different genres of songs. Music genres

A piece of music in the broadest sense can be called a play, which is the result of the composer's activity. It is characterized by internal completeness, individuality of content and form, fixation of musical notation for further performance. And the concept of "genres of music" is used to characterize various works.

List of main musical genres and their brief description

1. Author's song is a genre in which the performer is both the author of music and words.
2. Blatnaya song - sings of the customs and life of the criminal environment.
3. Blues is a genre that originated among African slaves on the cotton plantations of the United States.
4. Jazz is a musical genre synthesized from African and European cultures.
5. European music is a general concept for the music of European countries.
6. Indian music - belongs to the ancient genres, the music of the peoples of India.
7. Country - the so-called rural music, is a kind of North American music.
8. Latino american music- a name that summarizes the genres of Latin America.
9. Pop music divided into disco, pop and light music. Disco is dance, pop is popular music of the masses, light music contains mostly simple catchy melodies.
10. Rock music is a common name for several types of this rhythmic music. These genres include musical art like country rock, southern rock, heartland rock, garage rock, surf rock, instrumental rock, folk rock, blues rock, rock and roll, psychedelic rock, mercybeat, progressive rock, experimental rock, glam rock, hardcore, pub rock. There are also hard rock, punk rock, skiffle, bard rock, Japanese rock, metal, post-punk, stoner rock, alternative rock, post-rock, as well as new wave and no wave.
11. A romance is a short poem with lyrical content sung to music.
12. Ska is a style with a 2 by 4 rhythm, even drum beats are emphasized by the guitar, and odd ones by double bass or bass guitar.
13. Hip-hop is a working-class style from New York in 1974.
14. Chanson - basically has French roots with cabaret style performance.
15. Electronic music - created using electronic musical instruments.

According to the method of performance, musical genres are divided into vocal, solo and vocal-instrumental.

Genres of musical works

Music also has its own genres. Like genres of music, they have a rather long list.

1. Arioso is a small aria.
2. Aria is an episode performed by a singer in an opera or other similar work with orchestral accompaniment.
3. Ballad - instrumental compositions; solo vocal compositions with texts of poetic works.
4. Ballet - performing arts in which the story is told through dance.
5. Blues is a jazz song with sad content.
6. Bylina is a song story in Russian folk style.
7. Vaudeville - theatrical play with funny and humorous content.
8. An anthem is a song performed in a solemn atmosphere.
9. Jazz - dance music with improvisational moments.
10. Disco is a rhythmic, simplified musical style.
11. Invention - piece of music with an original find of melodic development.
12. An interlude is a short piece of music.
13. Intermezzo is a free-form play or an independent episode in an operetta and other works of music.
14. Kant is a kind of polyphonic song.
15. Cantata is a solemnly performed vocal-instrumental work.
16. A march is a piece of music with rhythmic moments.
17. Musical - a musical composition with elements of operetta, opera, ballet and pop music.
18. Ode is a dedication in a musical style.
19. Opera is a musical performance.
20. Operetta is a comedy musical performance.
21. Oratorio - intended for choral performance.
22. Song - musical form poems.
23. A play is a piece of music with a beginning and an end.
24. A requiem is a choral work of a mourning nature.
25. A romance is a work of lyrical performance.
26. Serenade - a song in honor of the beloved.
27. A symphony is an orchestral piece of music.
28. Touch - a small musical greeting.
29. A fugue is a work with repeated repetition of a theme.
30. An elegy is a sad piece of music.
31. An etude is a work with virtuoso passages.

Music genres are constantly being updated and developed. They are affected by changing living conditions.

musical genres.

Music(Greek μουσική, adjective from Greek Μούσα - muse) - art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time.

Musical genre- a kind of music, musical works, distinguished by special stylistic features peculiar only to it. The concept of a genre in music stands on the border between the categories of content and form and makes it possible to judge the objective content of a work based on the complex of expressive means used. Characterizes, as a rule, the historically established genera and types of musical works. In musicology, various systems for classifying a musical genre have developed, which depend on which of the genre-causing factors is considered as the main one. Often the same work can be characterized from different points of view, or the same genre can be attributed to several genre groups. It is also possible to single out “genres within genres”, for example, various genres of vocal and instrumental music included in the opera. Opera, on the other hand, is essentially a synthetic genre in which different kinds art. Therefore, when classifying, it is necessary to keep in mind which factor or combination of several factors is decisive. Genre features can be intertwined: for example, song and dance genres. The composition of the performers and the method of performance determine the most common classification of genres. This is, first of all, the division into vocal and instrumental genres. Some genres have a complex history that makes them difficult to classify. Thus, a cantata can be both a chamber solo work and a large composition for a mixed composition (xop, soloists, orchestra).

Genre- a kind of model with which specific music is correlated. It has certain conditions of execution, purpose, form and nature of the content. So, the goal of a lullaby is to calm the baby, so “swaying” intonations and a characteristic rhythm are typical for it; in the march - all the expressive means of music are adapted to a clear step.

The simplest classification of genres is by way of execution. These are two large groups:

instrumental(march, waltz, etude, sonata, fugue, symphony);

vocal genres(aria, song, romance, cantata, opera, musical).

Another typology of genres is related with performance environment. It belongs to A. Sohor, a scientist who claims that the genres of music are:

1. Ritual and iconic(psalms, mass, requiem) - they are characterized by generalized images, the dominance of the choral principle and the same mood among the majority of listeners.

Psalm(Greek "praise") - hymns of Jewish and Christian religious poetry and prayers from the Old Testament.

Mass- the main liturgical service in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church. Consists of opening rites, Liturgy of the Word, Eucharistic Liturgy and closing rites

Requiem(lat. “dead”) - a funeral service (mass) in the Catholic and Lutheran churches, corresponds to the funeral liturgy in the Orthodox Church.

2. Mass-household genres(varieties of song, march and dance: polka, waltz, ragtime, ballad, anthem) - they are distinguished by a simple form and familiar intonations;

3. Concert genres(oratorio, sonata, quartet, symphony) - performance in concert hall, lyrical tone as the author's self-expression;

Oratorio- a large piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.

Sonata(ital. sound) - a genre of instrumental music, as well as a musical form called sonata form. Composed for chamber staff instruments and piano. Usually solo or duet.

