Title people - Encyclopedia of Putin. Putin on titular nationalities in Russia Which people are not titular

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Since the mid-1990s, since the formation sovereign states former USSR, more and more questions arise related to national self-determination. In this regard, media reports are overflowing with the concepts of "nation", "titular nation", "nationality", "nationality", " indigenous people", "ethnic group", "ethnos". How can an ordinary layman without special sociological and ethnic knowledge understand all this? And main question, titular nation - is it or citizenship?

"Nation" and "titular nation" - what is it?

Sociology interprets as any ethnic group that has developed historically, develops and reproduces itself in a particular territory. A nation is a social and economic totality, including a common language, cultural traditions, economic interrelations, psychological characteristics and ethnic characteristics of the population.

Do not confuse with the concept of "nationality", which includes representatives of an ethnic group throughout the planet.

The concept of "titular nation" appeared in sociology relatively recently - in late XIX century. The French politician Morris Barrens introduced the term "titular nation" in relation to the dominant ethnic group in the state, where it is the language of this nation that determines the education system and cultural traditions become the foundation of the state.

Indigenous nation - titular?

The term "indigenous nation" refers to the united indigenous peoples living in a particular area. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that an ethnos or an ethnic group is an association of people closely related by a long common residence and phylogenetic origin. Nation is a natural and social concept.

Only that nation, that ethnos, which, as an ethnonym, is included in the name of a state formation, becomes the basis for civil statehood. It is worth noting that the titular nation is not a norm fixed by law, but often a social and public concept.

In the modern generalized understanding, the titular nation is an unfinished result of scientific and theoretical construction.

Ethnosociology

Sociologists and ethnographers often come to contradictions when discussing these concepts. A branch of sociology called "ethnic sociology" has been formed, the task of which is to study complex and often contradictory national-ethnic relationships. To understand the content of such relations, in the historical ways of development, in the formation of ethnic self-consciousness, the emergence national question and ways to solve it - this is a modest list of tasks of young science.

Is the titular nation an indigenous people?

Various schools of enosociology, Western and post-Soviet, often use and apply these concepts not always in the same way. Most often, the terms "indigenous nation" and "indigenous peoples" are used interchangeably.

A nation that has lived historically for a long time in a given territory is considered to be indigenous, for example, Armenians in Armenia, Ukrainians in Ukraine, Tatars in Tatarstan.

But the titular indigenous nation will become with the primacy of its language in the general educational structure of state education. Whether it's an autonomous republic, state or district.

World examples

There are mono-ethnic and multi-ethnic states. Although this division is conditional and neither the UN nor UNESCO has published any official regulatory documents. There are few mono-ethnic states in the world - those where 95% is the share of one ethnic group and the political borders are the same as the ethnic ones. Examples of such countries are Japan, Norway, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Egypt, South Korea, Somalia, Armenia, Albania, Greece, Italy, Denmark, North Korea, Malta, Poland and Portugal. The list does not claim to be completely reliable, since different sources take different indicators for the percentage of monoethnicity.

Problems of definition

AT current situation with the multi-ethnic composition of the predominant majority of countries, the division of the country's citizens into titular and not, with the provision of preferences and privileges to one in comparison with others, the problems of titular nations have become an edge in many states. Namely, in the countries of the post-Soviet space, as well as Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Spain, Czechoslovakia. An example conflict situations when national differences are resolved, armed conflicts arise, generated by chauvinism and nationalism.

Title nation of Russia

Russia is a multinational state. Today, 180 ethnic groups live on its territory, speaking 170 languages. various languages. has 81% of the total population. The definition of the titular nation, it would seem, does not raise questions - these are Russians. But the category of the titular nation is not enshrined in law in any document, political scientists and legislators have not finished disputes and negotiations yet.

In one of his speeches, President of Russia V. Putin named a list of titular nations: Russians, Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Dagestanis, Jews, and so on.

