Where can I find examples of theses, quotes and arguments for writing the exam on the topic "Man and Scientific Progress"? The problem of the negative consequences of scientific progress according to the text of I. Ehrenburg (USE in Russian).

Arguments for writing

Problems 1. Education and culture 2. Human upbringing 3. The role of science in modern life 4. Human and scientific progress 5. Spiritual consequences scientific discoveries 6. The struggle between the new and the old as a source of development Affirming theses 1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything. 2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man. 3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy. Quotes 1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher). 2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers). 3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist). 4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky). Arguments scientific progress and moral qualities human 1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth. 2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner. 3) B ancient mythology There is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending. 4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " dog heart "- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility. 5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal. 6) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person? 7) Until now, disputes about how legitimate from a moral point of view experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production? 8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced the society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward. 9) In one science fiction story, it is said how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double was alcoholized - a genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!" 10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences. 11) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs? 12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the tsar was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe. 13) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path. 14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction. Laws of social development. Man and power 1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed. 2) One African tribe who lived in the equatorial zone, decided to help. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe both lived and lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force. 3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun. 4) The historian E. Tarle, in one of his books, tells about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need wise men, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society. 5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built on this very spot, in the Kazakh steppe, and spaceships they will fly where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer looked. Man and knowledge 1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off. 2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger. 3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning. 4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons." 5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery. 6) Early Middle Ages commonly referred to as the "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters. 7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion. 8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by intrigues evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil. 9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship. 10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life. 11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" - 12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person. 13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, stocks began to run low. fresh water. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of a yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from worldly storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

Arguments for writing

Problems 1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirming theses 1. Genuine art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. Bring people the light of high truths, "pure teachings of goodness and truth" - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky. Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is the feeling that literature is obliged to excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet's career, there is a poet's destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on nervous system , on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But, after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I have recovered, for which I thank you very much. 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this picture was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with homeless children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, breathlessly began to listen to the story of a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their own fate. 6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th Symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) In Moscow, a gang was operating for a long time, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Before this truly royal power of the artist, even tyrants trembled. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medicis expressed displeasure at the lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you." 10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d "Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, was the personification of deceit and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten into time religious wars the words "French", "homeland". He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the novelist's pen, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and Dumas' fiction affects the reader much stronger and brighter than historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals were arguing about what snow is like. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white, like ... snow. Repin lived in the same house. Went to him to resolve the dispute. Repin: did not like being interrupted from work. He angrily he shouted: - Well, what do you want? - What is the snow like? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in true magical power art. So, some cultural figures offered the French during the First World War to defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put the Gioconda or the Madonna and Child with Saint Anna, the great Leonardo da Vinci, in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!”, They argued.