Quartet- a musical ensemble of 4 musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Symphony(Greek "consonance", "euphony") - a piece of music for the orchestra. As a rule, symphonies are written for a large mixed orchestra (symphony), but there are also symphonies for string, chamber, wind and other orchestras; a choir and solo vocal voices can be introduced into the symphony.

Folk music, musical folklore, or folk music (English folk music) - the musical and poetic creativity of the people, an integral part of folk art (folklore), which exists, as a rule, in oral (non-written) form, passed down from generation to generation.

Spiritual music- musical works related to texts of a religious nature, intended for performance during a church service or at home.

Classical music(from lat. сlassicus - exemplary) - exemplary musical works of outstanding composers of past years, which have stood the test of time. Musical works written according to certain rules and canons in compliance with the necessary proportions and intended for performance by a symphony orchestra, ensemble or soloists.

Latin American music(Spanish música latinoamericana) is a generalized name for the musical styles and genres of Latin American countries, as well as the music of people from these countries who compactly live on the territory of other states and form large Latin American communities (for example, in the USA).

Blues- This is a musical style that was created by black musicians living in the United States of America. The blues was first played at the end of the nineteenth century in the southern states, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River Delta. The music of this style is very diverse, many musicians have created their own style of performance.

Jazz(English jazz) - a form of musical art that arose in the late XIX - early XX century in the United States as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures and subsequently became widespread. Characteristic features of the musical language of jazz initially became improvisation, polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. Further development of jazz occurred due to the development of new rhythmic and harmonic models by jazz musicians and composers.

Country(English country music from country music - rural music) - the most common variety of North American folk music, in popularity in the United States is not inferior to pop music.

Romance in music - vocal composition, written on a small poem of lyrical content, mostly love.

Electonic music(German Elektronische Musik, English Electronic music, colloquially also “electronics”) is a broad musical genre that refers to music created using electronic musical instruments and technologies (most often with the help of special computer programs).

Rock music(Eng. Rock music) - a generalized name for a number of areas of popular music. The word "rock" - (translated from English "rock, rock, swing") - in this case indicates the rhythmic sensations characteristic of these directions associated with a certain form of movement, by analogy with "roll", "twist", "swing ”, “shake” and so on. Some distinctive features of rock music, such as the use of electric musical instruments or creative self-sufficiency (it is typical for rock musicians to perform compositions of their own composition), are secondary and often misleading.

reggae(English reggae; another spelling is "reggae") - Jamaican popular music that appeared in the 1960s and became popular since the 1970s.

Pop music(English pop-music from popular music) - the direction of modern music, a type of modern mass culture. It is a separate genre of popular music, namely, an easy-to-remember song.

ACID HOUSE- the second generation of "house", generated by the atmosphere of Chicago. It differs from other directions by an abundance of trippy synth sounds as well as a deeper psychedelic sound. Very an important factor is the almost complete absence of vocals

ACID JAZZ- a style of dance music that has gained particular popularity since the early 90s. Its origins can be called "funk", "soul" and dance traditions of the 70s, and the direct ancestor in terms of psychedelicity is ACID ROCK. From the point of view of purely musical characteristics, "acid jazz" is a vague concept. Clear riff thinking, a combination of rational dance parts with improvisations, rich and at the same time soft sound are decisive. Clear square structures at tempos ranging from 88 to 116 bpm, a large number of live instruments combined with electronic sound effects - this is what distinguishes acid jazz from proper jazz, funk and dance music.

AMBIENT- a musical style that appeared in the 70s. The term, like the concept, was introduced by Brian Eno. The style is characterized by the vagueness of any components: vague melodies, vague movement, often a complete absence of rhythm. In fact, this is not music at all in its classical sense, but a set of noises multiplied by delays and emphasized by reverb.

AVANTGARDE - Avant-garde rock, this concept, which arose in the mid-60s, absorbed everything that developed under the influence of jazz, rock, folk. The brightest representatives of this trend are "Velvet Underground" and "Mothers Of Invention". Later, the term "Vanguard" began to refer to various non-traditional forms music.

ART ROCK- this term refers to a form of rock that combines electronic sound, rhythm and blues, Eastern and medieval European folklore, classics and jazz. Art-rock bands perform multifaceted compositions and entire suites. Church oratorios, medieval madrigals, Gothic chants and symphonic inserts became peculiar clichés in this style. Characteristics- deep conceptualism, a large proportion of instrumental improvisational music, long pieces that go far beyond the scope of a pop single. Not the last role is played by scenography; mini-performances can be played during concerts. Among the representatives of this style are such groups as "King Crimson", "Yes", "Emerson, Lake & Palmer" and "Genesis". In modern pop music, there are also the terms "classic rock", "symphonic rock", "intellectual rock", they all mean almost the same thing, and it is simply impossible to clearly distinguish between them.

BALLAD(ballad) - a vocal composition, mainly of a narrative nature, from the folk culture of England in the 16th-17th centuries. Ballads are characterized by monophony, couplet-song form, laconic rhythms. From time to time, interest in this genre increased markedly, as a result of which Scottish ballads, Chopin instrumental ballads, jazz ballads, rock ballads and so on are known to the musical world.

BARD- (bard - a word of Celtic origin) poet and musician, performer of his own songs.

BEAT- this style appeared in the early 60s, when in America the wave of passion for rock and roll began to wane. In England, and more specifically in Liverpool, hundreds of bands began to emerge that played in schools, clubs and dances. They played the same rock and roll, but with the restraint characteristic of the British. The brightest representative of this style are the early "The Beatles".

BIG BEAT- the main distinguishing feature of the "big-beat" is the specific sound created with the help of special studio equipment, as well as a strong weighting (compared to trip or hip-hop) of the main groove and overall texture. "Big Beat" combines the funky grooves of hip-hop, the power of rock and the swing techniques of house. It's better to dance to the "big beat" than to listen to it. Often in music publications"big beat" is also called "chemical beats". Among the founding fathers of "big beat" is called "CHEMICAL BROTHERS". If you hear a "fat" bass line, different from both "techno" and "jangle" with a bass drum on the first beat, if you feel a broken pulsing rhythm, don't hesitate - it's a "big beat". most notable and well-known representatives this style can be called "EBOMAN", "PROPELLERHEADS", "RHYTHM ACE".

BLUES- this style was originally a solo performance by African Americans of lyrical compositions, mostly of a sad nature. The deliberate monotony and repetition of beats characteristic of the blues became the basis for rock and roll.