In Russia, only in autonomous Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and Tuva, the percentage of representatives of the titular nation is more than half of the total population. But in Chechnya, there are only 2% of Russians, and 98% are the indigenous population.

Ignoring national and religious characteristics, disrespect for the traditions of indigenous peoples as the titular nation of certain territories, chauvinistic conclusions of the "most Russians" in last years in Russia led to a certain tension over the issue that the titular nation is the Russians. Human rights activists and legislators propose various regulations to secure the titular nation Russian Federation.

A lot of ethnic composition most modern states represents a multifaceted national-ethnic system. The Stockholm International Institute published a study of global problems, which indicates that 78% of conflicts with the use of weapons since the mid-1990s are based on interethnic differences. Questions of national self-determination and self-awareness today come to the fore. Tolerance and respect for people who are different from us in any way - this is the guarantee of peace and prosperity of mankind on our planet.

The study of interethnic relations is impossible without taking into account the status of ethnic groups. Ethnic status indicates the place of the people in the system of interethnic relations.

The status of an ethnic group in interethnic communications and the type of its relationship with other ethnic groups are determined by a number of factors, among which the most important are the size of an ethnic group, its migration mobility and the availability of the necessary resources for the reproduction and development of its language and culture. Depending on the combination of these factors, all ethnic communities are usually divided into ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples and titular peoples.

titular nations It is customary to name ethnic groups that have their own state formations bearing their name. Title peoples are still often called indigenous, although this name is inaccurate. In international practice indigenous peoples called aboriginal peoples leading a tribal way of life. Applied to In the ethnic picture of Russia, peoples engaged in traditional types of economic activity are called indigenous peoples.

A special subject of interethnic relations in the modern world is national (ethnic) minority, which is a separate ethnic community living on the territory of a foreign state and retaining its ethnic identity and specific traditional features of culture, aware of its differences and classifying itself as an independent ethnic group. Ethnic minorities therefore include population groups that:

firstly, numerically less than the ethnic majority (titular nation) in the state;

secondly, they are in a non-dominant position;

thirdly, they have ethno-cultural specificity and wish to preserve it.

Ethnic minorities can be:

part of the titular nation living on the territory of another state (ethnic diasporas);

groups that keep their ethnic identity, but scattered over many countries and not having their own state (gypsies, Kurds);

peoples of internal colonization, i.e. indigenous peoples, who turned out to be numerically smaller than the visiting population (Evenki, Chukchi, Yakuts);

ethnic groups who settled permanently as a result of mass immigration (Volga Germans).

The relationship between the titular ethnic groups, indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities can be the most different character and be determined by political, socio-economic and historical goals and interests. The main criterion in determining the type and nature of these relations is the degree of realization of the right of an ethnic group to self-determination (the right of the people to determine their own destiny). The right to self-determination is generally recognized by all peoples and governments , however, there is still no clear mechanism and criteria for the implementation of this right. Therefore, in practice, such forms of interethnic relations as genocide, apartheid, segregation, and discrimination become possible.

Russia is a multinational country, more than a hundred peoples live in it, most of them are indigenous peoples and nationalities for whom Russia is the main or even the only place a habitat. In addition, there are representatives of more than sixty peoples whose main place of residence is outside the Russian Federation. The indigenous peoples of Russia make up 93% of the population, of which over 81% are Russians. Over 6% of the population are the peoples of the countries of the near (5%, for example, Ukrainians, Armenians, etc.) and distant (1%, for example, Germans, Koreans, etc.) abroad.

Ethnographers unite the indigenous peoples of Russia into several regional groups that are close not only geographically, but also, to a certain extent, cultural and historical.

The peoples of the Volga region and the Urals - Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Tatars, Udmurts and Chuvashs - account for less than 8% of the country's population (almost 4% of them are Tatars - the second largest people in Russia). The traditional religion of the Tatars and Bashkirs is Islam, the Kalmyks are Buddhism, and the rest are Orthodoxy.

peoples North Caucasus: Abazins, Adyghes, Balkars, Ingush, Kabardians, Karachays, Ossetians, Circassians, Chechens, peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Aguls, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans and Tsakhurs) - make up less than 3% of the population of Russia. In addition to the majority of Ossetians who are Christians, they traditionally profess Islam.

