and Iran, which also laid claim to local lands.
§ 33-34. PEOPLES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Multinational country. Population Russian Empire in the 18th century constantly grew. If in 1720 15.7 million people lived in the country, then in 1795 - 37.4 million people. High population growth rates were associated with both an increase in the birth rate and an increase in the territory of the Russian Empire.
The expansion of the borders of Russia went at the expense of the lands inhabited by Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Poles, Finns, Jews and other peoples. In 1795, the share of Russians in the total population of the country was 49%, Ukrainians - about 20, Belarusians - 8, Poles - 6, Finns - 2, Lithuanians - 1.9, Tatars - 1.9, Latvians - 1.7, Jews - 1.4%, Estonians - 1.1%. Moldavians, Nenets, Udmurts, Karelians, Komi, Mari, Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Chuvashs and many other nationalities made up 1% of the population of the Russian Empire.
Many peoples were freed from the heavy burden of recruitment. They also did not know serfdom, which became the lot of only Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and the peoples of the Baltic states.
Many moved to Russia colonists: Germans, Moldavians, Greeks, Armenians, Serbs, Bulgarians. The process of settling and developing new lands on the outskirts of the country continued, in which Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Mordovians, Chuvashs, and Mari actively participated.
A special position was occupied by Jews who lived in the territory that became part of the country after the divisions of the Commonwealth, as well as in New Russia, on the Left-Bank Ukraine and partly in the Baltic states. Laws passed in the 1790s defined the boundaries of the territories in which they were allowed to permanently reside - the line of settledness. The introduction of the Pale of Settlement infringed on the rights of the Jewish people.
Russians. In the XVIII century. their number increased from 11 to 20 million people, but their share in the country's population decreased. Russians mainly lived in the central and northwestern regions of the country. Here their share in the total population exceeded 90%. In the 1780s Russian settlers appeared in the North Caucasus, and their number grew in Siberia. The Russians moved to Novorossia and to the lands of the Don Cossacks, to the Ekaterinoslav and Tauride provinces.
The life of the bulk of the rural population has changed slightly: the same everyday work on the land, where adults and children worked for a significant part of the year, the same taxes and duties in favor of the treasury and the landowner. Along with this, the development of market relations led to the stratification of the peasants into rich and poor. The prosperous peasantry sought to imitate the townspeople in the planning of houses, food and clothing.
Peasant life, in turn, influenced the life of the townspeople. The countryside began immediately beyond the city limits. The development of otkhodnichestvo, study, recruitment, visiting churches and monasteries (pilgrims), the joint participation of townspeople and peasants in numerous wars - these and other forms of communication contributed to the mutual enrichment of peasant and urban culture.
In the XVIII century. Most of the townspeople lived in wooden houses. Stone residential buildings were not uncommon only in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The interior of the house was decorated wood carving, mirrors and curtains, expensive furniture and crockery. Garden trees were planted around the house. Usually the houses of the townspeople were one-story or two-story. Three- and four-story houses built in the Western European style appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg. At night, the windows were closed with shutters.
Unknown woman in Russian costume. Artist I. Argunov
Peasant lunch. Artist M. Shibanov
City dwellers used European-style items in everyday life. In the houses of the nobility, forks, knives and spoons were made of silver (hence the expression “table silver”), plates and cups were made of porcelain, glasses, glasses and decanters were made of crystal. The bulk of the townspeople had simple utensils. In a peasant family, they usually ate from common dishes. However, both the poor and the rich were careful with household items.
Wall game. Artist E. Korneev
Since Peter's time, the clothes of the townspeople have changed. Employees were required to appear on in public places in a foreign or, as he was called, "German" dress and wig, with the introduction of civilian uniforms - in uniform. The military wore a uniform of bright, elegant colors, with high headdresses and decorations.
Ukrainians. In the middle of the XVIII century. Left-bank Ukraine with Kyiv and Zaporozhye was part of the Russian Empire, Right-bank Ukraine (from the middle reaches of the Dnieper to the Carpathians) was under the rule of the Commonwealth. The lower reaches of the Dnieper to Sivash and Perekop belonged to Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate, Transcarpathia was part of Hungary. Left-bank Ukraine was an agricultural region. The Ukrainian nobility, the Cossack elders and the higher clergy had huge land holdings. They waged an active struggle with the Russian government for the preservation of autonomy (“the rights and liberties of the Little Russian people”).
St. Andrew's Church in Kyiv Architect B. Rastrelli
In 1764, the hetmanship was abolished and Ukrainian autonomy was liquidated. With the annexation of the Azov-Black Sea steppes to Russia, the former Cossacks formed the so-called Black Sea Cossacks. After moving to the Taman Peninsula, they formed the Kuban Cossack army.
In 1782, in accordance with the provincial reform, Kiev, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk governorships were founded. AT next year the population was obliged to pay a poll tax, and the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another was also prohibited. The provisions of the Letters of Complaint to the nobility and cities extended to the Left-bank Ukraine. Ukraine did not escape the secularization of church lands.