BREAK DANCE- a dance that appeared at the very beginning of the 80s in the New York Bronx quarter. Its roots go back to Africa, and the musical accompaniment is "rap" and progressive electronic music. Basic movements: sliding steps, jumps, rotation on the floor, as well as all kinds of acrobatic numbers. By the mid-80s, the break fashion had almost completely disappeared, but in the 90s it was remembered again.

BREAKBEAT- ("broken" beat) style, or to be more precise, a whole direction, was formed in the early 90s, stylistically finally formed in 1994. Great Britain is considered to be the place of his birth, and the main cities where this style was initially most widespread are London and Bristol. The name of the style fully reflects its essence: no directness and tenderness. Often the term "breakbeat" refers to very specific aggressive music at a tempo of about 130-140 bpm, with a dense guitar sound, with clear drum accents on beats 2 and 4 and fuss in the 3rd area. The main criteria for defining a "breakbeat" are clean, almost untreated drums and percussion (with the possible exception of compression) and a standard 4/4 rhythm. The purposefulness of the sound is emphasized by tangible bass lines, using analog devices like the "Roland TB-303". Sometimes, for final pathos, they use wind instruments or a symphony orchestra.

BRISTOL SOUND- "trip-hop" from Bristol deserves special attention in this case. The most famous and prominent representatives of this trend are: "MASSIVE ATTACK", "PORTISHEAD" and Tricky. This style is characterized by a slow rhythm based on "hip-hop" combined with elements of "reggae dub" and interesting electronic sounds.

CLUB MUSIC- (club music) refers to a number of new directions that have become fashionable in recent times. Among them are "acid jazz", "drum-and-bass", "jungle" and others. A common feature is danceability, monotony, the use of sequencer and loop technology, the increased role of the DJ in creating music.

COUNTRY- purely American music, which embodies the traditions of the white population of the United States. Its roots are in folklore. Since the time of the "Wild West" these unpretentious songs about love, loyalty, friendship and home performed on banjos, guitars and small fiddles. Such famous bands as "EAGLES" and "CREEDENCE" drew many of their ideas from country music.

DANCE MUSIC(dance music) is primarily electronic and related music. Although, of course, a rare work is now created without the help of a computer or a synthesizer. If you want to get your bearings in styles, the best way to find out the style of a particular dance composition is to ask its authors or look at the inscription on the record or CD. The fact is that many concepts are so vague that they are not subject to clear structuring.

DISCO- a musical style designed primarily for dancing. It appeared in the early 70s. The melody and rhythmic pattern is built around the same and frequent percussion beat (120 - 140 beats per minute). The brightest representatives of that time - "Boney "M", Donna Summer, " Bee Gees"etc. Subsequently, the disco style became the starting point for modern dance culture and gave rise to many fashionable styles and trends based on the use of the latest modern music technology.

DOWNBEATS- a musical style close to "hip-hop", a relaxing, rather slow rhythmic pattern with a soft, warm bass. This term appeared in connection with the publication in the press of reviews of the instrumental "hip-hop". In January 1998 the French band "AIR" released their debut album "Moon Safari", which is a great example of this category.

DREAM POP- originated in the early 80s on the basis of the British electronic psychedelic "PINK FLOYD", Brian Eno's ambient, Robert Fripp's "soundscapes", German "kraut-rock" research. "Dream Pop" created an atmosphere of some mystery, alluring and pleasant mystery, as if coming "from the depths of time". Representatives of this direction great attention removed the arrangements, widely using acoustic, symphonic, "choral", as well as absolutely fantasy synthesizer timbres, used elements of the artistic language of "classics" and folk. In addition, they did not shy away from "visits" in pop music. Airy, flowing, "atmospheric" guitar-electronic matter, a voluminous sound with an abundance of percussions scattered over the stereo panorama, almost operatic, female vocals with a characteristic vibrato were the calling card of the "dream-pop" leaders. In the second half of the 80s, on the basis of "dream-pop", such a direction as "Shoegazing" grew, characterized by a richer guitar-synth sound and a gloomy spirit. On the other hand, the research of "dream pop" turned out to be close to relaxation music "new age", as well as some areas of "house" ("dream house", "trip hop", etc.).

DRUM"N"BASS- one of the embodiments of the concept of "breakbeat". Formed by the beginning of the 90s as a style that combines a bass line at 80 bpm and an abundance of various drums at 160 bpm. Nothing else. Due to the temperament of the drums, this style is perceived as a dance style, due to the slower (often with a reggae character) bass line, it can be perceived as relaxing music. Gradually, beautiful, sometimes melancholic melodies began to be added to this style. In short, by the mid-90s "Drum" n "bass" slowly but surely transformed into intelligent jungle.

DUB - This musical style is most often used for chill-out. Its main distinguishing feature is a juicy, bright, loud bass leading a clear, albeit accompanying line. Another feature is a slow broken rhythm and a large amount of reverb.

ELECTRONIC MUSIC - School of Music focused primarily on the study and application of the possibilities of sound synthesis, the creation of completely new, previously unheard, artificial timbres. Historically, the ground for the emergence of electronic music was prepared by the development of sonoristic interpretation of sound in the works of composers of the first half of the 20th century. Electronic music originated in Germany and first made itself known in 1951, when at the Summer Courses in Contemporary Music in Darmstadt, W. Mayer-Eppler demonstrated an example of "electrosound" montage. The largest representatives of the electronic school are the Germans Herbert Eimert, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Hans Werner Henze, the French Henri Pusser, Pierre Boulez, the Italians Bruno Maderna, Luciano Berio, the Japanese Toshiro Mayuzumi and others. row. The achievements of the electronic school have greatly influenced pop, rock and modern dance music.

FUNK- a direction that originated among black performers as a continuation of soul music, but on a different, more rigid rhythmic basis. In the late 60s, it became a prominent factor in the struggle of American blacks for their rights. Formed the basis of "fusion", "motown", "hip-hop" music, as well as some forms of modern "club music".

GABBER- the fastest and toughest kind of "hardcore" was invented in Holland in 1989. The number of beats per minute for this variety sometimes reaches 400, but basically this figure is within 200 BPM. Speeded-up funny samples from children's radio shows and other amusing sound sketches are often used, which are said to give the music a bit of a goofiness.