The peoples of Siberia and the North - Altaians, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakasses, Shors, Yakuts and almost three dozen so-called small peoples of the North - are 0.6% of the total population of the country. The Buryats and Tuvans are Buddhists, the rest are Orthodox, with strong remnants of paganism and simply pagans.

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In Amsterdam, answering a question about the rights of sexual minorities in Russia, V. Putin said that sexual minorities are not limited in any way in their rights, and gave a definition of titular nations in Russia -

“But I would like for us, in Russia, first of all, the birth rate to grow at the expense of the so-called titular nations: Russians, Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Dagestanis, Jews, and so on.”

According to the 2010 census, there is no such nationality as Dagestanis in Russia. There are Avars (8), Dargins (12), Kabardians (17), Lezgins (20). Jews - on the 33rd place in the census.

The term "titular nation" was coined by nationalist ideologue Maurice Barres in the late 19th century. If we talk about the titular nationality, it would be logical that the titular nationality in Tatarstan are Tatars, in Udmurtia - Udmurts, in Chechnya - Chechens.

On the definitions of the titular nation,
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/lower/18809

2012 census data, indicated nationalities over 0.01%
№, Nationality, %
==============================

1 (Russian) 77.71%
2 (Tatars) 3.72%
3 Ukrainians 1.35%
4 (Bashkirs) 1.11%
5 Chuvash 1.01%
6 (Chechens) 1.00%
7 Circassian Armenians 0.83%
8 (Andian Avars, Didoi (Tsez) and other Ando-Tsez peoples and Archins) 0.64%
9 Mordva Mordva-Moksha, Mordva-Erzya 0.52%
10 Kazakhs 0.45%
11 Azerbaijanis 0.42%
12 (Dargins, Kaitags, Kubachins) 0.41%
13 Udmurts 0.39%
14 Mari mountain Mari, meadow-eastern Mari 0.38%
15 Ossetians Digoron (Digorians), Iron (Ironians) 0.37%
16 Belarusians 0.37%
17 Kabardians 0.36%
18 Kumyks 0.35%
19 Yakuts 0.34%
20 (Lezgins) 0.33%
21 Buryats 0.32%
22 Ingush 0.31%
23 Germans 0.28%
24 Uzbeks 0.20%
25 Tuvans Todzhans 0.19%
26 Komi Komi-Izhemtsy 0.16%
27 Karachays 0.15%
28 Roma 0.14%
29 Tajiks 0.14%
30 Kalmyks 0.13%
31 Laks 0.13%
32 Georgians Adjarians, Ingiloys, Laz, Mingrelians, Svans 0.11%
33 (Jews) 0.11%
34 Moldovans 0.11%
35 Koreans 0.11%
36 Tabasarans 0.10%
37 Adyghe 0.09%
38 Balkars 0.08%
39 Turks 0.07%
40 Nogai Karagashi 0.07%
41 Kyrgyz 0.07%
42 Komi-Permyaks 0.07%
43 Greeks Urum Greeks 0.06%
44 Altaians Telengits, Tubalars, Chelkans 0.05%
45 Circassians 0.05%
46 Khakass 0.05%
47 Cossacks 0.05%
48 Karely 0.04%
49 Mordva-Erzya 0.04%
50 Poles 0.03%
51 Nenets 0.03%
52 Abaza 0.03%
53 Yezidis 0.03%
54 Evenks 0.03%
55 Turkmen 0.03%
56 Rutulians 0.03%
57 Kryashens 0.02%
58 Aguly 0.02%
59 Lithuanians 0.02%
60 Khanty 0.02%
61 Chinese 0.02%
62 Bulgarians 0.02%
63 Mountain Mari 0,02%
64 Kurds 0.02%
65 Evens 0.02%
66 Finns Ingrian Finns 0.01%
67 Latvians 0.01%
68 Estonians 0.01%
69 Chukchi 0.01%
70 Vietnamese 0.01%
71 Gagauz 0.01%
72 Shors 0.01%
73 Tsakhury 0.01%
74 Mansi 0.01%
75 Nanais 0.01%
76 Andeans 0.01%
77 Didoi 0.01%
78 Abkhazians 0.01%
79 Assyrians 0.01%
80 Arabs 0.01%
81 Nagaybaki 0.01%
82 Koryaks 0.01%
83 Akhvakhians 0.01%
84 Debts 0.01%
85 Siberian Tatars0.01%