Arguments for writing

Problems 1. The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world 2. The role of the individual in history 3. The moral choice of a person 4. The conflict between a person and society 5. A person and nature Affirming theses 1. A person comes into this world not to say what he is, but to make it better. 2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil. 3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act, an inadvertent word can turn into the most unpredictable consequences. 4. Remember your High human responsibility! Quotes 1. There is one undoubted sign that divides the actions of people into good and evil: the act increases the love and unity of people - it is good; he produces enmity and separation - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer). 2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher). 3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill will not touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker) 4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, an ancient Chinese thinker). 5. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker). 6. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer). 7. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). Arguments Everyone has the fate of the world in their hands 1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who did not obey an unknown voice and frightened away a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly into the royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will be frightened and die, and the power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people. 2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Plague Maiden. One day the farmer went to mow the grass. Suddenly, a terrible Plague Maiden jumped on his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he carried her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all people died: both small children, and gray-haired old men, and beautiful girls, and stately guys. This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death? 4) A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in a very happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people. 5) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, the fighters who repulsed the attack of the militants rushed to the box with grenades. But when they opened it, they found that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. The soldiers, suffering heavy losses, were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster. 6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by going through a gate that someone forgot to close. 7) A terrible accident in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator with a bucket hooked a gas pipeline pipe. In this place, many years later, a gap formed, the gas escaped, and then a real disaster came: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire. 8) An American spacecraft crashed when an assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel Bay. 9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police were on the run looking for the killer. All archives were raised, but the one on whom suspicions fell was at that time inseparably in the hospital. And then it turned out that he had already been discharged a long time ago, the nurse had simply forgotten to complete the paperwork, and the killer calmly carried out his bloody deed. 10) Moral irresponsibility turns into monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of strange disease: they laughed for no reason, convulsed. Someone timidly suggested that a witch had sent a curse on the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to name the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and, after a short trial, executed. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city looked like a crazy dance of death, the girls were severely interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked being the center of attention from adults. But what about the innocent? The girls didn't think about it. 11) The twentieth century is the first century in the history of mankind of world wars, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. There is an incredible situation: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: "Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated." So that this and many other mistakes are not repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character. 12) Sowed evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about a city that was filled with rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat-catcher began to play his pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay the promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he again played the pipe, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river. The role of personality in history 1) "Notes of a hunter" by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the social life of our country. People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom. 2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at tragic fate prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation. 3) The American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which told about the fate of a mild-mannered Negro who was beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel stirred up the whole society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war. 4) During the Great Patriotic War, G. F. Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there were no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. Hence, these works are classified. He immediately wrote an alarming letter to the government. Immediately after that, all nuclear scientists were called from the front and active work began on the creation of an atomic bomb, which in the future helped stop possible aggression against our country. 5) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his audacity would lead to: on state emblem he depicted tender lilies. Thus, the English king showed that from now on, neighboring France is also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch was the reason for Hundred Years War which brought countless disasters to people. 6) “A holy place is never empty!” - this saying with offensive frivolity expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on the circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his own righteousness, on his adherence to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to all. Taking over the management of the factory, he created favorable conditions for the life of the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean the territory, opened libraries, reading rooms, Sunday school, a manger, reduced the working day from 14 to 10 hours. For several years, the inhabitants of the town were literally reborn: they mastered the letter, drunkenness disappeared, enmity ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen has many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great reformer. Human and nature 1) Why did it happen that in ancient Rome there were too many destitute, distressed "proletarians"? Indeed, riches from all over the ecumene flocked to Rome, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went mad with excesses. Two factors played a major role in the impoverishment of the lands of the metropolis: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, the rivers became shallow, the groundwater level decreased, land erosion developed, and crops decreased. And this - with a more or less constant population growth. The ecological crisis, as we now say, has worsened. 2) Beavers build amazing dwellings for their offspring, but their activity never turns into the extermination of that biomass, without which they are finished. Man, in front of our eyes, continues the fateful work that he began millennia ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed the forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kum are obvious evidence of the criminal activity of man, which continues to this day. Isn't the pollution of the oceans a testament to this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary food resources. 3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that it was they who protect people from evil spirits, bestow good luck on hunting. For example, the Egyptians treated cats with respect; the death penalty was due for the murder of this sacred animal. And in India, even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a greengrocer's shop and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper would never turn this sacred guest away. To many, such reverence for animals will seem ridiculous superstition, but in fact it expresses a feeling of deep, blood relationship with nature. The feeling that became the basis of human morality. But, unfortunately, today many have lost it. 4) Often it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that stuck in his memory for a long time. Once he, walking with his wife through the forest, saw a chick lying in the bushes. Some large bird with bright plumage darted about anxiously near him. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put a chick there. After that, for several years, the grateful bird, meeting the saviors of its chick in the forest, joyfully circled over their heads. Reading this touching story, one wonders whether we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times. 5) In Russian folk tales the unselfishness of man is often glorified. Emelya was not going to catch a pike - she herself got into his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick - he will put it in a nest, a bird will fall into a snare - he will free it, throw a fish ashore in a wave - he will release it back into the water. Do not seek benefits, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is taught by folk wisdom. 6) The tornadoes that broke out over the American continent brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of rash human activity, which often ignores the laws of nature, believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumer attitude, a cruel retribution awaits a person. 7) Human intervention in difficult life nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals could not adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer settled in, flooded forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the rest of the inhabitants. 8) Global warming, which is increasingly talked about in recent times, with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of the life of a person who, in the pursuit of profit, violates the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are talking more and more about the reasonable self-limitation of needs, about the fact that not profit, but the preservation of life should become main goal human activities. 9) The Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his "Star Diaries" described the story of space vagrants who ruined their planet, dug up all the bowels with mines, sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. The retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the earth began to crumble under their feet. This story is a formidable warning to all mankind, which predatory plunders nature. 10) One by one, entire species of animals, birds, and plants disappear from the earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas are spoiled. In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a cup of milk, kills a cow and cuts up her udder instead of feeding, grooming and getting the same bucket of milk every day. 11) Recently, some Western experts have proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there they will be forever mothballed. But timely work carried out by oceanologists showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the oceans and, consequently, will infect the atmosphere. What innumerable harmful consequences this would lead to is clear and without any additional examples. 12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean where foreign companies mine phosphate. People cut down tropical forests, cut off the top layer of soil with excavators and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has turned into a dead desert with protruding, as if rotten teeth, bare rocks. As tractors scrape off the last kilo of fertilizer-laden soil. People on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the boundless ocean of space? Maybe the people who barbarously plundered their native planet will have to look for a new haven? 13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant in fish. But fish is caught not only by people - it is also hunted by cormorants. For this reason, cormorants, of course, are “harmful” birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. Destroyed ... And then it was necessary to artificially restore the population of "harmful" birds - predators in Scandinavia and "harmful" cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because mass epizootics began in these areas (infectious animal diseases exceeding the level of normal morbidity), which killed great amount both birds and fish. After that, with a considerable delay, it was found that the "pests" feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent massive infectious diseases ... This example once again shows how intricately everything is intertwined in the world around us and how carefully we need to approach the solution of natural problems . 14) Seeing a worm washed by rain on the pavement, Dr. Schweitzer put it back into the grass, and took out an insect floundering in a puddle from the water. “When I help an insect get out of trouble, I am trying to atone for part of the guilt of mankind for the crimes committed against animals.” For the same reasons, Schweitzer spoke out in defense of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."