GLAM-ROCK- the same as "glitter rock". This musical trend originated in the early 70s in the UK. It is characterized by pomposity, brilliance and emphasis on the appearance of an artist or musician. There is a lot of aesthetics and fantasy in the texts. The main representatives of this style are "KISS", DAVID BOWIE, ALICE COOPER, "ROXY MUSIC" and others.

HAPPY HARDCORE- pop and the most danceable variation on the theme of "hardcore". Childish voices, sugary melodies, the same fast beat, which, however, is softened by various commercially viable sounds and trendy synthesizers. A typical representative this direction is the group "SCOOTER".

HARD ROCK - hard Rock. In the mid-60s, taking the "blues" as a basis, many groups, having made this musical style heavier, came close to the ideas of "hard rock". As an independent musical style, "hard rock" was fully developed by the end of 1966. At this time, a huge number of ensembles of the highest class simultaneously appeared in England and the USA, among them - "LED ZEPPELIN", "DEEP PURPLE", "BLACK SABBATH", "URIAH HEEP" and others. Each of them brought their own specific sound to this music. For several years, "hard rock" developed and expanded its capabilities, but by the mid-70s, interest in this music began to disappear. However, many contemporary performers Quite often they turn to the cultural heritage of this style.

The logical continuation of "hard rock". The old authorities were replaced by ambitious youth, who had more than enough energy - they then splashed it out on the listeners in the late 70s. Musicians of this style played even harder and faster. Over time, "metal" has its own trends, the most significant - "THRASH" and "SPEED METAL". In this style, it is difficult to find original ways to develop and therefore many groups were similar to each other. But there were also real stars, for example, "METALLICA", "BON JOVI", "DEF LEPPARD", "SCORPIONS", "AC / DC", "AEROSMITH", "IRON MAIDEN" and others.

hip-hop- a kind of urban black subculture that came to the surface, beyond the ghetto in the early 80s. Having become fashionable, it went beyond the borders of the United States and covered for a short period a part of the white youth capable of perceiving "funk" music. The main components are rap, breakdance (electric boogie, breaking, frieze), graffiti and street sports. The 1990s saw a second wave of interest in hip hop, especially rap in its newer forms.

HOUSE MUSIC- this is the so-called "home music", because it could be made at home and at discos. She appeared in the mid-80s in Chicago and New York. DJs, using several players, a sequencer and a synthesizer, with the help of mixing and overlaying tracks, played their own music, sometimes combining completely different performers. The structure of the classic "house" is very simple: the standard size is 4/4 and not very fast paced(about 120 BPM). A "solo" or a clap usually falls on the second and fourth quarters, and a hat sounds on every sixteenth beat (in the interval between the bass drum). "House" tracks are usually filled with bright and beautiful passages, major chords and simple but catchy melodies. The roots of the style come from such music as "disco" and "soul".

IDM (INTELLIGENT DANCE MUSIC)- The founder of this alternative direction of electronic music is the English techno musician Richard James, known as "Aphex Twin". It is generally accepted that the style originated in 1989, and the term was coined in the depths of computer networks in 1993 in order to denote music that did not fit into the framework of any of the existing styles, or was not at all similar. With the light hand of the English computer scientists who introduced this term, all incomprehensible experimental techno music (that is, music using technology) began to be called the three letters IDM. At one time, bands from "Cosmic Baby" to "Cabaret Voltaire", from "Banco De Gaia" to "Goldie", from "Portishead" to "Underworld" fell under the definition of this style. Since then, this style has acquired a very definite framework.

INTELLIGENT- music with this characteristic is intended more for listening and relaxing pastime than for use at parties, especially as a decoration of the dance floor. There are intelligent variants of "jungle", "techno". Compared to pure styles, their reasonable versions are more melodic, atmospheric, and you can trace the theme, often very pretty.

JAZZ-ROCK- a conceptual direction that arose in the late 60s based on the synthesis of several musical cultures - jazz, funky soul, rock music, classical and ethnic music. An alloy of activity of white and black musicians, ancient east traditions and modern western technologies.

JUNGLE- the style was born in England in 1988. This is a musical direction that combines the energy of broken African rhythms and the possibilities modern technologies. "Jungle" is distinguished by aggressive sounding, accepted tempo: 180-190 bpm, rhythmic polyphony, torn bass line, free shifting of rhythmic patterns, slight timbre variety. Since 1992, there has been a breakthrough in style on big stage with SL2's single "On A Ragga Tip". From now on, "jungle" is very popular, especially among the British and advanced jazzmen. Evidence of this sub-style "jungle jazz".

MINIMAL TECHNO- it's just an extremely simple rhythm and a few specific, often synthesized, sounds with a small amount of different noise. From a musical point of view, this style is very interesting and original precisely because of the maximum simplicity of execution.

NEW AGE- a kind of music, mostly instrumental, developed in connection with the activity of a new class - "young urban professionals" - "yuppies". Soothing, noble, mostly quiet music based on new classics and ancient meditativeness. Not aggressive, and inherently - not improvisational. Uses the most advanced electronic technology along with pure acoustic sounds.

POP MUSIC- a concept that encompasses various styles, trends and genres of contemporary music. The term "pop music" first appeared in the late 1950s. and was originally used to refer to commercial rock music. Nowadays, pop music includes all the phenomena of the commercial music and entertainment industry. The most important means of distribution of pop music are radio, television and record companies. Modern market Pop music distribution is jointly owned by several European and American record labels with close ties to radio, press, retail and television. Their activities ensure the constant commercialization and standardization of creative findings, as well as the promotion of the popularity of "star" artists, legitimizing or skillfully copying a set of fashionable stylistic features.