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Not following those to whom Art. 282 p.1, we will try to answer the question, how many peoples are there in Russia?

Of the nearly 2,000 nationalities in the world, about 200 have self-determination - as many countries as there are.

Some nationalities have state self-determination in other countries - Jews, Arabs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Germans and other nationalities. These are citizens of Russia who have equal rights with other citizens.

Not all nationalities have a republican or autonomous definition in Russia, and each people consists of dozens of tribes. If we narrow down the count of nationalities to those common forming peoples (for example, the Tatars), which in Russia are more than 0.01% of the total population, then total number nationalities, peoples in Russia, it turns out 120.

TATARS
kryashens,
Siberian Tatars,
Mishari,
Astrakhan Tatars

Avars
andeans,
Didoi (Tsezi)
ando tsezi,
Archins

MORDVA
moksha,
erzya

DARGINS
kaitag people,
Kubachins

mountain Mari,
meadow-eastern Mari

OSSETIANS
Digorians,
Irons

Adjarians,
Ingiloys,
manholes,
Megrelians
Svans

ALTAI
telengits,
Tubalars,
Chelkans

Algerians,
Arabs UAE,
bahrainis,
Egyptians,
Jordanians,
Iraqis,
yemenis,
Qataris,
kuwaitis,
Lebanese,
Libyans,
Mauritanians,
Moroccans,
omanis,
Palestinians,
saudi,
Syrians,
Sudanese,
Tunisians

The main nationality of Russia are Russians - 77%. According to the census, since 2002, the percentage of the Russian population in Russia has decreased by 4%.

The division of the Rus into South Russians, Little Russians, Russians, Poles, Slovaks, Balts corresponds to the ideas of Zionism. The Balts are told that they are Germans, although they are not genetically Germans. The Germans have R1a1 statistics - about 8%, in Bavaria - up to 15%, and among the Russians - about 50%. South Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles have about 55% R1a1.

Goebbels spoke about the importance of the division of the Eastern European peoples for the implementation of the ideas of Nazism. common history Kievan Rus. A significant role was played by the formation of the Russian language, in which the South Russian and Belarusian languages began to differ from the Russian language.

Genetics of the peoples of the North Caucasus - up to 90% (J1 + J2). During the war, Stalin resettled Chechens and Ingush deep into the USSR because Hitler's behavior towards the Semites was unpredictable. The plans of Zionism, implemented by Berezovsky, consisted in the military retention of Chechnya even when they did not think about who got what. Now we can say that the Chechens in Russia are the titular nation - even though Russians - 77%, Chechens - 1%, Jews - 0.1%.

In Russia, the ethnic composition of the population and the government, the oligarchs, is in inverse proportion.

The very concept of a titular nation is contradictory. Why are Ukrainians not mentioned? Because they interfered with the sale of gas? Or because they have Ukraine? But the Jews also have Israel. According to the constitution, all citizens of Russia have equal rights. The oppression of the most numerous people, occurs under the arguments about the titular nationalities,
which were invented by nationalists of various kinds.

Title people- people, ethnic group, represented in the name of a certain territory: state, republic, region, district or other national-administrative unit.