1 ) War – this ispoorly.

German writer Erich Maria Remarque in his famous novel"On the western front without change" describes the horrors of the First World War. The story is told on behalf of its participant, a nineteen-year-old boy, in front of whom his peers are dying, while their children's psyches cannot adapt to the conditions of the war. The novel describes the insane, inhuman, cruel, to the extreme conditions of war, where people die in agony. And not only physical, but mental as well. The nineteen-year-old narrator loses the meaning of life, at the sight of the deaths of his peers, he sets off, and soon he is killed, while the main thing is that he did not suffer for long. These lines contain the main - tragic - meaning of the novel: war is the most terrible state of mankind, the salvation in which is death.

The American writer Ernest Hemingway, the author of such works as "Farewell to Arms", "The Old Man and the Sea" and others, was a participant in the First World War. He describes in his works the madness reigning in the world during military operations, and what can save people from final madness and absolute spiritual emptiness is, of course, first of all, love. We read about this in the novel A Farewell to Arms. But the end of this work is tragic: even love could not save the lives of the mother and her newly born child. They left early, and with them the meaning of life disappears for the protagonist of the work. He is left alone with the war ... This example is the opposite of the previous one, it illustrates the first part of the indicated problem, namely the inhumanity, madness and absurdity of what is called war ...

2) The problem of the heroic everyday life of the war

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode in V. Nekrasov (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”): a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...

But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in their short hours of rest, they sing, write letters, and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.

Two random arguments on the topic "Scientific progress and morality" to the exam:

1) Morality and scientific and technological progress are hardly compatible concepts. Proof of this is Zamyatin's novel "We". The heroes of the work live in a special systemic system, where the population has achieved incredible scientific and technological progress, but has completely lost any moral principle and human feelings. People, living according to a special mechanism, have become like cogs in a large social machine. The whole life of the heroes is subject to certain laws and rules. There is a common, obligatory for all life schedule, even an intimate one, a person loses his name and becomes a "number". The whole world is subject only to logic and mathematics. This leads the characters in the novel to moral degradation and loss of meaning in life. Thus, naked technical progress, which does not take into account the desires and needs of man, turns society into a kind of soulless and uniform mass, while a person needs warmth, love and understanding.

2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

Usage example

For example, at the exam you got a text by D. Granin on the topic of honor. By using our service Ready Arguments to the essay for the exam", you get the following two arguments * :

1) As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet "a slave of honor." The quarrel, the cause of which was the offended honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death of the greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people.

2) A hero with high moral character is Petrusha Grinev - a character in the story by A. S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter". Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when it was possible to pay for it with his head. It was worthy of respect and pride of a highly moral person. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander on Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel.
Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Grinev: he is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself for the sake of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: "take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age." Once having tarnished honor, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.

As a result, most of your essay has already been written: 150 words (arguments) out of 200 (the full length of the answer required for the exam).

"
The role of literature in human life. How literature and spirituality are connected. Courage. Self-sacrifice. Target.