POST-PUNK- one of the varieties of the "new wave", which replaced the "punk rock" of the second half of the 70s. Unlike the "new wave", "post-punk" is a stylistic concept rather than a sociocultural one, although here we are also dealing not with a single style, but with a whole conglomeration of them. "Post-punk" emerged in 1977-78, when the British punk "hysteria" began to slowly calm down and become commercialized. The musicians who replaced the punk generation liked the independent spirit and raw sound of punk, however, they sought to express their attitude to the world around them with the help of new means of expression, new technologies, and timbres. In addition, the public is already tired of the aggressiveness, nihilism, cynicism, "dirt" that "punk" poured on it. Therefore, to some extent, post-punk became not only a continuation, but also a reaction to the work of its predecessors. He returned a note of romance to music, sometimes even sadness, depression, and focused on internal, personal problems. In addition to "punk", the formation of "post-punk" was also significantly influenced by the dance genre "disco", electronic "ambient", as well as many other sources - from "art rock" to American academic minimalism. Representatives of "post-punk" in Britain ("THE CURE", "ECHO & THE BUNNYMEN", "BAUHAUS", "JOY DIVISION", "JAPAN", etc.) played gloomy, cold, nervous music. The mood of the music of American post-punkers at the turn of the 70s and 80s was more positive, energetic, ironic. The musical style was eclectic: it combined individual features of "rock and roll", "big beat", garage rock of the 60s, "rockabilly", "country", "disco", and all this was based on a dance beat ( "THE B-52"s", "BLONDIE", "THE CARS", "PRETENDERS", etc.).

PROGRESSIVE- a word coined among music journalists, originally denoted the direction of techno music, which emphasized by no means skillful sampling and synthesizer "loops". Preference was given to exact copying of live instruments and the search for successful short melodies. However, a separate style was never formed, so the term "progressive" makes sense only as a characteristic (for example, "progressive house", etc.)

PUNK- originated in 1974 in New York, and it reached its apogee in 1976 in England. It is believed that this was a protest against official rock music, which embodied the despair of the younger generation. The philosophy of punks is elementary: universal nihilism and denial of social values. The main musical ideologist of the punk movement was the group "SEX PISTOLS".

RAGTIME- this is a pianoforte genre, later, orchestral music late 19th - early 20th century. Received the widest distribution both on the stage and in everyday life. Despite the seeming ease, the piano style of "ragtime" requires a high level of technique.

RAVE- "rave", as opposed to the usual dance party, something like a collective meditation, when, under the influence of a hard rhythm and electronic melodies, the dancers enter a semi-hypnotic state. The heart of rave is the DJ. There are many so-called styles in this music, they often differ only in drum pattern, but they are divided into two impressive groups - "trance" and "house". "Trance" is performed using analog synthesizers (and sometimes sampled "live" instruments, such as ethnic ones) and has a strong emotional impact on the listener, which is reflected in the title. "Trance" appeared in Europe, "house" was born in New York. Techno music originated in Germany in 1987, invented by a DJ named Westbam. DJs tend to specialize in one or more styles, but there are also generalists. R&B - (Rhythm and blues), a blues vocal-instrumental style of Negro music of the 1930s, which arose under the influence of swing. Subsequently commercialized. Considered one of early forms Negro rock music. Its commercial modifications, created by white musicians, include "rock and roll" and "twist".

ROCK(short for rock "n" roll) - a trend in American and European popular music (since the 1950s), born on the wave of social "non-conformist" youth movements. Originating in the USA in the form of rock and roll, rock music has been gaining wide popularity since the 60s, thanks mainly to UK rock bands - THE BEATLES, ROLLING STONES, etc. (until the 80s .both countries occupied leading positions in world rock music). The assimilation by rock musicians of the compositional and harmonic features of the blues played a decisive role in shaping the style of rock music. Its essential features are a special rhythmic pulsation in the bass, the use of predominantly electro musical instrument riya, which causes an increased dynamic tone of music, the prevalence of rhythmic and harmonic principles over melodic. In the future, developing in interaction with pop music and in connection with the expansion of show business, rock music underwent a significant stylistic evolution. Now it is a branched culture, consisting of many musical movements with their own characteristics in different countries.

ROCKABILLY is one of the most controversial styles of popular music in terms of its etymology. Few people in Europe know that for a long time in the USA "rockabilly" has been considered as one of the sub-styles of "country". "Rockabilly" combines elements of "hillbilly" and "rhythm and blues". This style originated in the southern United States among white teenagers who mixed elements of country music, the energy of "rock and roll" and the rhythms of black music.

ROCK N ROLL- this term appeared in the early 50s. So they began to call a slightly modified black "rhythm and blues". The white population of the United States needed their own dance music, which would be based on a clear bass rhythm and expressive melodies. In April 1954, the single "ROCK AROUND THE CLOCK" performed by Bill Haley appeared - it was he who served as the impetus for a sharp increase in interest in this style. In the 50s there were many first-class performers and composers: Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley - they all stood at the origins of "rock and roll". Over time, this style changed, absorbing various musical directions, lyrics from entertaining songs became philosophical and acutely social. Now this concept includes all modern guitar music, with the exception of mass dance culture.

SPEED GARAGE- the style of club dance music appeared in 1996, and 1997 was the time of its active growth in the music world. First the United States, then England, and soon the whole world began to move to the rhythms of "speed-garage". This was the beginning of a specific experimental "house", which quickly grew from experimental into a powerful dance movement, rightfully called the buzzword "speed-garage". Characteristic feature - bass line, literally occupying the foreground musical picture and setting an energetic pumping of rhythm and atmosphere on the dance floor, and it is thanks to this feature that "speed-garage" is rapidly popularized around the world. By the way, that's probably why some people call "speed-garage" a dance mix of "house" and "jungle". Another feature of "speed-garage" music is the numerous and lengthy beatless sections that sometimes serve as a prelude to the second part of the composition, forcing the dancers to cheer up with a rising wave of interruptions and an incandescent atmosphere on the dance floor. It's time to move on to direct examples - there are a lot of them, but I will give the most pronounced ones: Goldie feat. KRS one "Da Digital" (Armand's Speed ​​Garage Mix), Double 69 "Ripgroove", Ultra Nate "Free" (R.I.P. Up North Mix), Mousse T, Armand van Helden, Todd Terry, Double 99, Ultra Nate, 187 Lockdown, Serious Danger "Speed ​​Garage" is a great club dance hybrid of old and new in today's dance culture.