After the accession to Russia of the Black Sea region as a result Russian-Turkish wars the fertile lands of this region were given by the monarchs to the nobility. So, the Prosecutor General of the Senate, Prince A. A. Vyazemsky, received more than 50 thousand acres of land as his property, a little less - G. A. Potemkin and other Catherine's nobles.
The unification of Ukrainian lands within the Russian state had great importance for the fraternal peoples - Ukrainians and Russians, contributed to the mutual enrichment of cultures.
The Kiev-Mohyla Academy played an important role in the development of education and science in Ukraine. Russian society the works of the philosopher and writer G. Skovoroda were known and historical writings G. A. Poletiki. In 1789, the first theater in Ukraine was founded in Kharkov. Talented composers A. L. Vedel, D. S. Bortnyansky, artists D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky, A. P. Losenko, sculptors M. I. Kozlovsky and I. P. Martos had Ukrainian roots. Ukrainians intensively settled Black Sea steppes and Crimea, participated in the economic development of this richest region, and also moved to the lands of the Don Army and North Caucasus, in the Voronezh and Kursk provinces.
Belarusians. In the middle of the XVIII century. Belarus was part of the Commonwealth. Most of the peasant farms worked out the corvee, an insignificant part of the state peasants paid a cash quitrent. Serfdom was aggravated by heavy national and religious oppression: Polish landowners forcibly planted Catholicism, sought to Polonize Belarusians and deprive them of their own culture. The Belarusian gentry and wealthy citizens were educated in Catholic schools, as well as at the Vilna Academy.
In the second half of the XVIII century. Belarus became part of the Russian Empire.
Belarusians
Its population was over 3 million people. The Russian government exempted the population of Belarus from paying state taxes, but practiced the distribution of state lands and the peasants who inhabited them to the Russian nobility.
About 90% of Belarusians lived in the Minsk and Mogilev provinces, somewhat less in Vitebsk and Grodno, in the Vilna province the main population was Lithuanians.
The entry of Belarus into Russia contributed to the involvement of the region's economy in commodity production and the all-Russian market, the growth of large manufactories, and the use of civilian labor in them. Road construction was actively developed, channels were laid.
The reunification of Belarusians and Russians in a single state met the interests of two fraternal peoples, related in origin, language, culture and historical past.
The peoples of the Baltic. After joining Russia, the Baltic States became the country's sea gates, and the ports of Tallinn, Pärnu, Narva, and Riga occupied an important place in foreign trade. The Russian government confirmed the former privileges of the Baltic and German landlords. They formed the local administration. The official language in the Estonian, Livonian and Courland provinces was German.
Estonian and Latvian nobles increased the corvee, which caused popular unrest and forced the government to make concessions. D. I. Fonvizin, who traveled around the Baltic states, wrote: “The men are against the masters, and the gentlemen are so furious against them that they are looking for the death of each other.”
Panorama of Riga. 18th century engraving
Most of the Latvians (up to 80% of the population) lived in Courland; there were few of them in Livonia, here a significant part of the population was Germans. Estonians lived in almost all counties of Estonia, and in Livonia they made up almost half of the population of the region. The Lithuanian population prevailed in the Vilna province, a small part of it settled in the Grodno province and Livonia.
The peoples of the Volga and Ural regions. In the second half of the XVIII century. on the territory of the Middle Volga region, the share of the Russian population increased. Some non-Russian peoples moved to the Trans-Volga and Ural regions, because the landowners seized land and settled them with serfs from central regions Russia. The bulk of the serfs in the Volga region were Russians. The government resettled state peasants, which included most of non-Russian population of the Volga region (Mordovians, Maris, Chuvashs, Tatars), to new lands in Bashkiria.
The main occupation of the population of the Volga region was agriculture. Only the Tatars, along with agriculture, were engaged in raising livestock for dressing leather and obtaining wool for the purpose of selling them. Maris, Mordvins and Chuvashs developed horticulture and sold grown vegetables in the cities. With the reduction of forests and the expansion of arable land, hunting was no longer one of the main occupations of the population of this region.
Despite the fact that a significant part of the Udmurts, Maris, Chuvashs and almost all of the Mordovians adopted Christianity, they continued to believe in their pagan gods and made sacrifices to them. The bulk of the Tatars remained Muslims. The Tatar language was studied at the Kazan Gymnasium using the primer and grammar of I. Khalfin.
ABC and grammar Tatar language I. Khalfina
Most of the Tatars lived in the Kazan province. Their settlements were in the Simbirsk and Penza provinces, as well as in the Lower Volga region. After the Russian conquest of Crimea Crimean Tatars moved to Turkey, and only a part of them remained in their original places.