Literature makes a person spiritually developed. In the anti-utopian story, M. Gelprin paints the reader a terrible picture of reality, in which literature could not get along with progress and completely died out. Literature was what shaped minds, it defined inner world man, his spirituality. “Children grow up spiritually, that's what's scary,” exclaimed one of the few remaining teachers of literature, Andrei Petrovich. Most people didn't realize the problem. The exception was a robot tutor, who realized that children were growing up spiritually, and secretly from his masters came to one of the few teachers of literature to learn the basics. His goal was to educate children. A robot named Maxim, who came into contact with the world of literature, "at first deaf to the word, not perceiving, not feeling the harmony embedded in the language, comprehended it every day and learned it better, deeper than the previous one." As a result, the owners disposed of him, but his sacrifice was not in vain, he taught Anya and Pavlik, the children of the owners, to love literature. And this means that not all is lost.
The courage of the robot Maxim is amazing, he heroically sacrificed his life to change the world. The fight against lack of spirituality is a goal that deserves respect. Fortunately, his great goal was achieved.

The influence of scientific and technological progress on literature. Technical progress. Can technology replace everything? Is there a place for culture and art in the world of science and technology? Negative consequences of NTR.
The world does not stand still. Everything is changing, scientific and technological progress establishes new laws. The story "" by M. Gelprin shows a world in which progress has supplanted literature. Everything happened gradually: at the end of the twentieth century, people acutely felt the lack of time, new pleasures appeared, such as virtual games, tests, quests. Technical disciplines began to crowd out the humanities, “books were no longer printed, paper was replaced by electronics. But even in the electronic version, the demand for literature fell - rapidly, several times in each new generation compared to the previous one. The result was the lack of spirituality of the younger generation, because literature was not replaced by anything. The only tool for the formation of personality has been forgotten by everyone. Scientific and technological progress can affect humanitarian sciences, but everything depends on people, namely on their willingness to act in such a way as to prevent the disappearance of literature.

Loyalty to the profession / The role of a teacher in a person's life / Altruism / The meaning of life / What is the meaning of life? / Indifferent attitude to the profession.

The role of a teacher in human life is difficult to overestimate. The teacher is the one who is able to open wonderful world, to reveal the potential of a person, to help determine the choice of a life path. The teacher is not only the one who transfers knowledge, it is, first of all, moral guide. So, main character M. Gelprin's story "" Andrey Petrovich is a teacher with a capital letter. This is a man who remained true to his profession even in the most Hard times. In a world where spirituality has faded into the background, Andrey Petrovich continued to defend Eternal values. He did not agree to betray his ideals despite the poor financial situation. The reason for this behavior lies in the fact that for him the meaning of life is to transfer knowledge and share it. Andrei Petrovich was ready to teach anyone who knocked on his door. Indifferent attitude to the profession is the key to happiness. Only such people can make the world a better place.

Real Literature/ classic literature/ What is literature? / What is language?

The protagonist of the story "" by M. Gelprin, teaching the robot Maxim, talks about what literature is. “Literature is not only about what is written ... It is also how it is written. Language ... the very tool used by great writers and poets. In other words, in literary works not only the intricate plot is important, but also the richness of the language, which becomes a tool that awakens life in the reader. Language is harmony. The purpose of literature is the education of minds, and beauty literary language helps to achieve this main goal

In the process of creating an essay, review, essay, oral statement, it is necessary to substantiate the main idea (thesis) with arguments, quotations and examples relevant to the topic, which causes difficulties for schoolchildren.

Here are some examples abstracts, quotes and arguments on the following issues:

1. Education and culture.
2. Education of a person.
3. The role of science in modern life.
4. Man and scientific progress.
5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries.
6. Struggle between the new and the old as a source of development.

Possible theses:

1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything.
2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man.
3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy.

Quotes:

1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).
2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).
3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).
4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (Antony Regulsky).

Arguments:

1. Scientific progress and moral qualities of a person.

1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides over his eyes ... Doesn't this picture remind modern man? Not having time to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something, i.e. “getting on a plane” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.

6) Information is constantly flashing in the press that the elixir of immortality will soon appear. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

7) Until now, disputes about how legitimate from a moral point of view experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?

8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that by their protest they forced the society to think about the fate of specific people, about the price that has to be paid for moving forward.

9) One sci-fi story tells how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which the double of the scientist was alcoholized - his genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And he heard in response: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!"

10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish data about his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order, and this could lead to unpredictable consequences.

11) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?

12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the tsar was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe.

13) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path.

14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction.

2. Laws of social development.

A) Man and power.

1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander I, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good, they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.

2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to grow rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe lived and lives on: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force.

3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun.

4) The historian Yevgeny Tarle, in one of his books, talks about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas I said: “I don’t need smart people, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society.

5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built on this very spot in the Kazakh steppe and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer were looking.

B) Man and knowledge.

1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.

2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought and famine, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped starving.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century came up with an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."

5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.

6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.

7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.

8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.

9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.

10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.

11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding."

12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.

13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The ship's masts were broken and the rigging was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of a yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from worldly storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.