SPEED-METAL- one of the early varieties of "metal", which appeared in the first half - mid-80s. It was determined by a faster tempo than in "classical" heavy metal, more aggressiveness, militancy, energetic sound, gravitation towards virtuoso guitar soloing and high-speed "chess" in accompaniment (hence the name: from the English speed - speed), more a frequent rhythmic grid (two barrels), a more expressive vocal manner (very high tenor or "growling" vocals). "Speed ​​metal" did not develop into a powerful, mass direction, becoming, rather, a transitional stage to thrash metal: the latter took as a basis such qualities as high speed of execution, technicality, assertiveness, interpreting them in their own way towards even greater aggression in "thrash". Nevertheless, the influence of "AIDS" continues to be traced to this day, even at the level of individual works. Among the actual "speed" works are the following: the debut of the American band "METALLICA", the early albums of the Canadian band "EXCITER", the German "HELLOWEEN", "RAGE", "BLIND GUARDIAN". Sometimes the work of such masters is also referred to as "speed metal". guitar art, like Yngwie Malmsteen and Joe Satriani, which is not true, even considering the extreme technicality, virtuosity and inspiration inherent in these performers.

SURF- a purely American musical style that arose in the early 60s. His the brightest representative there was a group called "BEACH BOYS", who performed sweet songs with a simple motive.

SWING- the style of orchestral jazz that developed at the turn of the 1920s and 30s. as a result of the synthesis of Negro and European style forms of jazz music. A characteristic type of pulsation based on constant deviations of the rhythm (leading or lagging) from the reference shares. This creates the impression of a large internal energy in a state of unstable equilibrium.

SYNTY POP- a style that became one of the notable phenomena in line with the early "new wave" (along with post-punk, with which synth-pop has many intersections). At the turn of the 70-80s, the short-lived, but very bright period of "punk" ended. But for some British musicians, the idea of ​​"punk" was so sweet that they were not going to part with it. Innovators like Gary Numan and HUMAN LEAGUE have moved to synths and drum machines, fusing the frantic energy of "punk rock" with the disco rhythms and electronic possibilities already proven by "computer geniuses" like "KRAFTWERK", "CAN" and Brian Eno (Brian Eno). The perfect balance between dark, gloomy-melancholic energy and danceability was found by "DEPECHE MODE". Turned to synth-pop "JOY DIVISION" and "NEW ORDER". Synth-pop is often referred to as BRONSKI BEAT, PET SHOP BOYS, Howard Jones and some other artists who appeared on the scene closer to the mid-80s. Very non-commercial at first, focused on a hard, chilly synth sound and minimalist "hooks", the "synth-pop" movement quickly modulated into a more entertaining, romantic plane, acquired a more smooth sound (with formulaic melodies and types of accompaniment), a major mood. On the basis of "post-punk" and "synthesis-pop" in 1981-82, the "new romanticism" movement started, later - electro-pop and "gothic".

TECHNO- this term appeared in the late 70s - early 80s, when musical compositions acquired a futuristic sound, minimalistic melodies and mechanistic vocals became the norm, someone decided to call it all techno-pop. It is clear that the defining attributes of "techno" are all sorts of technologies, from the drum machine to the sampler. Except, so to speak, general meaning, "techno" has one more thing: it's a dance style with a straight beat and clear melodies for three or four chords. After the heavy wave of "Detroit techno" of the late 80s - early 90s, this term was firmly and reliably entrenched in hard minimalist music in the tempo range of 130-150 bpm.

TECHNO HARDCORE- a heavier, less abstract and more aggressive version of "techno". Very fast and direct beat, plenty of industrial sounds, screams, screams, grinding and howling synth themes. In "hardcore" tracks, people like to use "crashes", as well as effects such as "distortion". A distinctive feature of this style is a fast tempo (from 170 to 400BPM) and a hard bass drum, passed through distortion. It is worth saying that it was in the "hardcore" in the old days that they first began to use the broken rhythm, characteristic of the "jungle" tracks. Along with a straight beat, you can also hear quite syncopated fills.

THRASH-METAL- one of the varieties of "metal", which arose in the first half of the 80s. The primary merit in the formation ("thrash" belongs to American musicians(most of them are natives of California), who fell in love with British "heavy metal". Rave reviews of the "new wave of British heavy metal" seeped into America through the press, and the music itself reached the New World on records. Among the groups of the first "thrash echelon", in addition to "METALLICA", one should name "MEGADETH", "EXODUS", "ANTHRAX", "SLAYER", "OVERKILL", "TESTAMENT", "ANNIHILATOR", "SEPULTURA", " KREATOR" and others. "Thrash" is characterized by hard, lapidary bass and guitar riffs, "infernal" tritone turns (coming from "BLACK SABBATH"). The tempo in "thrash", as in "speed metal", ranges from moderately fast to very fast. A typical sign of "thrash" is an intense bass-guitar tremolo and rhythmic unison with bursts of two drums (hence, in fact, the name of the style: from English to thrash - thresh, drum). Vocal lines are often dissonant with the instrumental texture, although in general the vocal manner, albeit rather forced, cannot be called anti-musical. The role of "thrash metal" for the further development of international "orthodox" and "alternative" heavy music cannot be overestimated. Varieties of "thrash" are "techno-thrash" and "thrashcore".

TRIP HOP- England is considered the birthplace of this style, where most of the musicians of this direction come from. The name "trip hop" was given in 1994, although similar music was played much earlier. The style is based on a slow (no more than 110 bpm) broken rap movement. Most often, this is instrumental music, often it contains elements of jazz. Live instruments here are successfully combined with electronic ones.

From the number of modern genres of music, culturologists and journalists have tears in their eyes, and to the question “what kind of music do you listen to?” Every year it gets harder and harder to answer.

Modern musical genres are such a global issue that if we were to study it in all its details, the text would turn out to be painfully long. Indeed, today, whatever the group, the discovery is necessarily unique and, of course, worthy of the title of pioneers of the next genre. However, we will still try to understand the chaos of new musical trends, at least in an overview.

Folk music and classical

No matter how extensive the system musical styles, the roots of each of them still go to one of the good old "whales". For example, folk motives give birth to such a modern musical genre as progressive folk (ethnic combined with modernity), which in turn breaks up into many other "folk": folk rock, psychedelic folk, dark folk, folk punk, indie folk and etc. In our time, classical music has also reincarnated, adding the prefix "neo" to itself.

(soundcloud)https://soundcloud.com/elionsoporte/clanadonia-tu-bardh(/soundcloud)

Blues and Jazz

Blues, the progenitor of a good half of modern music (jazz, rock and pop), lives today in sensitive neo-soul, perky funk and their variations with other genres (for example, liquid funk, drumfunk, funk-rock, jazz-funk, etc. ). Interestingly, modern R "n" B also traces its history from rhythm and blues. Traditional jazz, by the way, also does not stand still: adding electronic notes, it turned into nu-jazz (new urban jazz), and, becoming more rhythmic and danceable, into acid jazz.