In the second half of the XVIII century. the territory of Bashkiria was part of the Orenburg province. The Bashkirs had benefits: they did not pay the poll tax and were exempted from recruitment duty. They did not know serfdom. The population of Bashkiria was multinational - 70 thousand Bashkirs, more than 100 thousand Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris and Udmurts, as well as more than 130 thousand Russians lived here. The Bashkirs led a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. The land was owned by the community. However, the Bashkir nobility enjoyed the right to distribute nomad camps.
The Lower Volga region was inhabited by Kalmyks who moved to the Caspian steppes in the first half of the 17th century. from Central Asia. They confessed lamaism. The power belonged to the tribal nobility and the clergy, they were paid by ordinary community members in kind or in cash dues. Under Catherine II, lands in the Kalmyk steppe were actively distributed to the nobles. In the 1770s a significant part of the Kalmyks went to Dzungaria (North-Western China).
Peoples of Siberia. At the end of the XVIII century. in Siberia there were two provinces - Tobolsk and Irkutsk, they were divided into regions, and regions - into counties. The peoples of Siberia were subject to local administration on the basis of the "Regulations on the management of foreigners." As a rule, local princes took an oath (shert) of allegiance and gave an obligation to pay yasak in a timely manner. They retained independence in the administration of their territories.
Siberia was one of the most multinational territories of the Russian state. Nenets (Samoyeds), Khanty (Ostyaks), Mansi (Voguls), Siberian Tatars, Nganasans, Khakasses, Evenks (Tungus), Evens, Yakuts, Yukaghirs, Chukchis, Kamchadals (Itelmens), Ainu (Kurils) - far from complete list peoples who inhabited Russia from the Ural Mountains to Kamchatka and the Kuriles.
In the XVIII century. there was a further property stratification among the reindeer herding peoples. Khanty, Mansi and Selkups accepted Christianity, but baptism was often formal. According to contemporaries, the newly baptized "secretly practice idolatry and shamanism."
The northern Tunguses were widely settled throughout the territory of Siberia. The lands of the Chukchi and Eskimos were peacefully annexed to Russia.
The Yakuts developed new habitats in the northwest and northeast of Siberia. The strengthening of property stratification led to the emergence of the nobility (toyons), ordinary Yakuts - free community members and dependent workers (religious workers). The administration of Siberia entrusted the toyons with the responsibility of collecting yasak. In addition, toyons issued so-called tickets, without which no Yakut had the right to leave his settlement.
The process of property stratification was also observed among the Buryats. In 1781, a congress of the Buryat nobility took place, which approved the "Steppe Code". Lamaism became the dominant religion of the Eastern Buryats. Lamaist monasteries (datsans) appeared in Transbaikalia.
At the end of the XVIII century. Russian settlements appeared in Alaska.
In Siberia, the land belonged to the state. The peasants were divided into state, ascribed and monastic. The latter, after the secularization of church lands, formed the category of economic peasants.
During the Northern War, the mining and metallurgical industries developed in Siberia. A significant part of the Siberian silver and gold was produced by the Zmeinogorsk mine. Altai factories and the Nerchinsk mine in Transbaikalia became large centers of local industry. The population of Siberia successfully traded with China.
View of the city of Tobolsk
The growth of the Russian population in the region was not only at the expense of peasant migrants. Siberia was a place of exile for the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks, schismatics, landlord peasants and courtyard people who committed "prejudicial deeds" in relation to the masters.
Kazakhstan. In the XVIII century. Kazakh tribes, depending on the places of nomadism, were divided into three zhuzes: Senior, Middle and Junior. Various khanates located on the territory of the zhuzes waged a fierce struggle for power among themselves. In the 1730s - 1740s. most of the Kazakhs of the Younger and Middle zhuzes accepted Russian citizenship.
The main occupation of the Kazakhs was nomadic pastoralism. The Kazakh nobility - khans, sultans, bai - collected natural duties and taxes from their subjects. Cattle breeders gave their owners a twentieth of the cattle, farmers - a tenth of the crop. Patriarchal relations in the region coexisted with the remnants of the tribal system.
Peoples of the North Caucasus. Numerous Adyghe tribes occupied the territory beyond the Kuban, from the Laba River to the Black Sea coast and the mountainous part of the Western Caucasus. The princes often came from families connected by family ties with the Crimean Khan's house.
In Kabarda, the nobles themselves chose their owner, and the influence of local princes was fragile. There were people's meetings, in which people's foremen, communal peasants, princely servants participated. The main occupations of the population were cattle breeding and agriculture. The Russian government supported the princes, securing land for them.
There were about fifteen princely possessions in Dagestan. The Avar Khanate was large with 30 thousand households. Khan's power did not extend to the highland regions of Dagestan. Here reigned their own laws.
After the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace (1774) in the North Caucasus in short time fortresses were built. Vladikavkaz was built to protect the Georgian Military Highway.
colonists – settlers from other countries.
trait settled way of life - the border of the territory where Jews were allowed permanent residence.
Lamaism – a form of Buddhism common in Russia in Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva.
Questions
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