In the USSR, the titular peoples of the country determined the name of fifteen union republics: the Byelorussian SSR (Belarusians), the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhs), the RSFSR (Russians), the Tajik SSR (Tajiks), the Estonian SSR (Estonians), etc. A local nomenklatura, representatives of the titular peoples received benefits when entering educational establishments, language and culture of the titular peoples were supported at the state level. After the collapse of the USSR, many once titular peoples Soviet Union(Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, etc.) received their national and independent states outside the territory of Russia.

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), as the name suggests, had a federal structure. The Russian Federation inherited from the RSFSR the said principle of building a state, under which constituent parts countries are relatively independent state formations (subjects of the federation), many of which are named based on the names of some of the peoples living there: the Republic of Bashkiria (Bashkirs), the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatars), the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Khanty, Mansi), etc. However, in Russia, many titular peoples are a minority in their republics and autonomies, while a significant proportion of them live outside these subjects of the Federation.

In contrast to the time of the existence of the USSR, the subjects within Russia received even greater powers: the presence of a president, their own constitution, parliament and other attributes of the separation of federal and republican authorities.

A. N. Sevastyanov in the book “Time to be Russian!” writes: “In total, the number of persons of titular nationalities permanently residing, according to the latest All-Russian population census, in the respective republics - subjects of the federation (excluding Chechnya) - is 8.89 million people, which is approximately 6% of the population of Russia (148.8 million human). In other words, 6% of the population have their own statehood, their own republics within Russia, their own constitutions, their own presidents, etc., while the remaining 94% of the population is deprived of all this. Isn't this situation absurd, isn't it unnatural?! Isn't this the most flagrant, demonstrative violation of the rights of the absolute majority? Doesn't this state of affairs require immediate correction?

” was first introduced by the famous French poet and nationalist politician Maurice Barres at the end of the 19th century. Barres understood it as the dominant ethnic group, the language and culture of which become the basis for state system education. Barres contrasted titular nations with national minorities (representatives of the titular nation living outside its national state, for example, at that time - the French in Alsace and Lorraine) and ethnic diasporas (ethnic groups within the territory of the national state, for example, Jews and Armenians in France). Barres believed that a nation-state could be strong only if two conditions were met: national minorities and ethnic diasporas must remain loyal to the state of the titular nation, and the titular nation must support "their" national minorities abroad. Barres developed this classification during the period of the Dreyfus Affair.

Title nation in Russia

This concept and its definition are excluded from the legislation of the Russian Federation as having, in fact, a declarative nature and legally incorrect.

Notes

Literature

Sternhell Z. Maurice Barres et le nationalisme francais. Bruxelles, 1985.

Ethnopolitics
Scientific disciplines and theories	Ethnopolitology Ethnoconflictology Ethnopsychology Ethnolinguistics International law
ideologies	Multiculturalism Integration Assimilation Acculturation Segregation Muhajirism Irredentism Separatism
International and Russian law	Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia the federal law on National Cultural Autonomy International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Varieties of ethnic conflicts	Ethno-political conflict Ethno-confessional conflict Ethno-territorial conflict Ethno-diaspora conflict Asymmetric conflict
Forms of overcoming and smoothing conflicts	Conflict resolution Conflict resolution Conflict ending Conflict management Conflict transformation
Forms of ethnic politics	Incorporation (political) Ethnocide Linguocide Genocide Encouragement of emigration Federalization Political autonomy National-cultural autonomy Secession Deportation Tolerance
Basic concepts	Indigenous peoples Ethnic minority State-forming people Divided peoples Nation Title nation Bilingualism Ethno-fanaticism Ethnic indifference Ethnocentrism Ethno-economy Ethnic crime Tribalism Ethnic mobilization
Federal structures	Ministry of Nationalities Public Chamber of Russia Federal Migration Service
Public organizations and movements	Assembly of Peoples of the Caucasus Movement against illegal immigration Union labor migrants Tajikistan