(soundcloud)https://soundcloud.com/jazzanova/fedimes-flight-funkhaus(/soundcloud)

Rock

Rock was once new musical direction, now this is another respected "whale", giving the basis a huge number substyles. Among the most common are hardcore (fast and heavy music), grindcore (generating sounds similar to grinding), contrasting and dirty grunge, chaotic shoegaze, independent indie rock (having no clear criteria and framework), illogical noise rock and rapcore. that combines the warring worlds of rock and rap fans. By the way, the fusion of elements of different styles is one of the characteristic features of modern musical genres. The same trait can boast of synth-pop.

(soundcloud)https://soundcloud.com/1stfranco/arctic-monkeys-dancing-shoes(/soundcloud)

Electonic music

In general, all further directions are inextricably linked with electronics - the most progressive phenomenon in the world of music due to its technical component. Of the countless styles that have appeared so soon, the most common are EBM (Electronic Body Music), IDM (Intelligent Dance Music), house, techno, trance, ambient, new age, chillwave, trip-hop, eurodance and most recently conquered the entire music world dubstep.

(soundcloud)https://soundcloud.com/papillonsdenuit/vitalic-poison-lips(/soundcloud)

The textbook is intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges to be used in the lessons "Playing musical instruments". The manual includes theoretical material that introduces students to the main genres of music. The application contains musical material that can be used for listening and performance by students in the classroom.

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Music genres

Translated from French, the word genre means type, genus, manner. This word refers to the type of works that have their own distinctive features, content, form and purpose. To better understand what a genre is, let's turn to painting. You well know that if a person is depicted in a picture, this picture is called a portrait. If nature is depicted on the canvas, it is a landscape. The image of fruit, game is called a still life. Portrait, landscape and still life - genres in painting. In literature, this is a story, a novel, a short story, an essay.

Music also has its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: song, dance and march. A wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them with three whales, on which all music rests.Song, dance and marchhave become part of our everyday life and have become so merged with it that sometimes we do not notice and do not perceive them as art. Which of us thought when listening to our mother's lullaby, walking in a sports formation, or dancing in a disco that a piece of music was being performed? Of course, no one. But they are always with us - song, dance and march.

In opera, in the symphony and in the choral cantata, in the piano sonata and in the string quartet, in ballet, in jazz, pop and folk music, in a word, in any field of musical art, the support of the "three pillars" awaits us.

Song

Long before there was professional music, folk songs truthfully and artistically reflected the typical features of the national character of a particular people.The birth of a song has long been associated with the life of people, their work, life. Song , like sobbing or laughing, reflects the state human soul That is why they are so diverse and numerous. The peculiarity of the song is in the harmonious combination of words and music.

Very often, the definition of “folk” is added to the word “song”. Each folk song has a pronounced national flavor, because the peoples of all nations and all continents sing in their own way. hard to confuse Russian song from Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro.How gem The song was passed from mouth to mouth from one generation to the next. Each performer brought something of his own, individual to it. Often, therefore, the same texts were sung in different villages with different tunes. There are various types of folk songs: labor, play, ritual, family and household, round dance, dance, lyrical, epic and many others.

Most often, the song is performed with the accompaniment of a musical instrument. Using folk themes, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantatas, oratorios, operas and operettas. The song organically entered symphonic music. And there are many such examples.

Dance - one of the oldest manifestations of folk art. AT

Rhythmic or smooth movement, people sought to convey their feelings

moods and thoughts. So ritual dances appeared, which became

an indispensable attribute of every holiday. Many peoples have kept

And up to our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance into art

- ballet. They dance, participating in solemn ceremonies or having fun in

free evenings and holidays. Each nation has its own

National dance traditions with characteristic, inherent music.

french dance chimes (courante - “running”, “current”)

Of court origin, but quite fast, different

complex, intricate figures and their corresponding music.

A completely different dance sarabande - slow, majestic. He was born

in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning ceremony. This was reflected in

Name (sacra banda in Spanish - "holy procession").

Gigue - an old dance of English sailors, fast, cheerful,

laid-back. These four dances have long been united by composers

to suites.

Many wonderful dances have long existed in Poland. Most

Polonaise, mazurka, krakowyak became famous among them.

The oldest of them is polonaise . In the old days he was called the great or

walking dance. Its current name comes from the French

polonaise ("Polish"). Polonaise - a parade procession opened

court balls. In addition to the court, there was also a peasant

Polonaise, more calm and smooth. Favorite dance was

mazurka , more precisely - Mazury (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -

Mazovia). Folk mazurka with a cheerful, perky, sharply accented

Melody is a pair dance in which there are no figures invented in advance.

Third Dance - Krakowiak differs from the first two in a clear size.

All these dances are presented in the works of Chopin, We hear them in

Glinka's opera Ivan Susanin.

Polka dance belongs to another Slavic people - the Czechs.

Its name comes from the word pulka - "half", as they danced

his small steps. This is a lively, laid-back dance that

They dance in pairs in a circle. The most beloved of Czech dances, it sounds in

Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride.

An interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance Lendler. Doubles

The circular dance, named after the Austrian region of Landl, is in

At the beginning of the 19th century, he migrated from villages to cities in Austria and Germany. His

began to dance at balls, and gradually it turned into a well-known and

everyone's favorite waltz.

In Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies" and Brahms's "Hungarian Dances"

characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They are

immediately recognizable by ear, reminiscent of the Hungarian folk dance chardashe.

Its name comes from the word csarda - "tavern", "tavern".

Hungarian taverns have long served as a kind of clubs, where

local residents gathered. In them or on the platform in front of them and

danced. Czardas arose to early XIX century, and not in the peasant

Wednesday, but in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,

pathetic and mobile, fire dance.

The city of Toronto is located in southern Italy. He gave the name

national dance tarantelle.

Spanish dances are very colorful. jota - favorite Spanish dance

The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia are characterized by a fast pace,

sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the clicking of castanets. It's double

a dance performed to the guitar or mandolin. The peculiarity of jota

Glinka was captivated during his trip to Spain. His orchestral

"Aragonese Jota" is written on a genuine folk theme.

Another popular dance is bolero (in Spanish volar - "to fly")

more moderate, with a polonaise-like rhythm.

In Russia, purely instrumental dance music has not received such

widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and

quick merry dances, and smooth round dances - usually accompanied by

singing. The most popular perky dance in the 19th century"Lady" even

It got its name from the refrain of the song "Madame-lady". Among

dances of other peoples are known Ukrainian Cossack , fast, perky

Moldovian.

Caucasian dance gained immense popularity lezginka. Music

Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted

to the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of elemental power and

passions lezginka sounds in the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by Glinka, in the ballet

"Gayane" Khachaturian.

March. The French word marche means "walking". In music, this is the name given to pieces written in a clear, energetic rhythm, to which it is convenient to march. Although the marches differ from each other, they have one thing in common: the march is always written in an even size - two or four quarters, so that those walking do not go astray. But there are exceptions to every rule. Listen to A. Alexandrov's song to the verses of V. Lebedev - Kumach "Holy War". It was written in three-part meter, and yet it is a real march, under which the soldiers went to the front. The march is an important organizing, unifying beginning. It is no coincidence that many revolutionary songs are written in the rhythm of a march. These are the famous Marseillaise, Internationale, Varshavyanka. The king of the march was called the Soviet composer I.O. Dunayevsky. He wrote many famous marches: "March of Enthusiasts", "March of Athletes", "Sports March". There are several types of marches: drill, counter, concert, funeral.

Chaikovsky. March of the wooden soldiers;
Doll Funeral ("Children's Album");
"Wedding March" by Mendelssohn;

Marches from operas: M. Glinka "Ruslan and Lyudmila";
G. Verdi "Aida"; Ch. Gounod "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata in B flat major;
L. Beethoven. Finale of the Fifth Symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell Slav";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunayevsky. Motion picture march" Funny boys ".

Definition of a genre in works of classical music.

Musical genres also differ in the way they are performed. ATsymphonic musicit is a symphony, a concerto, a suite.

Symphony - a piece of music for the orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Concert - a work for one or (rarely) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as a public performance of musical works.

Seasons Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi - the first four violin concertos from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concerts, one of his most famous works, also one of the most famous baroque musical works. Written in 1723, first published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one season and consists of three parts corresponding to each month. The composer prefaced each of the concerts with a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It should be added that the paradigm artistic thinking is not limited to a single meaning or plot, and involves secondary meanings, hints, symbols. The first illusion that arises is the four ages of a person, from birth to death (the final part contains an unambiguous allusion to the last circle of Dante's hell). The allusion to the four regions of Italy is just as open, according to the four cardinal points and the path of the sun across the sky. These are sunrise (east, Adriatic, Venice), noon (sleepy, hot south), magnificent sunset (Rome, Latium) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the content of the cycle is much richer, which was clear to any enlightened listener of that time. At the same time, Vivaldi reaches here the heights of genre and direct depiction, not shying away from humor: the music contains the barking of dogs, the buzzing of flies, the roar of a wounded beast, etc. All this, coupled with an impeccably beautiful form, led to the recognition of the cycle as an indisputable masterpiece .

Suite - a work for one or two instruments from several heterogeneous pieces connected by a common idea.

AT chamber music genres: trio, quartet, sonata, prelude.

Trio (from Latin tria - "three") - a musical ensemble of three musicians-performers, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Quartet - musical ensembleof four performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Sonata - a musical work of three or four parts of different tempo and character.

Prelude (from Latin - before and game) - a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.

In vocal music- romance, oratorio, cantata.

Romance - a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mostly love; chamber music and poetry for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Oratorio - major piece of music for choir, soloists and the orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from the Holy Scriptures. It differs from the opera by the absence of stage action, and from the cantata by the larger size and branching of the plot.

Cantata (Italian cantata, from Latin сantare - to sing ) is a vocal and instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.

To musical and theatrical genresinclude opera, operetta and ballet.

Opera - a work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and an orchestra. In that musical genre poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dances, painting, scenery and costumes are merged into a single whole.

The literary basis of the opera is the libretto. Often the basis of the libretto is some kind of literary or dramatic work. For example, the opera The Stone Guest by Dargomyzhsky was written in full text Pushkin's Little Tragedy. But usually the libretto is reworked, as the text should be concise and concise.

Almost every opera begins with an overture - a symphonic introduction, which in general terms acquaints the listener with the content of the entire action.

The music in the opera reveals the innermost feelings of the characters, their character,

talks about their thoughts. In dramatic performances, this is conveyed in

actors' monologues. In the opera, the role of a monologue is played by an aria (translated from

Italian - "song"). Arias are characterized by a wide chant. To more

Fully show the hero, several of his arias are introduced into the opera. In the opera P.I.

Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" Lensky performs the aria "Where, where have you gone", which shows his emotional experiences, excitement,

uncertainty about the future. Arioso Lensky "I love you, Olga" -

A small aria of free construction of a lyrical character.

Another important component operas - ensembles. During the simultaneous

Singing several soloists, we not only hear the voice of each

The performer, but we also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.

The largest ensemble, without which not a single opera can do, is the choir.

The orchestra plays an important role in the opera. He not only accompanies the entire opera,

but also is a kind of protagonist, since the music performed by

Orchestra, reveals the idea of ​​the work, reveals thoughts, feelings,

the relationship of the characters, determines the dramatic development of the plot.

An important component of the opera are dance scenes. In the opera M.I.

Glinka "Ivan Susanin" the second act is almost entirely built on

dancing. This is a peculiar characteristic of an arrogant, self-confident

the victory of the Polish gentry. That's why they dance polonaise at this ball,

Krakowiak, mazurka, presented by the composer not folk, but

Knightly dances.

Operetta (from Italian operetta, literally a small opera) -

Theatrical performance in which individual musical numbers

Alternate with dialogue without music. Operettas are written in

comic plot , musical numbers in them are shorter opera houses, in general

the music of the operetta is light, popular, but inherits

directly the traditions of academic music.

Ballet (from Italian ballo - dancing) - a kind of stage performance arts;

performance, the content of which is embodied in musical

choreographic patterns. Most often, ballet is based on

a certain plot, dramatic design, libretto, but there are also

plotless ballets. The main types of dance in ballet

are classical and characteristic dance. An important role here

Pantomime plays, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the characters, their

"conversation" among themselves, the essence of what is happening. In modern ballet

Elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet

requires endurance and endurance from any person involved in it.